Test Bank For Community-Based Corrections: A Text/Reader (SAGE Text/Reader Series in Crimino

Test Bank For Community-Based Corrections: A

Text/Reader (SAGE Text/Reader Series in
Criminology and Criminal Justice) by Shannon M.
Barton-Bellessa, Robert D. Hanser

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Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

Section 6 Multiple Choice Questions

1. _______________ are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of

correctional supervision in the community in lieu of incarceration.
a. Probationers
b. Felons
c. Misdemeanants
d. Death row inmates
Correct Answer: A

2. _______________ in the United States is often traced to the case of

Commonwealth v. Chase (1830) in which Judge Thacher of Boston,
Massachusetts, found a woman named Jerusha Chase guilty of stealing from
inside a home. Ms. Chase pleaded her guilt but did have numerous friends
that also pleaded for mercy from the court. This resulted in her release “at
large” on her own recognizance until which time she was called to appear
before the court.
a. Recognizance
b. Suspended sentence
c. Recidivism
d. Caseload delivery
Correct Answer: A

3. The _______________ process allows for the accused to maintain a crime-free

record with all rights afforded to citizens. This refers to the defendant being
convicted of a crime followed by “the execution of a criminal sanction”.
a. recognizance
b. suspended sentence
c. recidivism
d. caseload delivery
Correct Answer: B

4. _______________, a Boston bootmaker, is often recognized as the father of

modern probation.
a. John Augustus
b. Jeremy Bentham
c. Emile Durkheim
d. August Comte
Correct Answer: A

5. It wasn’t until __________ that Massachusetts passed the first law providing for
a paid probation officer. The passage of this law required the individual to
report directly to the chief of police.
a. 1778
b. 1808
c. 1878
Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

d. 1908
Correct Answer: C

6. During the period from 1930 through the 1950s, correctional thought
reflected what was then referred to as the “_______________,” which centered
on the use of rehabilitation and treatment of offenders. This model
presumed that criminal behavior was caused by social, psychological, or
biological deficiencies that were correctable through treatment
interventions.
a. medical model
b. conflict model
c. consensus model
d. retribution model
Correct Answer: A

7. _______________ probation systems include separate probation services for

juveniles who are administered through county or municipal governments or
on a statewide basis.
a. Juvenile
b. Municipal
c. County
d. State
Correct Answer: A

8. _______________ probation systems are independent probation agencies that are

administered through lower courts or through the municipality itself.
a. Juvenile
b. Municipal
c. County
d. State
Correct Answer: B

9. _______________ probation systems are governed by laws and/or guidelines

established by the state, which empowers a county to operate its own
probation agency.
a. Juvenile
b. Municipal
c. County
d. State
Correct Answer: C

10. Within the _______________ probation system, one agency administers a

centralized probation system that provides services throughout the
state.
a. Juvenile
b. Municipal
Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

c. County
d. State
Correct Answer: D

11. While administrators will be more removed from the rank-and-file probation
officer staff, ________________ is/are thought to offset concerns related to this
type of administration.
a. the uniformity of services
b. elimination of widespread disparity in supervision
c. the improved integration of services with other social service agencies
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

12. _______________ is the single most common form of sanction that is used in
correctional systems throughout the nation.
a. Probation
b. Incarceration
c. Parole
d. The death penalty
Correct Answer: A

13. Probation officers (often also called community supervision officers [CSOs]),
quite naturally, supervise those offenders who are placed on some form of
probation and tend to spend more time monitoring the activities of these
offenders than anything else. Probation officers most frequently maintain
this supervision through _______________.
a. personal contact with the offender
b. the offender’s family
c. the offender’s employer
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

14. The competing interests associated with probation have been found to cause
a great deal of stress and uncertainty for many supervision officers. Indeed,
ambiguity and uncertainty tend to generate stress for most persons because
it is simply human nature to desire a sense of control and/or mastery over
one’s environment. Amidst ambiguous and competing messages, this sense of
mastery or security is difficult to achieve. This then leads to a competing
professional identity among probation officers termed _______________ and is a
primary source of burnout among CSOs.
a. role identity confusion
b. lack of promotional opportunities
c. professional accountability
d. changing or conflicting policies and/or procedures
Correct Answer: A
Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

15. Kuck (2003) conducted what was perhaps one of the most comprehensive
examinations of stress among community supervision personnel to date. In
their report to the National Institute of Justice, they found that when
considering stress associated with probation, there is/are (s) frequent and
severe source(s) of stress:
a. high caseloads
b. excessive paperwork
c. unreasonable deadlines
d. All of the above
Correct Answer: D

16. The issue of _______________ refers to the fact that many probation officers have
few options for promotion and feel stuck in their current service capacity.
a. role identity confusion
b. lack of promotional opportunities
c. professional accountability
d. changing or conflicting policies and/or procedures
Correct Answer: B

17. _______________ is based on the premise that persons experience strain when
they are not able to obtain success goals that they desire. These goals can
entail money, status, and even relationships. In some cases, persons may
resort to criminal activities to alleviate this strain and/or to obtain their
desired goal.
a. Rational choice theory
b. Deterrence theory
c. General strain theory (GST)
d. Differential association theory
Correct Answer: C

18. According to your textbook authors, one way of looking at the success of
probation is by analyzing the _______________ rate.
a. recognizance
b. suspended sentence
c. recidivism
d. caseload delivery
Correct Answer: C

19. Some conditions of probation result in what are often called _______________;
actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a
probationer’s sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as the
sentencing authority. They are not necessarily criminal, in and of themselves,
and would likely be legal behaviors if the offender were not on probation.
a. prisonization
b. technical violations
c. reintegration
Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

d. privatization
Correct Answer: B

20. The model of _______________ has to do with the process whereby offenders are
initially assigned their CSO. This is often determined by the agency size and
the number of offenders under the agency’s jurisdiction.
a. recognizance
b. suspended sentence
c. recidivism
d. caseload delivery
Correct Answer: D

21. According to your textbook authors, _______________ tends to exacerbate the

underlying causes of criminal behavior.
a. prisonization
b. technical violations
c. reintegration
d. privatization
Correct Answer: B

22. According to Alarid and Schloss, the term _______________ refers to the
shifting of public functions and responsibilities either partially or totally
to for-profit or nonprofit private organizations.
a. prisonization
b. technical violations
c. reintegration
d. privatization
Correct Answer: B

23. According to Alarid and Schloss, the “_______________” assumed that the
continued growth in the correctional system ensures bureaucratic
survival. By sentencing a steady supply of prisoners to longer terms of
incarceration, the criminal justice system, along with the assistance of
private vendors and politicians, ensures its own existence despite a decline
in crime rates.
a. deterrence
b. retribution
c. prison-industrial complex
d. postmodernism theory
Correct Answer: C

24. According to Alarid and Schloss, _______________assumes that the government

has been unable to adequately control crime or ensure the security of the
general public.
a. deterrence
b. retribution
Test Bank For Community-Based Corrections: A Text/Reader (SAGE Text/Reader Series in Crimino

Barton-Bellessa, Community-Based Corrections Instructor Resource

c. prison-industrial complex
d. postmodernism theory
Correct Answer: C

25. According to Applegate, Smith, Sitren, and Springer, _________________ asserts

that offenders alter their perceptions of the relative costs and benefits of
committing future crimes based on their experience with punishment.
a. deterrence
b. retribution
c. prison-industrial complex
d. postmodernism theory
Correct Answer: A

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