ISSN 2075-1087, Gyroscopy and Navigation, 2020, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 115–123. © Pleiades Publishing, Ltd., 2020.

Russian Text © The Author(s), 2020, published in Giroskopiya i Navigatsiya, 2020, No. 1, pp. 19–30.

A Two-Frequency Spin Oscillation System

for a Quantum Angular Rate Sensor
G. V. Bezmena, *, A. N. Shevchenkoa, P. N. Kostina, A. N. Berzeitisa, V. S. Bezmena, and V. I. Petrova
aConcern CSRI Elektropribor, JSC, St. Petersburg, Russia
*e-mail: standw@yandex.ru
Received January 20, 2020; revised March 25, 2020; accepted March 25, 2020

Abstract—The features of a feedback loop in a quantum sensor with a two-frequency spin oscillator are dis-
cussed. Engineering solutions that ensure stable two-frequency oscillation and, in particular, the use of auto-
matic gain control units and all-pass filters are considered. The results of experimental studies of oscillation
modes conducted on a quantum sensor breadboard are presented for stationary and rotating bases.

Keywords: quantum sensor, spin oscillator, feedback, nuclear magnetic resonance

DOI: 10.1134/S2075108720020030

INTRODUCTION of the spin oscillator on a quantum sensor breadboard

Quantum sensors, measuring devices based on
quantum effects, attract considerable interest of
researchers and industry due to their high spatial and
temporal resolution. Modern quantum technologies
that ensure a high degree of control over the state of
microscopic systems allow for the development of
highly sensitive quantum sensors.
One of the promising ways of constructing quan-
tum sensors is to use spin oscillators based on spin-
exchange pumping of inert gas isotopes and optical
detection of their state. Currently, this approach is
implemented in supercompact magnetometers [1–3],
nuclear magnetic resonance gyroscopes [4–7], and
low-frequency masers [8, 9].
In this paper, we consider a spin oscillator (herein-
after referred to as the oscillator) based on the effect of
nuclear magnetic resonance in 129Xe and 131Xe iso-
topes, which are pumped through spin-exchange
interaction with optically oriented 133Cs alkali-metal
atoms. The operation principle of such oscillators is
described in articles of both Russian and foreign scien-
tists [10–12]. The accuracy and stability of oscillators
is largely determined by the feedback loop, which is
why the study of methods for its implementation is the
current priority for many research groups [13–15].
The paper describes the design and structure of the
oscillator and gives the details of the system for gener-
ation of isotope spin precession. The implementation
of two-frequency oscillation using bandpass filters in
the feedback loop involves preliminary adjustment of
xenon isotope self-oscillation phase and realization of
the automatic gain control mechanism. The paper
considers the results of the technical implementation
and studies of its operation modes on stationary and
rotating bases.
THE DESIGN AND STRUCTURE
OF THE SPIN OSCILLATOR
The spin oscillator comprises a sensing element
and an electronics module.
The structure of the sensitive element of the spin
oscillator is shown in Fig. 1. It consists of two parts: a
magnetic shield and a bracket with electronics mod-
ules.
The magnetic shield housing contains:
—a magnetic shield with a heating element [16];
—a system of coils generating fields B0, BAC and
B1Xe [17];
—a cell with alkali metal vapors and xenon iso-
topes, and a nonmagnetic heating element [18, 19];
—elements of the optical system (mirrors and
lenses) to provide for formation and transmission of
pumping and detection light through the cell [20].
The bracket with the electronics modules contains:
—laser emitters to form pumping and detection
light [21];
—electronics boards with photodetectors to detect
and control pumping and detection light, and signal
pre-amplification circuits;
—elements of the optical system (polarizing cubes
and plates) to provide for formation of circularly and
linearly polarized light;
—a metal bracket with a heating element, which
ensures the installation and positioning of optical ele-

115
116 BEZMEN et al.
Laser emitter Laser emitter
for detection light for pumping
light
Fig. 1. Structure of the sensing element.
ments and laser emitters as well as photodetector
boards relative to each other with the required accu-
racy;
—an electronics board with drivers for control of
the laser emitters, connectors, and communication
lines for transmitting signals from photodetectors to
the electronics module and receiving control signals
from the electronics module for coils, heating ele-
ments, and laser emitters.
The division into two parts is explained by different
environmental temperature requirements for the vapor
cell and laser emitters of the pumping and detection
light. For a vapor cell, it must be 80°С, for laser emit-
ters, it should not exceed 40°С. A double-loop ther-
mal stabilization system is used to ensure the tempera-
ture in each zone.
The electronics unit of the spin oscillator has a
modular structure. It consists of modules responsible
for the following tasks:
—control of the oscillator temperature stabilization
systems;
—convert electric current from an external source
to the correct voltage, current, and frequency to power
all modules of the electronics unit;
GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION
A cell with alkali
metal vapor
and xenon isotopes
Coils
Magnetic
shield
Bracket
with electronic
modules
—power conditioning to prevent electronic noise
or voltage surges at the input from reaching the load;
—formation of signals of different reference fre-
quencies;
—processing of signals from photodetectors and
generation of control signals for laser emitters and
coils.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE QUANTUM
SENSOR BUILT AROUND THE CONCEPT
OF A SPIN OSCILLATOR
The principle of operation of the oscillator using
the effects of nuclear magnetic resonance in xenon
isotopes and electron paramagnetic resonance in
cesium atoms is illustrated by the schematic in Fig. 2.
In this oscillator, electronic cesium spins oriented by
circularly polarized resonant pumping light transfer
their polarization to xenon nuclei through spin-
exchange interaction, resulting in the formation of a
macroscopic magnetization vector M. The precession
frequency of vector M (magnetization vector of xenon
nuclear spin) is determined by the strength of constant
magnetic field B0 and the magnitude of the gyromag-
netic ratio of the corresponding isotope. The preces-
sion rate of vector М is detected by the optical cesium
Vol. 11 No. 2 2020
 A TWO-FREQUENCY SPIN OSCILLATION SYSTEM
magnetometer, for the realization of which the elec-
tron paramagnetic resonance in cesium is excited by a
strong longitudinal resonant field BAC. In this case, the
transverse component of vector М is transformed into
amplitude modulation of the rapidly precessing trans-
verse component of cesium magnetization.
The transverse magnetization of cesium is detected
by measuring the Faraday rotation of the polarization
of a linearly polarized detection light beam, whose fre-
quency is detuned from the optical resonance of
cesium to an optimal value, which is of the same order
as the width of the atomic optical absorption line. The
rotation of the polarization plane is detected using a
balanced circuit of two photodetectors and a polariz-
ing beam splitter.
Two signals with the frequencies corresponding to
the precession of two xenon isotopes, 129Xe and 131Xe,
are extracted from the signal of the photodetectors.
These signals are used to form a resonant alternating
driving magnetic field В1Xe, which determines the
phases of the macroscopic precession of xenon isotope
nuclear spins. The phase difference between the sig-
nals at the precession frequency of one of the xenon
isotopes and the reference signal, stable in frequency
and phase, carries information about the rotation of
the oscillator around the Z axis.
Figure 2 also shows the structure of the dual-fre-
quency oscillation system. Signals from two photode-
tectors, adjusted to receive two orthogonal compo-
nents of linearly polarized light of the detection chan-
nel, transmitted through a vapor cell, are fed to the
input of the system [22–24]. The difference signal of
two photodiodes is fed to the inputs of two lock-in
amplifiers, LA1 and LA2, with reference harmonic
signals at a frequency of 133Cs resonance field BAC [12],
which have a 90° phase shift relative to each other. At
the outputs of the lock-in amplifiers, the summed sig-
nals of xenon isotope precessions are extracted (in the
orthogonal transverse axes X and Y of the sensing ele-
ment). Individual signals of 129Xe and 131Xe isotope
precessions in the axes X and Y are extracted after ana-
log-to-digital conversion via digital band-pass filters
BPF1, BPF2, BPF3, and BPF4. The extracted preces-
sion signals along the Y axis are fed to the input of the
circular shift buffers SB1 and SB2, whose output sig-
nals are shifted relative to the input signals by a certain
value of the microcontroller cycles, which allows the
signal phase shift to be controlled, but with low reso-
lution. All-pass filters APF1 and APF2 are used to
more precisely adjust the phase shift. The signals
received at the outputs of the all-pass filters are ampli-
fied to the required value in the automatic gain control
units AGC1 and AGC2, summed with each other and
fed to coil X to form the field B1Xe [12]. The resulting
system can be represented as two self-oscillation sys-
tems that generate harmonic signals supported owing
to transmitting a part of the generated signal through
the positive feedback loop from the output of the
GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION Vol. 11 No. 2 2020
117
oscillator to its input. The difference between the sys-
tems is as follows:
—the first self-oscillation system is the one whose
operation is based on macroscopic precession of 129Xe
isotope nuclear spins. Consequently, it generates a sig-
nal at a frequency close to the frequency of the 129Xe
free precession;
—the second self-oscillation system is built in a
similar way. It generates a signal at a frequency close to
that of the 131Xe free precession.
The self-oscillation systems considered in this
paper operate in the soft mode, characterized by
unconditional quick setting of the stationary mode
upon the system activation. In the soft mode, the gain
factors change smoothly in the feedback loops,
whereas in the hard mode, the variation is stepwise
[25, 26]. The implementation of the hard mode is not
advisable since setting of self-oscillation requires addi-
tional conditions: either a large value of the feedback
coefficient or an additional external impact.
The implementation of the two-frequency oscilla-
tion system is conditioned by the fact that the gyro-
magnetic ratios of 129Xe and 131Xe isotopes have oppo-
site signs, which opens up the possibility of creating a
balanced circuit in the future, the one that will sup-
press the effect of residual fluctuations of the constant
magnetic field B0.
4. ELEMENTS OF THE DUAL-FREQUENCY
OSCILLATION SYSTEM
The circuit for subtraction of signals SPD1 and SPD2
taken from the photodetectors of the detection chan-
nel is intended to reduce the noise level when deter-
mining the rotation angle of the detection light linear
polarization plane transmitted through a vapor cell. In
this case, the noise variance of the photodiode signals
can be represented as follows:
σ2 = σ12 + σ22 + σ32,
where σ1 is the value characterizing the shot noise of
the photocurrent in the 1 Hz band;
σ2 is the value characterizing the light intensity noise
of the detection channel at the frequency of the 133Cs
resonant field;
σ3 is the value characterizing the additional intensity
noise resulting from the conversion of the frequency
noise.
Using a balanced circuit that subtracts signals from
two photodetectors allows the noise with components
σ2, σ3 to be suppressed by several orders of magnitude.
The lock-in amplifiers LA1, LA2 are used to isolate
the summed signals of xenon isotope precessions. For
high-quality operation of the oscillator, the signal-to-
noise ratio at the LA1 and LA2 outputs must be at least
125 dB. This requirement makes it impossible to
118 BEZMEN et al.

Z Cs

M
Xe
B1Xe
PBS
PD1
Detection light
SPD1
B1Xe: Coli X PD2
B0 BAC
SPD2
Pumping light

LA1 BPF1 S129XeX: 129Xe(X) precession

SPD1
BPF2 S131XeX: 131Xe(X) precession
FCs ϕ = 90°
The rotation of the
– polarization plane

SPD2

LA2 BPF3 S129XeX: 129Xe(Y) precession

BPF1 S131XeX: 131Xe(Y) precession

Forward circuit
FCs ϕ = 0°

S129XeX: 129Xe(Y) precession

SB1 APF1 AGC1
B1Xe: Coli X
+

S131XeX: 131Xe(Y) precession

SB2 APF2 AGC2
Feedback loop

Fig. 2. Schematic of a dual-frequency oscillation system. Xe—xenon isotopes; Cs—cesium vapor; B0 —constant magnetic field
with the Z-axis directed along it; BAC—longitudinal alternating field at the precession frequency of cesium atoms; M—macro-
scopic magnetic moment of a xenon atom ensemble; B1Xe—driving magnetic field generated by coil X at the precession frequency
of magnetic moment M; PBS—polarizing beam-splitting cube; PD—photodiodes; LA—ock-in amplifier; BPF—band-pass fil-
ters; SB—circular shift buffers; APF—all-pass filters; AGC—automatic gain control units.

GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION Vol. 11 No. 2 2020

 A TWO-FREQUENCY SPIN OSCILLATION SYSTEM
implement these lock-in amplifiers in digital form
because conversion should be carried out at a high
sampling rate—according to Kotelnikov (Nyquist)
theorem, the doubled frequency of cesium precession
(about 70 kHz). In this regard, the lock-in amplifiers
LA1, LA2 were implemented in the circuit based on
operational amplifiers in analog form. Their output
signal is digitized and fed to BPF1, BPF2, BPF3,
BPF4, SB1, SB2, PF1, PF2, AGC1, AGC2, which
are realized in digital form with the use of a microcon-
troller.
The bandpass filters BPF1, BPF2, BPF3, and
BPF4 were implemented as second-order Butterworth
filters. The latter were chosen because their ampli-
tude-frequency characteristic is maximally smooth at
the passband frequencies and decreases almost to zero
at suppression frequencies, which does not distort the
harmonic signal from these filters. The cutoff frequen-
cies of these filters were chosen equal to ±5 Hz relative
to the frequency of the resonance field of the xenon
isotope, which forms a rather smooth phase-fre-
quency characteristic of the filters at which the change
in phase shift of the detected signal caused by them
takes a sufficiently small value. The second order of
the filters was chosen due to the fact that higher-order
filters can lead to oscillation of false signals at their
upper or lower cutoff frequencies.
As mentioned above, a two-frequency oscillation
system can be represented as two self-oscillation sys-
tems consisting of a forward circuit and a feedback
loop. Each of these systems can be represented as is
shown in Fig. 3 [27, 28].
This system is in stationary mode of operation, that
is, all transients are completed and the self-oscillator
generates oscillations with a frequency ωo , which is
determined by the resonant frequency of xenon iso-
topes. The output of the self-oscillator is described by
the equation:
U out ( p ) = Wtr ( p )U fb ( p ) = Wtr ( p ) Wfb ( p )U out ( p ) . (1)
Reducing both sides of (1) by Uout(p) and replacing
p = j ωo yields:
j [ϕrt ( ωo ) +ϕfb ( ωo )]
K tr ( ωo ) K fb ( ωo ) e = 1,
where K tr ( ωo ) and K fb ( ωo ) are the gain factors (trans-
fer) of the forward circuit and the feedback loop at fre-
quency ωo ; ϕrt ( ωo ) and ϕfb ( ωo ) are the corresponding
phase shifts.
Condition (2) is satisfied in the cases of the ampli-
tude balance and phase balance:
K tr ( ωo ) K fb ( ωo ) = 1, ϕtr ( ωo ) + ϕfb ( ωo ) = 2πl,
where l = 0, ±1, ±2,....
The condition of the amplitude balance means that
in the stationary mode of self-oscillator operation at
the generated frequency ωo , the total gain at bypassing
the feedback loop should be equal to one, and the con-
GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION Vol. 11
119
Uout(p)
Wtr(p)
Ufb(p)
Wfb(p)
Fig. 3. Schematic of the oscillation system. Ufb(р)—feed-
back signal, which is an input signal for the system;
Uout(р)—the output signal; Wtr(р)—transfer function of
the forward circuit; Wtr(р)—transfer function of the feed-
back loop.
dition of phase balance is that the total phase shift at
the feedback loop should be 0 or a multiple of 2π. The
phase balance condition is provided by the program
blocks SB1, SB2, APF1, APF2. Blocks SB1 and SB2
are circular buffers having a size of 200 elements. The
values of xenon isotope oscillation signals are sequen-
tially recorded in the SB blocks. The signals that were
recorded a certain number of microcontroller cycles
earlier are available at the output, which makes it pos-
sible to meet the requirement for phase balance with
low resolution (±15°). All-pass filters APF1 and APF2
−T p + 1
with a transfer function W ( p ) = APF are used
TAPF p + 1
for more precise tuning. Variation of the TAPF param-
eter allows for more accurately setting of the desired
phase shift value. The algorithm for tuning of SB1,
SB2, APF1, APF2 is as follows:
—the required number of cycle shifts of blocks SB1,
SB2 is chosen (which is done during the AGC1,
AGC2 operation). The criterion for the right choice is
the exponential attenuation of xenon isotope signals
upon the feedback opening, as shown in Fig. 5 (for
129Xe isotope) and Fig. 6 (for 131Xe isotope). If the
phase is chosen incorrectly, there will be no exponen-
tial attenuation of the signals corresponding to relax-
ation of the macroscopic magnetic moment of xenon
(2) isotopes, as shown in Fig. 7;
—the TAPF parameter is chosen in APF1 and APF2.
The tuning quality criterion is the longest attenuation
time of xenon isotope signals, the minimum signal-to-
noise ratio in xenon oscillation signals, and the mini-
mum gain formed in AGC1 and AGC2.
Figures 4–6 show the plots of xenon isotope oscil-
lation signals in the transverse axes of the sensing ele-
ment.
The blocks of automatic gain control AGC1 and
AGC2 are intended to ensure the balance of ampli-
tudes. Their operation algorithm is implemented as a
direct AGC [29–31] (the amplifier is controlled based
on the signal supplied to the amplifier); it is shown in
Fig. 7. The AGC filter is implemented as a link with a
No. 2 2020
120 BEZMEN et al.
Mult 118 sx Mult 118 sy
0.40
1 0.35
0.30
0.25
2 0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
–0.20
–0.25
–0.30
–0.35
–0.40
3160
3180
3200
3220
3240
3260
3280
3300
3320
3340
3360
3380
3400
3420
3440
3460
3480
3500
3520
3540
3560
3580
3600
3820
3640
3660
3680
3700
3720
3740
Fig. 4. Signals of 129Xe oscillation along the transverse axes of the sensing element (129Xe (X) precession—plot 1; 129Xe (Y) pre-
cession—plot 2) processed with the use of lock-in amplifiers with the reference frequency equal to the frequency of the resonance
field of the 129Xe isotope (10 readings along the abscissa axis are equal to 1 s). Feedback opens at 3580.

Mult 118 sx Mult 118 sy

440
420
340
200

280

360

400
220

260

300
320
100

140
160

380
120

180

240
60
20
40

80

Fig. 5. Signals of 131Xe oscillation along 131Xe oscillation signals in the transverse axes of the sensing element (precession of 131Xe
(X)—plot 1; precession of 131Xe (Y)—plot 2) processed with the use of lock-in amplifiers with the reference frequency equal to
the frequency of the resonance field of the 131Xe xenon isotope (10 readings along the abscissa axis are equal to 1 s). Feedback
opens at 180.

OPERATION OF THE OSCILLATION SYSTEM

transfer function W ( p ) = 1 . The AGC tuning
TAGC p
algorithm consists in choosing such a level of an
adjustable signal and such a ТAGC parameter that allow
obtaining stable oscillation of xenon isotope signal.
Particular attention should be paid to the level of the
signal being generated because if it is high, not only the
signal of the macroscopic magnetic moment of the
xenon atom ensemble will be detected, but also the
proper driving magnetic field being generated at the
precession frequency of the magnetic moment. The
criterion for the correct choice is also the presence of
the relaxation effect of xenon isotope signals upon the
feedback opening.
ON STATIONARY AND ROTATING BASES
Figures 4 and 5 show how, after the feedback loop
opening, the amplitude of the precession signal
decreases exponentially with a time constant charac-
teristic of the xenon isotope lifetime. Figure 6 shows
the plots of xenon isotope oscillation signals with an
incorrectly chosen oscillation phase. The attenuation
effect of the precession signal amplitude, decreasing
exponentially, is a necessary criterion but it is not suf-
ficient for the existence of spin oscillation. Incorrect
adjustment of the phase in the feedback loop can result
in stable self-oscillation at frequencies determined by
the boundaries of the bandpass filters rather than by
the precession of xenon spins. In the case of undesir-

GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION Vol. 11 No. 2 2020

 A TWO-FREQUENCY SPIN OSCILLATION SYSTEM 121

Mult 118 sx Mult 118 sy

1

1080
1000
1020
1040
1060

1200

1440
1400

1480

1560
1140

1220
1240
1260
1280

1420
1460
1500
1520

1580
1380

1540
1300
1320
1360
1340
1100

1160
1120

1180
Fig. 6. Signals of 131Xe oscillation along in the transverse axes of the sensing element with an incorrectly chosen phase (precession
of 131Xe (X)—plot 1; precession of 131Xe (Y)—plot 2) processed with the use of lock-in amplifiers with the reference frequency
equal to the frequency of the resonance field of the 131Xe isotope (10 readings along the abscissa axis are equal to 1 s). Feedback
opens at 1440.

able oscillation at the filter cutoff frequency, such that
differs from the Larmor precession frequency by less
than 0.1 Hz, an exponential attenuation of signals will
show itself upon the opening of the feedback loop.
This attenuation is due to the relaxation of the macro-
scopic magnetic moment of xenon isotopes, which,
before opening, precessed at the filter cutoff fre-
quency, and after opening, at the Larmor frequency.
To confirm the occurrence of spin oscillation at the
Larmor frequency, it is necessary to check the opera-
tion of this system on a rotating base because operation
in this mode will cause a shift in the generated fre-
quencies by a value equal to the angular rate of the base
rotation. The operation of the oscillation system on a
rotating base is shown in Fig. 8 (129Xe isotope oscilla-
tion signal during the base rotation with angular rates
from –90 to 90°/s) and Fig. 9 (129Xe isotope oscillation
signal during the base rotation with angular rates from
50 to –50°/s).
6. CONCLUSIONS
The paper describes the structure and construction
of a two-frequency spin oscillator as well as its main
elements and units. Focus is made on the implemen-
tation of the feedback loop that provides stable two-
frequency oscillation. The experimental results
obtained on the spin oscillator breadboard on station-
ary and rotating bases are discussed. Their analysis has

AA

Uin Uout

Eagj
D

~ F
~

Fig. 7. A diagram of automatic gain control (AGC): Uin and Uout—input and output signals, respectively; AA— adjustable ampli-
fier; D—AGC detector; F—AGC filter; Eadj—adjustment signal obtained by detecting the input signal.

GYROSCOPY AND NAVIGATION Vol. 11 No. 2 2020

122 BEZMEN et al.

Mult 118 sx
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
–0.20
–0.25
–0.30
12150
12200
12250
12300
12350
12400
12450
12500
12550
12600
12650
12700
12750
12800
12850
12900
13000
13050
13100
13150
13200
13250
Fig. 8. Signals of 129Xe oscillation along the transverse axis of the sensor processed with the use of a lock-in amplifier with the
reference frequency equal to the frequency of the resonance field of the 129Xe isotope during rotation with angular rates from‒90
to 90°/s (10 readings along the abscissa axis equal to 1 s).

Mult 118 sx
0.35
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0
–0.05
–0.10
–0.15
–0.20
–0.25
–0.30
–0.35
10800

10900
10750

10950
10850

11850
11000
11050

11650
11250

11400

11600
11200

11300

11550

11800
11350

11700
11500
11100
11150

11750

Fig. 9. Signals of 131Xe oscillation along the transverse axis of the sensor processed using a lock-in amplifier with the reference
frequency equal to the resonance field frequency of the 131Xe xenon isotope during rotation with angular rates from 50 to –50°/s
(10 readings along the abscissa axis equal to 1 s).

confirmed that the technical solutions implemented in
this work are correct.
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