6 January 1997

PHYSICS LETTERS A

EISEWER Physics Letters A 224(1997) 154-158

The cubic nonlinear Schredinger equation

in a fluid-filled elastic tube
Wen-shan Duan a*b,Ben-ren Wang a, Rong-jue Wei a
a Institute of Acoustics and Stare Key Lab of Modem Acoustics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
b Northwest Normal University. Lunzhou 730070, China

Received 31 May 1996; revised manuscript received 3 October 1996; accepted for publication 14 October 1996
Communicated by A.R. Bishop

Abstract
Using the reductive perturbation method, the carrier wave modulation propagating in a fluid-filled elastic tube is investi-
gated. It is showed that such a process can be described by the nonlinear Schriidinger equation.

Keywords: Soliton; Nonlinear wave; Nonlinear Schrijdinger equation; Fluid dynamics

1. Introduction
The concept of solitons, especially the nonlinear
Schrodinger equation, has now become ubiquitous in
modern nonlinear science and indeed can be found
in various branches of physics [ l-71. In optics, the
optical pulses propagating inside single-mode fibers
in the presence of both dispersion and nonlinear-
ity can be expressed by the nonlinear Schriidinger
equation (NLSE) [ 1,2] . In a nonlinear lattice it has
been shown [3,4] that single-mode excitations of a
chain with nearest-neighbor interactions with cubic
or quartic nonlinearity are governed by the nonlinear
Schrodinger equation (NLSE). The NLSE can also
be obtained directly from the fundamental equations
for deep water waves [ $61. A derivation of the NLSE
consistent to third-order for the propagation of an
acoustic wave in a duct, including a wavemaker-like
forcing, was given by Aranha, Yue and Mei [7]. A
steady soliton solutions was observed experimentally
by Wu [ 81. An analysis of this nonpropagating soli-
ton was made extensively and the NLSE was obtained
by many authors [g-13], where they took account
of the additional effects of damping, surface tension
and the parametrical drive. Sloshing waves in a rect-
angular channel in the vicinity of the second cutoff
frequency can also be described by the NLSE [ 141.
The research work on solitons may be classified by
two kinds of physically interesting waves, the slowly
varying wave and carrier wave modulation, particu-
larly in a nonlinear lattice and in a nonlinear water
wave. The dynamical behaviour of these two kinds of
solitons can be described by the KdV equation and
the nonlinear Schriidinger equation (FUSE), respec-
tively. Recently some authors [ 15-181 studied the
KdV equation in the similar system of a fluid-filled
elastic tube. In this paper the NLSE will be first ob-
tained for this fluid-filled elastic tube to describe the
weakly nonlinear carrier wave modulation.

03759601/97/$17.00 Copyright 0 1997 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII SO375-9601(96)00796-7
 W.-s. Duan et al./Physics Letters A 224 (1997) 154-158 155

2. Equation of motion Schrodinger equation might be expected to arise in a

the description of a nonlinear wave in a fluid-filled
We shall consider an incompressible fluid that is elastic tube, we look for a solution in the form of
confined within an infinitely long circular cylinder. Fourier series,
The wall of the cylinder is composed of an elastic tube.
A localized pressure increase in the fluid (only axial A’ = 1 + Feng A(“.1)(5,7)e”(k+-w’).
(7)
variations are considered ) causes a radially symmet-
ric expansion of the elastic tube in the region of the
pressure increase. The equations governing the fluid
motion are those of conservation of mass and momen-
tum given by

(1)
(2)
where u is the velocity of the fluid, A (x, t) is the cross-
sectional area of the cylinder, pa is the constant density
of the fluid and p( X, t) is the fluid pressure. A third
equation relating the area of the tube to the pressure
must also be obtained. Since the area is seen to play a
role analogous to that of the density in a compressible
fluid, the equation that we seek plays the role of an
equation of state and it can be given as [ 15-181
a*( A - Ao)
-%A-Ao) + atz , (3)
pwa2
The expansion parameter E is assumed to be much less
than unity and the coefficients A(“,‘), p(“,‘), u(“*~) are
assumed to vary slowly over a wavelength +k-’ and
also during one cycle wo-‘, we will show that A(‘-”
satisfies a cubic Schrodinger equation. For At ‘3’) to be
real we must have A(‘~‘) = AC’,-‘)*. It will’be found
that we need retain only terms with n = l,, 2,3 and
I= 1,2 to obtain this result.
We expect A”,‘) to represent a disturbance that is
much longer than a wavelength moving at isome ve-
locity V, this may be accomplished by assuming that
A(‘*‘) is a function of a variable
6 = E(X - vt). (10)

where pw is the density of the tube wall, h and E are the In addition, slow temporal variations in this profile
thickness and the Young’s modulus of the tube respec- may be introduced by allowing a higher-order time-
tively, r( x, t) is the radius of the tube and a is its equi- dependence variable
librium radius, A0 = mz*. The quantity ( E/p,a2)‘/2
is the angular frequency for radial vibration of the 7 = e*t. (11)
tube. Introducing dimensionless quantities through the Substitution of Eqs. (7)-(9) into E!qs. (4)-(6) and
definitions A = ra2A’, p = pop’, t = Tt’, x = Lx’, u = separation of terms according to the first three powers
( L/T) u’, where po = Eh/2a,T2 = pwa2/E and L* = of E yields at O(e)
pWah/2po, we have the dimensionless equations
-iloA(‘.” + ilku”*‘) = 0, (12)
(4) u(l.I) = kp’W
(13)
0 ’
p”.” = (1 _ &,*)41*0,
(5) (14)

at O( E2>
_ilwA(*,‘) _ VA:l.” + u:‘*‘) + ilku(2.l)

We now look for a solution in the form of a slowly (Wu(lJ-d = 0,

+ilkxA (15)
modulated wavetrain. To understand how the cubic 4
156 W.-s. Duan et al./Physics Letters A 224 (1997) 154-158

_ilwuC23’) _ h”vl) + c ikpu (L94JlJ-9) we have (-V2 + l)A$lvo) = 0. As long as V2# 1

f
9 we see that A(*s”) has no 5 dependence. Since a term
+ pl’.‘) + ilkp(**‘) = 0, A(‘*‘)( T) will not be of interest for propagation prob-
(16)
lems, we set A(‘*O) = ~(~9’) = p(‘*O) = 0. For I= 1 we
~(~3’) = (1 _ 12~*),4(*vf) + 2VilwA:‘*‘), (17) find that

at O( E3> -iwA(2S1) + ikuc2T1)+ (w/k - V)A:lS1) = 0, (25)

_iwu(2*1) + ik( 1 _ u~)A(~,‘)

+ [ 1 - ti2 - Vw(2k+ l/k)]A;l’l’ = 0. (26)

For I= 2 we obtain
+ ilkA(2.9)U(1,1-9)] = 0,
(18)
+A@.*) + k&2’ + ,(A”.‘)j2 = 0, (27)
_ilwu(3*1) _ h(2v” + ~(~9~) (1,q) (lJ-9)
6 7 fC” uf
9 _&2.2) + k( 1 _4&)A(2*2) + !2!k!~A(1v1)12= 0,
ilku (1,9)u(2*[-9) + p:‘~~) + ilkp(3.‘) = 0,
+ c (28)
9
(19) where jA(1*‘)12 = A(‘,‘)A(‘,-‘). To obtain nonzero
A(‘,‘), we have from Eqs. (25) and (26)
p(3v’) = (1 _ ~‘LW~)A(~,I)_ 2iloAi’v’f

+ V2Agi”’ + 2ViZoAy”‘. (20) ‘=&l:k?)2 (29)

We now separate terms according to powers of 1. For and from Eqs. (27) and (28)
terms of first order in E we find that no information is
obtained for I= 0. For 1 = 1 and 1= -1 we obtain the A’2.2’ = &/A”s”]~, (30)
dispersion relation for the linear theory, namely

2 k2 u(2.2) = w - 1 _ 1 IA(1.‘)12. (31)

to =jqs (21) k ( 2k2 >

and In the third order equation we have at I = 0

A(‘,‘) = $(I,I) _VAp.a) + @“’ + (A(t,t)u(l.-t) + A(‘.-‘)u(l.‘))~

(22)
w ’
= 0, (32)
u(l,l) = kp(l.l’
(23)
w ’
_$2.0’ + p;2JJ) + (UKl)uU~-l))f = 0, (33)
(131) = (1 _ W2)A(l.l)+ (24) (2.0) = At&o)
P P (34)
With w determined by Eq. (21) we can see that From Eqs. (32) -( 34) can be obtained that
A”.“’ = p”.” = n (lJ) =0 for 1 < -1 and 1 > 1.
From the second order equation we find that for 1=
A’2.0’ =&($+2V;)lA”*“li+F,(~),
0
_VA;‘.O’ + ujl*a) = 0, _$l,o) +p;l’o’ = 0. (35)

Considering that u(*.o) =&(~+$V)lA”.“12+F2(7).

(1.0) = A(l.0) , (36)

P
 W.-s. Duan et al./ Physics Letters A 224 (1997) 154-158 157

Similarly in the third order equation at E = 1 we have by using the following transformations,

_iWA(3,‘) _ VA:“’ + uk2s1) + ikU(3,‘) + A$‘,‘)

(47)
+ ik(A”.‘)U’2.0’ + A(1,-1)U(2.2)

+ A’2.0)U(1.1) + A’2,2’u”,-9 = 0, H
(37) 7=--T. (48)
2E
_i,,(3.‘) _ ~“,I’ + pi”‘) + ikp(3.‘) + *:1*1) As is well known, the solution of Eq. (46) is
%!
(l,1)u(2.0) + uw)u(2,29 = 0,
+ ik(u (38) Z=vsech(r+kT-00)
(3.l) = (1 _ ,2)A(3,‘) _ 2iwAJ’,‘) x exp[ -ik[ - $i(v - k2)T - icro].
P (49)
+ V2Akjg” + 2ViwAk2.‘). (39) The solitary wave solution represented by Bq. (49)
has four parameters. They are 7, which repreBents the
If we want to obtain the solution of Eqs. (37)-( 39),
amplitude and the pulse width of the solitary,wave, k,
the variables of A(3*1),~(3*‘), P(~*‘) will disappear
which represents its speed and two pammete& which
from these equations. The coefficient of Ai2*” is also
represent the phase constant, 00 and (TO.We mote here
zero. Then we obtain from Eqs. (37)-(39)
that the pulse height v is inversely proportional to the
HA”.‘) +iEAkk,‘) pulse width v-‘, and that the constant k, whiph repre-
7 + iA”*“[GIA”*1’12 + F(T)] = 0,
sents the speed of the pulse transmission, is :indepen-
(40) dent of the pulse height v. This is different ifrom the
KdV soliton, where the speed of the soliton is propor-
where
tional to the pulse height [ 16-181.

Acknowledgment

I
4
•t (41)
(l+k2)2 ’ This research is supported by the Foundlations of
Natural Science, Natural Nonlinear Science ‘of China
H=2o(k’+ l), (42) and the Foundation of Science of Jiang-Su Province.
3k2
E=(1 +k2)2’ (43)
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