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CFX Ansys
CFX Ansys
CFX Ansys
D. R. Hose{*, P. V. Lawford{, A. J. Narracott{, recognizing the interaction of the ¯uid ¯ow with the
J. M. T. Penrose{ and I. P. Jones{ deformation of the arterial walls, been attempted.
{Medical Physics, University of Shef®eld, UK McQueen and Peskin [1] have presented one of the
{AEA Technology, Harwell, UK most advanced cardiac applications of ¯uid ± solid
interaction (FSI), using a custom-developed immersed
Fluid ± solid interaction is a primary feature of cardiovascular
boundary method. FSI is critical for the analysis of
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The selection of codes for coupling is based on the A R2 J0 ayi3=2
requirements from the analysis. This paper presents w 1ÿ exp iot;
ima2 J0 ai3=2
numerical solutions for elastic-walled vessels and for a
stenting application using an external coupling of where A* exp (iot) is the complex Fourier representa-
ANSYS for the solid phase to CFX for the ¯uid phase tion of the sinusoidal axial pressure gradient (qp/qz) of
[7, 8]. The coupling software was developed and frequency o and J0 is the Bessel function of order zero.
validated in the context of cardiovascular applications
in a programme of work, BloodSim (EP28350), funded The velocity pro®le across the vessel diameter is
by the IT section of the European Framework 4 determined by this equation. Integration over the
initiative. The coupling features a simple Jacobi cross-sectional area yields volume ¯ow rate, Q. The
iteration scheme and only the normal component of phase of the ¯ow relative to the pressure gradient
For personal use only.
the stress tensor is passed from the ¯uid to solid phase. (conventionally taken as 7qp/qz so that a positive
This is justi®ed on the basis that the shear stresses are pressure gradient produces a positive ¯ow) can be
typically several orders of magnitude lower than the computed. Assuming that the Reynolds number is
normal stresses, although this assumption might be suf®ciently low for the ¯ow to remain laminar, the
restrictive for some applications. The ¯uids code must shape of the velocity pro®le is determined by the
feature the facility for moving the mesh as the boundary Womersley parameter. Velocity pro®les at different
deforms, and must handle the mesh deformation terms times over the cycle for three values of a are illustrated
appropriately. The implementation of the mesh move- in ®gure 1. At low values (®gure 1 (a)) the ¯ow might
ment terms within CFX is based on the methodology be considered pseudo steady at any particular pressure
described by Hawkins and Wilkes [9]. In the study of gradient and a velocity pro®le approaching the para-
systems such as heart valve prostheses it is likely that bolic shape associated with Poiseuille ¯ow develops.
topological changes of the mesh will be required, and The pressure gradient and the ¯ow are almost in phase
so a facility for automatic remeshing and appropriate and the ¯ow leads the pressure temporally by up to 458.
results interpolation is required. It is unlikely that the In practice in the aorta the ¯ow leads the pressure by
most ef®cient mesh for the problem will be of similar up to 308. At high values of a (®gure 1 (c)) the core of
density in the solid and ¯uid domains (almost always the ¯uid moves effectively as a rigid region, or as a
the ¯uid mesh will be denser) and so a surface load and reciprocating piston, and the ¯uid shear is con®ned to
displacement interpolation facility should be provided regions close to the wall to accommodate this motion.
by the coupling software. The method coded within the Under these conditions the pressure gradient leads the
BloodSim software is based on a direct element-to- ¯ow temporally by up to 908. The pressure gradient
vertex parametric interpolation, which is robust and leads pressure by up to 908, and the pressure and ¯ow
suitable for most applications [10]. are almost in phase. At intermediate values of a (®gure 1
(b)), such as those typically encountered in cardiovas-
It is important to describe benchmark problems against cular systems, the velocity is neither parabolic nor ¯at
which the performance of numerical systems can be and the velocity at the centreline at any instant might
evaluated. This has long been recognized for ®nite not be the peak velocity on the cross-section.
element systems, and indeed the National Agency for
Finite Element Methods and Standards (NAFEMS) has Womersley [13] published solutions for an elastic-
published a series of benchmarks for this purpose. walled tube with longitudinal tethering, demonstrating
There is a need for similar benchmarks for coupled that the form of the solution is the same as that for the
systems. This paper proposes one such benchmark, the rigid-walled tube. In the elastic tube the pressure wave
solution of ¯ow in an elastic tube, and reports the moves along the vessel at a ®nite speed determined by
exercise of a recently developed coupling of ANSYS the properties of the ¯uid and of the elastic wall.
with CFX against this benchmark. Womersley took the form of the pressure gradient to be
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D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
Figure 1. Velocity as a function of radius, from centreline to wall, at eleven different times in a sinusoidal cycle for three values of
the Womersley parameter: (a) a small; (b) a=2.5; (c) a large.
A* exp [io (t ± z/c)], where c is the wavespeed. It should assumption of ¯uid homogeneity and Newtonian
be noted that the wavespeed, c, is complex, and so the viscosity for blood to apply.
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of the ¯uid acts to reduce the wavespeed, to change the The Cartesian co-ordinates were aligned such that the z
relative phases of pressure, gradient and ¯ow, and to axis corresponded to the tube axis, and a model of one
damp the pressure wave as it travels down the tube. The quarter of the system, represented by the positive xy
reduction in wavespeed is less than 2.5% for Womersley quadrant, was constructed.
parameters greater than three [13]. A basic assumption
in its derivation is that each longitudinal element of the Boundary conditions. The wetted boundary between the
tube acts structurally as an independent ring under an solid and ¯uid phases was de®ned as an interface
applied internal pressure. The bending stiffness of the between the solid and ¯uid analysis codes. Both ¯uid
tube is assumed to be negligible and so there are no planar boundaries normal to the tube axis were de®ned
internal transverse shear stresses in the wall of the tube. `openings' in CFX, permitting ¯ow either into or out of
This condition will be satis®ed if the wavelength of the the domain. Conventionally these boundaries might be
pressure pulse is long compared with the characteristic referred to as the inlet and outlet but these terms are
length of the tube. The characteristic length, or the less relevant in the context of pulsatile ¯ow with a mean
axial distance from an applied ring load at which the of zero. The ¯uid planes yz and zx were de®ned as
deformation in a cylinder will pass through zero, is symmetry boundaries, with no ¯ow perpendicular to
given by x=p/2b, where b=[3(1 ± n2)/R2h2]1/4 [14]. them.
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D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
1305 Pa (%10 mm Hg). The phase was chosen such alone, i.e. entirely within CFX, with standard no-slip
that the pressure was zero at time zero. wall boundary conditions. The sensitivity of the solution
to mesh density, element type (hexahedral or tetra-
The Womersley parameter, a, for this system is 2.51. hedral), and order of integration scheme was investi-
Womersley's solutions indicate that the pressure gra- gated. In all cases the variation associated with change
dient leads the pressure by 67.58 and the ¯ow by 458 of these parameters was small. The meshes used are
and thus ¯ow leads pressure by 22.58. The amplitude of illustrated in ®gure 3 for the two lengths of ¯uid
the ¯ow wave is 2.1461076 m3 s71. Normalized plots domain studied.
of pressure, pressure gradient and ¯ow against time for
this system are presented in ®gure 2, illustrating the The parameter of most importance was the conver-
relative phase of the three quantities. gence criterion at each time step. It was found that
analyses with a convergence criterion of 161074, the
Static pressure was speci®ed as a function of time on default in CFX, consistently underpredicted the magni-
both openings of the ¯uid domain with an appropriate tude of the velocities at all time steps. Results with
phase lag between them, as computed from Womer- convergence criteria of 161075 and 161076 pro-
sley's solutions. The analysis was started from time zero duced excellent agreement between computed and
with a zero value of the pressure at the inlet and an analytical velocity pro®les. This is illustrated in ®gure 4,
appropriate phase-lagged pressure at the outlet. The in which the velocity on the tube axis (centreline) is
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velocity pro®le at time zero was computed and applied plotted against time for the numerical studies with each
as an initial condition node by node to all nodes of the of the speci®ed convergence criteria and for the
¯uid domain. The pro®le applied was that computed analytical solution.
for z=0, on the assumption that the ¯ow variation along
the short domain is negligible. A typical result at a time step is illustrated in ®gure 5.
The velocity pro®le at each opening is presented as a
Time duration. The analysis was run for one half of a series of vectors and the pressure as a colour fringe plot.
sine-wave pressure cycle, i.e. 0.5 s at 1 Hz. After this The velocity pro®le is semi-parabolic and it can be seen
point the pressure would become negative. The analysis that the pressure is effectively a function of axial
has not been extended to the negative pressure phase, position only, i.e. independent of radius. The pressure
although some preliminary results have been obtained gradient is constant along the domain.
in this region. The critical pressure, pcr, in a long-
For personal use only.
itudinally-tethered elastic tube at which elastic instabil- In order to investigate sensitivity to initial conditions an
ity is anticipated is Eh3/4R3 (1 ± n2), or 39.2 Pa for the analysis was carried out with zero initial velocity rather
current system. The ®rst buckling mode has two lobes than the prescribed Womersley velocity pro®le. The
(an ovalization), and is symmetrical about xz and yz time taken for a Poiseuille parabolic ¯ow pro®le to
planes. This mode can be captured by the quarter- develop in a tube full of ¯uid initially at rest is of the
model boundary conditions. order of 0.75R2r/m, or 0.75 s, and so it might be
anticipated that the ¯ow pro®le could develop towards
a consistent harmonic response over perhaps one cycle.
Results This was con®rmed in the numerical study. The ¯ow
pro®le at the end of a second sinusoidal pressure wave
was less than 1% changed from that at the end of the
Rigid tube
®rst wave.
As a preliminary to the execution of the coupled
solution, analyses were conducted in the ¯uid domain
Elastic tube
The analysis was performed using the BloodSim
coupling of ANSYS and CFX for a positive half sine
pressure wave using the dimensions and initial and
boundary conditions prescribed earlier. A convergence
criterion was adopted for the ¯uids analysis, based on
the results of the rigid tube study. Convergence of the
coupling cycle at a time step was assumed when the root
mean square of the pressure vectors on the wetted
boundary, calculated from two successive iterations of
the ¯uids solve, were consistent to within 1%. The
pressure relaxation parameter, describing the propor-
tion of newly computed to previously converged
solution adopted at each time step for the application
of pressure from ¯uid to solid phase, was 0.2. The
number of coupling iterations required for conver-
gence depends on the time step. A minimum of 20 and
maximum of 30 coupling iterations were speci®ed for a
Figure 2. Temporal variation of pressure, pressure gradient time step of 0.002 s. In practice after 20 coupling
and ¯ow for a=2.51, illustrating relative phase. iterations the chosen pressure and displacement con-
26
D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
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Figure 3. Meshes used for rigid tube analysis: (a) 0.5 mm length, hexahedral mesh; (b) 0.5 mm length, tetrahedral mesh; (c) 4 mm
length, hexahedral mesh.
For personal use only.
27
D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
Longer tube
These analyses of short longitudinal domains serve to
provide con®dence in the solution methodology and
coupling software. However it is very dif®cult to
monitor accurately the spatial transmission of the
pressure pulse in such a system. An analysis was
performed of a tube of the speci®ed geometry, but of
length 0.08 m. For this analysis a frequency of
18.9 rad s71 was speci®ed for the pressure wave,
corresponding approximately to the zero-to-peak ramp
of the pressure waveform in the carotid artery at the
onset of a systolic pulse. The Moens ± Korteweg
wavespeed is 5.6 m s71 and the wavelength is 1.86 m,
still over twenty times longer than the solution domain.
A viscosity representative of water, 0.001 Pa s, was
speci®ed for the ¯uid phase. For this system the
Figure 6. Centreline velocity versus time: effect of time step Womersley parameter is 8.7. The inlet boundary had
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and comparison with analytical solution. a prescribed pressure varying linearly with time at a rate
of 22 mm Hg in 0.083 s, or 35 250 Pa s71 (based on the
carotid ¯ow waveform). The outlet pressure was
prescribed to be zero. A coupling loop pressure
relaxation parameter of 0.02 was found to produce
acceptable convergence characteristics.
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D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
Figure 8. Form of buckling of elastic tube wall and associated deformed ¯uid mech under negative ¯uid pressure; coupled analysis.
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For personal use only.
Figure 9. Dilation of tube under ramped inlet pressure, 1 ms time increments, with snapshot of scaled dilated geometry at
3 milliseconds.
29
D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
particular the local shear stress and particle residence under a grant from the Information Technology sector
times in the regions behind the stent struts. In a part of of the European Framework 4 programme (`BloodSim',
the BloodSim program reported separately, Bludszu- EP28350).
weit [15] has analysed the deposition of a clot in
obstructed ¯ow using the method described by Frie-
drich and Reininger [16] with good qualitative agree- References
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D. R. Hose et al. Fluid ± solid interaction
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