INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE

ECN -311
Principles of Digital Communication
Module-5, Band-pass Data Transmission

Prof. Anshul Jaiswal

Department of Electronics and Communication
Center for Photonics & Quantum Communication Technology
IIT Roorkee
𝑀-ary Data Transmission

• In the binary data transmission systems, we may send only one of two
possible signals, 𝑠0 (𝑡) or 𝑠1 (𝑡), during each bit interval 𝑇𝑏 .
• On the other hand, in an 𝑀-ary data transmission system, we may send
any one of 𝑀 possible signals, 𝑠1 (𝑡), 𝑠2 (𝑡), 𝑠3 (𝑡), … , 𝑠𝑀 (𝑡), during each
signaling interval 𝑇𝑠 .
• The number of possible signals 𝑀 = 2𝑛 , where 𝑛 is an integer, and the
signaling interval is 𝑇𝑠 = 𝑛𝑇𝑏
• Each of the 𝑀 signals, 𝑠1 (𝑡), 𝑠2 (𝑡), 𝑠3 (𝑡), … , 𝑠𝑀 (𝑡), is called a symbol of
the system.

46
Constellation Diagram of 𝑀-ary Systems

47
Question

• Consider the two 8-point signal constellations shown in figure. The

minimum distance between adjacent points is 2𝐴. Determine the average
transmitted energy for each constellation, assuming that the signal points
are equally probable. Which constellation is more energy-efficient?

• Solution:
1 2 2
– For first constellation: 𝐸𝑏 = 4 × 2𝐴 + 4 × 2 2𝐴 = 6𝐴2
8
1 2 2 9
– For first constellation: 𝐸𝑏 = 4× 7𝐴 +2× 3𝐴 + 2𝐴2 = 𝐴2
8 2

48
Quadriphase-shift Keying (QPSK)

• As with binary PSK, information about the message symbols in QPSK is

contained in the carrier phase.
• In particular, the phase of the carrier takes on one of four equally spaced
𝜋 3𝜋 5𝜋 7𝜋
values, such as , , and .
4 4 4 4
• For this set of values, we may define the transmitted signal as
𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1 , 0 ≤ 𝑡 ≤ 𝑇𝑠
4
𝑘
where 𝑇𝑠 is the symbol duration or signaling duration and 𝑓𝑐 =
𝑇𝑠

49
Signal Space Diagram of QPSK
𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐴𝑐 cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1
4

𝑇𝑠 2
𝐴 𝑐
𝐸𝑖 = න 𝑠𝑖2 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑇𝑠
0 2
𝐸1 +𝐸2 +⋯𝐸𝑀 𝐴2𝑐
Average energy per symbol = 𝐸𝑠 = = 𝑇
𝑀 2 𝑠

2𝐸𝑠
𝐴𝑐 =
𝑇𝑠

2𝐸𝑠 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1
𝑇𝑠 4

50
Signal Space Diagram of QPSK

2𝐸𝑠 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 2𝑖 − 1
𝑇𝑠 4
2𝐸𝑠 𝜋 2𝐸𝑠 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) cos 2𝑖 − 1 − sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) sin 2𝑖 − 1
𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠 4

𝜋 2 𝜋 2
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 cos 2𝑖 − 1 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) − 𝐸𝑠 sin 2𝑖 − 1 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
4 𝑇𝑠 4 𝑇𝑠

2 2
𝜙1 𝑡 = cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡) and 𝜙2 𝑡 = − sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)
𝑇𝑠 𝑇𝑠
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
‫׬‬0 𝑠 𝜙12 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ‫׬‬0 𝑠 𝜙22 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 1 and ‫׬‬0 𝑠 𝜙1 𝑡 𝜙2 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 cos (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙1 𝑡 + 𝐸𝑠 sin (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙2 𝑡
4 4
• There are two orthonormal basis functions, defined by a pair of
quadrature carriers

51
Signal Space Diagram of QPSK
𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 cos (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙1 𝑡 + sin (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙2 𝑡
4 4

52
Signal Space Diagram of QPSK

Gray-encoded Message Point QPSK Signal of duration 𝑇𝑠

Input
11 1 1
𝐸𝑠 +𝑗 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
2 2 𝑠1 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑡
2 2 2
01 1 1
𝐸𝑠 − +𝑗 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
2 2 𝑠2 𝑡 = − 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑡
2 1 2 2
00 1 1
𝐸𝑠 − −𝑗 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
2 2 𝑠3 𝑡 = − 𝜙 𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑡
2 1 2 2
10 1 1
𝐸𝑠 −𝑗 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
2 2 𝑠4 𝑡 = 𝜙1 𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑡
2 2 2

53
Generation of QPSK

𝜙1 𝑡 = 2/𝑇𝑏 cos(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝜙2 𝑡 = − 2/𝑇𝑏 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡)

𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 cos (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙1 𝑡 + sin (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙2 𝑡
4 4
54
Coherent Detection of QPSK

• sdas

𝜋 𝜋
𝑠𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐸𝑠 cos (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙1 𝑡 + 𝐸𝑠 sin (2𝑖 − 1) 𝜙2 𝑡
4 4
55
Received Sample
Transmitted Received Signal 𝒙(𝒕) 𝒚𝑰 𝒚𝑸
Symbol
11
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝜙 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝑤(𝑡) + 𝑛𝐼 + 𝑛𝑄
2 1 2 2 2 2
01
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
− 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝑤(𝑡) − + 𝑛𝐼 + 𝑛𝑄
2 1 2 2 2 2
00
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
− 𝜙 𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝑤(𝑡) − + 𝑛𝐼 − + 𝑛𝑄
2 1 2 2 2 2
10
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠
𝜙 𝑡 − 𝜙 𝑡 + 𝑤(𝑡) + 𝑛𝐼 − + 𝑛𝑄
2 1 2 2 2 2

56
Symbol Error Rate Calculation

• The average probability of bit error in the in-phase and quadrature paths
of the coherent QPSK receiver as
𝐸𝑠
𝑃𝑒𝐼 = 𝑃𝑒𝑄 = 𝑄
𝑁0

where 𝐸𝑠 /𝑁0 is SNR per symbol

• The average probability of a correct detection of a symbol resulting from
the combined action of the two channels (paths) working together is
𝑃𝑐 = 1 − 𝑃𝑒𝐼 1 − 𝑃𝑒𝑄 = 1 + 𝑃𝑒2 − 2𝑃𝑒

• The average probability of symbol error for QPSK is therefore

𝑃𝑠 = 1 − 𝑃𝑐 = 2𝑃𝑒 − 𝑃𝑒2

57
Symbol Error Rate Calculation

• For (𝐸𝑠 /𝑁0 ) >> 1, we may ignore the quadratic term on the right-hand
side, so the average probability of symbol error for the QPSK receiver is
approximated as
𝐸𝑠
𝑃𝑠 ≈ 2𝑃𝑒 = 2𝑄
𝑁0

• In a QPSK system, there are two bits per symbol,

– Transmitted signal energy per symbol is twice the signal energy per bit

2𝐸𝑏 2𝐸𝑏
𝑃𝑠 ≈ 2𝑄 and 𝑃𝑒 = 𝑄
𝑁0 𝑁0

• For the same average probability of bit error, a QPSK system transmits
information at twice the bit rate of a binary PSK system for the same
channel bandwidth.
• QPSK uses channel bandwidth better than binary PSK, which explains
the preferred use of QPSK over binary PSK in practice.

58
MATLAB Simulation
Transmitted Symbol 𝒚𝑰 𝒚𝑸 𝑦 = 𝑦𝐼 + 𝑗𝑦𝑄
Symbol 𝑛 = 𝑛𝐼 + 𝑗𝑛𝑄 ~𝐶𝑁 0, 𝑁0
11 𝑠1 1 1
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑦= 𝐸𝑠 +𝑗 +𝑛
+ 𝑛𝐼 + 𝑛𝑄 2 2
2 2
01 𝑠2 1 1
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑦= 𝐸𝑠 − +𝑗 +𝑛
− + 𝑛𝐼 + 𝑛𝑄 2 2
2 2
00 𝑠3 1 1
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑦= 𝐸𝑠 − −𝑗 +𝑛
− + 𝑛𝐼 − + 𝑛𝑄 2 2
2 2
10 𝑠4 1 1
𝐸𝑠 𝐸𝑠 𝑦= 𝐸𝑠 −𝑗 +𝑛
+ 𝑛𝐼 − + 𝑛𝑄 2 2
2 2

𝑦= 𝐸𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑛

59
MATLAB Simulation

𝑦=𝐸𝑠 𝑥 + 𝑛
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑥∈ +𝑗 , − +𝑗 , − −𝑗 , −𝑗
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

𝑥 ∈ 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 , 𝑥3 , 𝑥4

𝑛~𝐶𝑁(0, 𝑁0 )

′
𝑦 𝐸𝑠
𝑦 = = 𝑥 + 𝑛′
𝑁0 𝑁0

𝑛′ ~𝐶𝑁(0,1)

60
MATLAB Simulation

• Generate 𝑁 samples (QPSK symbols)

• Minimum Distance Rule

𝐸𝑠
𝑥ො = arg min y′ − 𝑥
𝑥𝑖 𝑁0 𝑖

• Count: 𝑥ො ≠ 𝑥 or 𝑠Ƹ ≠ 𝑠
• SER = Count/𝑁

61