EE 205: Introduction to Electrical Systems

Lecture 31 : Three-phase Induction Motors

 Rotor Circuit equivalent
The rotor circuit:
At the starting or when the rotor is blocked (s = 1)
Ø Rotor Induced voltage (emf ) = E2

If the rotor rotates at synchronous speed (s = 0)

Ø and Rotor Induced voltage (emf ) = 0

Therefore if the rotor speed is n (slip =s)

Rotor Induce voltage (emf) = s E2

We know that reactance,

X = w L = 2p f L
 Rotor Reactance and impedance at slip s
Ø So, as the frequency of the induced voltage in the rotor changes,
the reactance of the rotor circuit also changes
Ø Rotor reactance at slip s can be obtained as
X r = wr L2 = 2p f r Lr
= 2p sf Lr
= sX 2

Where X2 is the rotor reactance

at the supply frequency
(stationary rotor) 𝑍!" = 𝑅!! + (𝑠𝑋W! )! ohm s⁄p hase

𝐸!" 𝑠𝐸!
𝐼!" = =
𝑍!" 𝑅!! + (𝑠𝑋! )!
 Torque
— While the input to the induction motor is electrical power, its
output is mechanical power
— Any mechanical load applied to the motor shaft will introduce a
torque on the motor shaft. This torque is related to the motor
output power and the rotor speed

Tload = P out/ωm ωm = 2π N/60

— A popular unit used to measure mechanical power is the horse

power
— It is used to refer to the mechanical output power of the motor

1 HP = 746 W
 Example: Induction motor – rotor quantities
3. For a 4 pole 3 phase 50 Hz star-connected induction motor the
ratio of the stator to rotor turns is 2. For a certain load, when it is
connected to a 415 V supply the speed was found to be 1455 rpm.
Calculate: i) frequency of rotor emf in running condition, ii) magnitude
of induced emf in the rotor at standstill, iii) magnitude of induced emf
in the rotor at the running condition iv) full load rotor current and
power factor if the rotor resistance and inductive standstill reactance
are 0.2 Ω and 1 Ω per-phase respectively.

Sol. 1.5 Hz, 119.8 V, 3.594 V, 17.77 A, 0.98

 Power losses & Efficiency in Induction machines

— Copper losses (variable – load/ current dependent)

— Copper loss in the stator (PSCL) = I12R1
— Copper loss in the rotor (PRCL) = I22R2
— Core loss (Pcore – constant for a given supply voltage, frequency)
— Mechanical power loss due to friction and windage
— Stray losses
— Generalized machine theory – condition for maximum efficiency
is when variable losses are equal to the core losses

— How does this power flow in the motor?

Power flow in induction motor
 Power flow in induction motor

Pconv
t ind =
wm

Pin = 3 VL I L cos q = 3 V ph I ph cos q

PSCL = 3 I12 R1

PAG = Pin - ( PSCL + Pcore )

PRCL = 3I 22 R2

Pconv = PAG - PRCL

Pout = Pconv - ( Pf + w + Pstray )

 Rotor Power
Pg is the power transferred from stator to
rotor across the air gap and hence Pg is
called the air-gap power. Per phase power
input to rotor is
𝑃# = 𝐸! 𝐼! 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃!
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑟! ⁄𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃! = =
𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 !
A𝑟! ⁄𝑠) + 𝑥! !

𝐸! 𝑟! 𝑟
! !
∴ 𝑃# = ∗ 𝐼! ∗ = 𝐼! PAG Pconv
! 𝑠 𝑠
A𝑟! ⁄𝑠) + 𝑥! ! 1 1-s

𝑟! 1−𝑠
∴ 𝑃# = 𝐼!! = 𝐼!! 𝑟! + 𝐼!! 𝑟! PRCL
𝑠 𝑠 s

= rotor ohmic loss + internal mechanical power developed in rotor (Pm)

= 𝑠𝑃# + (1 − 𝑠)𝑃#
 Rotor Power
1−𝑠
∴ 𝑃$ = 1 − 𝑠 𝑃# = 𝐼!! 𝑟!
𝑠
𝑠
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑃$ = 𝑠𝑃# = 𝑠(𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟G
1−𝑠
Internal or gross torque developed per phase is given by
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑃$ O1 − 𝑠)𝑃# 𝑃#
𝑇% = = = =
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜔" A1 − 𝑠)𝜔& 𝜔&

ws is the synchronous speed in mechanical radians per second.

𝑃# 1 𝐼!! 𝑟! 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 1 ! 𝑟!
𝑇% = = ∗ = = 𝐼
𝜔& 𝜔& 𝑠 𝜔& 𝑠𝑙𝑖𝑝 2𝜋𝑛& ! 𝑠
Output or shaft power,
Psh = Pm – Mechanical losses (friction, and windage losses)
Or Psh = Pg – rotor ohmic loss – Friction and windage losses
𝑃&' 𝑃&'
𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 𝑇&' = =
𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 A1 − 𝑠)𝜔&

Pg = stator power input – stator ohmic loss – stator core loss

 Example: Induction motor – Losses & efficiency
Pr1: The useful torque of a 8 pole, 50 Hz 3 phase machine is 190 Nm.
If the rotor frequency is 1.5 Hz, calculate the rotor copper losses, if
mech losses are 700 W.

Sol. 469.326 W
 Example: Induction motor – Losses & efficiency
Pr2: The full load power input to a 4 pole, 50 Hz, 3 phase induction
motor is 50 kW running at 1440 rpm. Calculate its full load efficiency,
if stator losses are 1000W and frictional losses are 650 W.

Sol. 92.78%
 Example: Induction motor – Losses & efficiency
6. A 3 phase, 4 pole, 50 Hz star-connected IM running on full
load develops a useful torque of 300 N-m. The rotor emf has 120
cycles/ min. If the torque lost in friction is 50 N-m, calculate i) slip, ii)
net power output, iii) rotor copper loss/phase, iv) rotor efficiency and
v) rotor resistance/ phase if the rotor current is 60A in the running
condition.

Sol. 0.04, 45.24 kW, 0.733 kW, 96%, 0.204 ohms