computer - reviewer
Lesson 1: Introduction to Robots
Robots at Home - We are in a time
wherein everything can be automated
through the use of robots-from
cleaning to cooking to house
management. One example of a robot
commonly used at home is a vacuum
cleaner.
Robots in the Community - Apart from
homes, robots are also used in
communities such as autonomous
drones for surveillance or traffic light
control systems.
Robots Everywhere else
- Robots are also used for
specialized tasks.
Office Equipment - Printers, scanners,
fax machines, photocopiers, and
computer peripheral devices are some
examples of robots used in offices.
Medical - technology contributes
greatly to the field of medicine. For
example, serious medical conditions
such as hypertension must be
monitored with precise readings.
Manual blood readings can also
provide blood pressure measurement.
Manufacturing - factories use
manufacturing equipment such as
barcode machines, controlled tools,
welding robots, and other devices.
Manufacturers also make domestic
appliances such as microwave ovens,
washing machines, freezers, vacuum
cleaners, and blenders.
Defensive System - Security devices
such as security and automatic gate
control systems also use robotic
technology. For example, a legged
squad support system or LS3 is a foot
patrol that can do various tasks.
Aerospace - the objective is to fly to
and explore outer space. For example:
Satellites are used to command robots
to adjust their position, change orbit,
or modify functions
Robotics - is a branch of engineering
that deals with designing,
manufacturing, applying, and
operating different kinds of robots.
Types of Robots
Manual Robots - do not function
unless controlled by humans.
Sequential Robots - designed to
perform a series of tasks in the same
sequence, and are commonly
programmed to loop.
Sensate Robots - triggered when they
sense something in their environment
Smart Robots - an artificial
intelligence system; that can also
control robots or robotic devices
Robots on Land, Water, and Air
Robots on Land - Robots help humans
in many ways. They are used for
research, or to perform tasks that are
too dull, dirty, subtle, or dangerous for
humans. For example: Firefighter
drones, delivery robots, autonomous
farm tractors
Robots in Water - Although robots are
not usually used in water, some are
developed to have swimming
capabilities. Scientists have developed
robotic fish morphology, which can be
controlled to do various tasks
underwater for research.
Examples are: Rescue Drones, ocean
trash collector robots
Robots on Air - Robots are also used in
air and even in outer space. For
example, since humans cannot teach
birds how to fly to secure the
perimeter of an area, engineers have
developed flying robots to do the task.
Some robots that mimic insects or
insect morphology are called “micro-
robots”
Examples are: search and rescue
drones, and delivery drones
Components of Robots
Sensors - these are devices that
measure the physical quantity and
convert it into an appropriate signal or
data that can be read by an
instrument.
Controllers - These are devices that
manage, interpret, and control the
accepted data to create an action.
Actuators - These are devices that are
used to move or control a certain
system or machine
Parts Category & Sub-Category
Major Parts:
➢ Touch
➢ Servo Motor
➢ Ultrasonic
➢ Light
➢ Brick
Minor Parts:
➢ Bevel gear
➢ Double Bevel Gear
➢ Knob Wheel
Major Parts of Lego NXT
NXT Brick - Is the brain of the Lego
Mindstorms Education robot. It is a
computer-controlled LEGO brick that
provides programmable, intelligent,
decision-making behavior
NXT Servo Motor - Gives your robot
the ability to move, it uses a built-in
rotation sensor to accurately control
the motor’s output shaft
NXT Touch Sensor - Has an orange tip
known as a push button, which
provides the touch feature.
NXT RGB Light/Color Sensor - is
capable of measuring light intensity.
It determines the brightness or
darkness of the surrounding area.
NXT Ultrasonic Sensor - Can detect
an object by determining the distance
between the sensor and the object
allowing your creations to “see”
Minor Parts of LEGO NXT
Gears:
➢ Bevel Gear
➢ Double Bevel Gear
➢ Knob Wheel
Beams:
➢ Straight
➢ Angled
NXT Gears - Are probably the most
fascinating pieces in the set. The term
gear encompasses a variety of pieces
that transmit motion. Since a gear
generally fits the description of a wheel
with teeth, it’s sometimes called a
gearwheel.
➢ PEGS - Though quite small,
pegs are also vital components.
They can be used to easily yet
firmly connect two or more
pieces
➢ CONNECTOR BLOCKS - they
are connectors in every sense
and rightfully belong in the
connectors category but they
usually require that you use
them with pegs, axles, or both—
which are connectors
themselves!
Geometry and Robots
Types of Angles:

NXT Beams - The term beam

encompasses a variety of pieces that
compose the structures of creations. In
other words, beams are to your LEGO
creations what a foundation,
walls, and roof are to a house.

NXT Connectors
➢ AXLES - The axle is one of the
most vital connectors but it’s
nothing more than a cross-
shaped shaft.
Angles Review - The rotation of motors ➢ directions, which makes the
in a clockwise direction is robot move.
represented by positive angles, while
the counter-clockwise direction is Finding the Angle:
represented by negative
angles. Thus, a motor with an angle X= Point the center of the protractor
28° refers to a to the to the intersection point of
rotation of 28° clockwise with respect 2 lines of the given degrees.
to the reference
axis, while a motor with an angle Y= -
56 ° refers to a
rotation of 56° counter-clockwise.

Rotational Degree - Robots that can

look almost human-like—with arms,
legs, and hands—are called human
actuators.

Robot Arm - In this example, the

programmer specified the
measure of angles X, Y,
and Z (X = 40°, Y = 75°, Z =
180°). Compute the total
rotation of the prototype
robot using the formula X +
Y + Z = N.

Simple Bot - is a basic vehicle

robot. It is perfect for
practicing basic movements
such as forward, backward,
and steering left/right.

Basic Movements
➢ Most robots with Servo Motors
can move forward, backward,
left, and right. The Servo Motors
rotate in certain