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Tension Piles/Uplift Piles Tension Pile in Clay & Sand

Clay
The equation for the uplift force Pul may be written as:

The chart gives the relationship

between α and cu based on pull out
test results as collected by Sowa
(1970).

A safety factor of 3 is normally assumed for calculating the safe uplift Sand
load for both piles in clay and sand. Poulos and Davis (1980) suggest that the skin friction of upward
loading in sand may be taken as two-thirds of the calculated shaft
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resistance for downward loading. 2

Tension Capacity of Pile Groups Example 1.10

Clay
The equation for the total uplift capacity Pu Estimate the allowable uplift capacity of the pile group in Example
of the group may be expressed by 1.9 with Fs=3. Assume the weights of soil, piles and pile cap to be
275 kN.
= soil+piles+pile cap
Sand
A spread of load of 1H:4V from the pile
group base to the ground surface may be taken
as the volume of the soil to be lifted by the pile
group (Tomlinson, 1977).
For simplicity in calculation, the weight of
the pile embedded in the ground is assumed to
be equal to that of the volume of soil it
displaces.
If the pile group is partly or fully submerged,
the submerged weight of soil below the water
table has to be taken. 3 4

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Negative Friction Negative Friction … Cont’d

It is a downward drag force exerted on a pile surrounding it.
It exists under the following conditions, among others:
1-if the fill material is loose cohesionless soil,
2-when fill is placed over peat or a soft clay stratum, &
3-by lowering the ground water which increases the effective stress
causing consolidation of the soil with resultant settlement.
Negative friction must be allowed when considering the factor of
safety on the ultimate carrying capacity of a pile.
The factor of safety,Fs , where negative friction is likely to occur
may be written as

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Negative Friction on a Single Pile Negative Friction on Pile Groups

When a group of piles passes through a compressible fill, the negative
friction, Fn , on the group is the maximum of the following:

7 8

2

Negative Friction on Pile Groups … Cont’d
When the fill is underlain by a compressible stratum, the total negative
friction may be taken the maximum of the following:
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Laterally Loaded Vertical Piles
Piles that are used under tall chimneys, television towers, high rise
buildings, high retaining walls, offshore structures, etc. are normally
subjected to high lateral loads.
 These piles or pile groups should resist not only vertical movements
but also lateral movements.
The requirements for a satisfactory foundation are:
1. The vertical settlement or the horizontal movement should not exceed
an acceptable maximum value.
2. There must not be failure by yield of the surrounding soil or the pile
material.
Vertical piles are used in foundations to take normally vertical loads
and small lateral loads.
When the horizontal load per pile exceeds the value suitable for
vertical piles, batter piles (inclined piles) are used in combination with
vertical piles. 11
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Example 1.11
Estimate the negative frictional load on the 3x3 pile group shown
below. The spacing and diameter of piles are 0.5 and 0.2 m
respectively. The fill is cohesive with qu=50 kN/m2 and  =16 kN/m3.
Broms' Solutions for Laterally Loaded Piles
Broms‘ solutions for laterally loaded piles deal with the following:
1.Lateral deflections of piles at ground level at working loads, &
2.Ultimate lateral resistance of piles under lateral loads.
Broms provided solutions for both short and long piles installed in
cohesive and cohesionless soils.
He considered piles fixed or free to rotate at the head.
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Lateral Deflections: Cohesive soils

For piles in saturated cohesive soils, the plot gives the relationships
between the dimensionless quantity for free-head and
restrained piles, where

Use the chart & the table in the next slide.

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Lateral Deflections: Cohesionless soils Variation of nh with Relative Density

Lateral deflections at working loads of piles embedded in cohesionless
soils may be obtained.
Non-dimensionless factor is plotted as a function of
ηL for various values of e/L.

refer to the next slide

15 16

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Ultimate Lateral Resistance of Piles Ultimate Lateral Resistance : Cohesive Soils

The equations suggested by Broms’ for computing My are as follows: The dimensionless quantity Pu/Cud2 is plotted against the L/d ratio for
short piles and against My/Cud3 for long piles.
oFor a cylindrical section

oFor an H-section

where fy = yield strength of the pile material

Z = section modulus of the pile section

A pile is considered long or short on the following conditions:

oFree-head Pile
Long pile when β L > 2.50
Short pile when β L < 2.50
oFixed-head Pile
Long pile when β L > 1.5
Short pile when β L < 1.5
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Ultimate Lateral Resistance: Cohesionless Soils Example 1.12

The dimensionless quantity Pu /γd3K
p is plotted against the L/d ratio Using Broms’ method, calculate the ground line deflection and the
for short piles and against My/ γd4Kp for long piles . ultimate lateral resistance of a 10 m long steel pipe pile (D0=50 cm
and Di=47.5 cm) by making use of the following information:

H 70 KN
•Load
M 70 kN.m

•Geotechnical conditions: submerged,  ’ =10 KN/m3, Dr= 40 % and

Φ=35°
•Pile properties: EI = 400 MN.m2, My=230 kN-m and free head

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Batter Piles Batter Piles … Cont’d

Batter piles combined with vertical piles are most effective for resisting
large horizontal thrusts.
Such combinations have been commonly used to support retaining
walls, bridge piers and abutments, tall structures subjected to wind
loads and as anchors for wharves, bulkheads and other waterfront
structures.
The batter may be up to 30° with the vertical.
A rational analysis of the action of batter piles is difficult because the
problem is statically indeterminate to a high degree.
One approximate method assumes the piles to be hinged at their tips
and at their butts.
A batter and vertical pile combination that is usually employed in
sheet-pile bulkhead construction is shown below.

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Culmann’s Graphical Method

It is widely used for statically determinate conditions.
All piles are assumed to be subjected to axial load only, & the piles in
each group are subjected to equal axial load.
Analysis procedures:
(i) Locate the resultant force R derived from external forces acting on the pile cap.
(ii) Draw the center-line of the pile groups in their respective directions.
(iii)Produce the line of action of R to intersect the center-line of pile group (1) at a.
(iv)Intersect the center-lines of groups (2) and group (3) to cut each other at b. Join ab.
(v) Resolve the resultant force R into C & (1).
(vi)Resolve C into (2) & (3).

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