Y12.

b a r y
NoU n s
stomach
leg; foot
throat
tooth
*7 I influenza
cold
t* cough
hangover
t-4y7 homesickness
allergy
juice
egg
clothes
thing (concrete object)
present
(train) ticket
charge; fee
business to take care of
restroom

match; game
ti politics
tit grade (on a test, etc.)
she; girlfriend
he; boyfriend
boyfriend
meaning
1- ad Ëecti ves
t narrow; not spacious
wide; spacious
bad
hurt; painful
 12275

Sweet

there are many

ts - ad jec t i ve
() nice

U- v e rbs
to walk
to catcha cold
to have a fever
tobecome thirsty
to pay (~t)
to lose (~t)
to be interested (in...) (topic l2)
RU- v e r b s
t**T tt**t to cough
to break up; to separate
(person )
Irre g u lar Ver bs
to get nervous
to worry

Adve r bs an d Other Expre ssions

Get well soon.
don't look well L12
as much as possible
probably; maybe
very soon; in a few momnents/days
for the first time
for two to three days
moreOver,...
same
 6#

G a m m

There are two distinct ways to make a statement in Japanese. One way is to simply report the fact.
as thev are observed. This is the mode of speech that we have learned so far. In this lesson, we wdl
learn a new way: the mode of explaining things.

short form (verbs/adjectives/nouns) + kTt

= explanation in terms of the verbs/adjectives/nouns

When vou are late for an appointment, because the bus did not come on time, youcould simply
and bluntly report the fact by saying Zh*ith?Lt:, but you can sound more apologetic
if you offer that as an explanation for your being late. Youcan say:
(Asit happens,) the bus didn't come.

An explanation therefore connects a fact (the bus not coming), to another element in the situation
under discussion (you being late for the appointment). The sentence-final expresion 7t
serves as the link between what the sentence says and what it accounts for. Compare:

I have an exam tomorrow. (a simple observation)

*Ltdz#%bhTI. I have an exam tomorrow. (So I can'tgo out tonight.)
Iwant to go to the bathroom. (declaration of one's wish)
I want to go to the bathroom. (So tell me where it is.)

L7t itself is invariant and does not usually appear in the negative or the past tense forms, but
the predicate before it can be affirmative or negative, present tense or past tense.
7 . (in response tothe question "Why do you look so upset?")
(As amatter of fact) My grade is not good.

t:ht. (explaining to aperson who has caughtyou smiling)

The exam is over. (That'swhy Im smiling)

replacedby ).
In casual exchanges, hTt appears in its short form, kt:. In casual questions, "is
We will examine these further in Lesson J5.
 #12R4 277

tollows a 110un or a -adjectiveinthe present tense atirmative, t comes in between.

heni t

report sentences explanation sentences

-adjectives:
nouns:

Joucan use AT in questions to invite clariications from the person you are talking to. It is
ofien used together with question words, such as iLT(why) and ilt (what has
happened).

IWhy did you break up with your boyfriend? (Youve got to tell me.)

Oh, him. He never takes a bath. (That's a good enough reason, isn't it?)

A:i L t h t
IW"hat happened? (You look shattered.)
ta

My cat died. (That should explain how I look today. )

lou can also use Tto provide an additional comment on what has just been said.

A :ao
That's a cute notebook. L12

You bet. I bought it in Japan (for your iniformation).

Inthe
written
cally more formal.
language, you see )T¢ instead of hT. It has the same functions but is stylisti-

ticle hi question is best answered by a hTt sentence with the subject marked with the par
rather than (t, as in this example. See Lesson 8for a related discussio.
2~g3
Verb stems mar be followed by the helping verb 3, which means "to0 much, or to
T3 conjugates as a regular ru-verb. excess?
I got up to0 early.
You must not eat too much.

tcan also follow \ and -adjective bases (the parts which do not change in coninga
tions): vou drop the and at the end of the adiectives and then add *z.'
() This book is tooexpensive.
This town is too quiet.

verb stem/adjective stem t ¯3 too much

You use t 3 when something is beyond normal or proper, suggesting that you do not welcome
it. Thus *it (too kind) for example is not a straightforward compliment. Use modifiers
like 7t and t if you simply want to say that something is in a high degree.

3~175hi1Cg
(ii44 T "it is better (for you) to do.. is asentence-final expression which youcan use
to give advice. ( ) h i T follows a verb in the short form. You usually use the past tense of
a verb with (i )hí if the verb is in the affirmative. When the advice is in the negative,
however, the verb is in the present tense.

verb (short, past, affirmative) It is better.

verb (short, present, negative) It is better not..

You'd better eat more vegetables.

It is better not to skip classes.

In addition to the verb conjugation, we also use the noun t¥, as in t t T t .

 #12R4279

use ) 7 to give the reason for the situation described in the balance of the sentence.
Youcan
Senmantically, ) T is very similar to t . Stylistically, T sounds slightly more formal than
is used extensivelyin
the written language.
dhand s

(reason) DT (situation)a (situation), because (reason).

My lapanese has improved, because Ialways speak Japanese.

jdid not sleep last night, because I had a lot of homework.

The reason part of aOT sentence usually is in a short form. When T follows a ti-adjective or
a noun in a present tense affirmative clause, comes in between, as it did with the explanatory
predicate hTt.

(Compare: \ thb)
I do not like that person, because he is mean.

(Compare: a E)
Banks are closed, because today is a Sunday.

5~tthiSthl~tisiHtth L12
We uset t n , t# tt and t * | t t to say that it is necessary to do some
thing, or must" The trltn variant is more formal and often seen in the written language,
While the variant is very colloquial and is mainly found in the spoken language.

L it
Thave to study. because there will be an
exam.

There are more varieties for "must" sentences: t t t # t , tr (1it# th, and t e t
th. You can also
ttiit ) th,substitute
7 tr) #thfor l+# th in the tIí and t combinations, like
 t í and nean "it voudo not do . .*and 1I t roughly means "ou. .
go': it it+tk and erutta therelore literally mean "you canot
doing...* with the double negatives giving rise tothe atirnmative sense of the mandate tu in
It and comes irom the negative . Just drop the last and replace it with 4 a.
1Ior r.

verb short negative "must"

GbtbhiilD0thIb*uti th

t s t h l L t t h I i th

Toucan change \ t t to iltt thrLi: to say you had to. Youcan use the short form
I+in casual sypeech. You can further shorten it to just I.
(long form, past)
Ihad to get up at six this morning,

(short form, present)

Imust clean the room, because my girlfriend is coming.

6~TU†
If you ask somebody a question that they do not know the answer to, they may be embarrassed.
You can avoid such awkward situations by phrasing the question using Tlii, which adds a
note of tentativeness and politeness.

A :*Lt, %TLito
Would it rain tomorrow?

Ithink it will.

7lI) means probably. By asking aTL question, you are implying that you think the
listener probably has a better-informed opinion, which you would appreciate.
?l follows short form predicates (affirmative or negative, present or past). When it lo
lows a noun or a -adjective in a present tense affirmative sentence, it directly follows thenh
without 1 in between.
 %12R 4281

will be warm next week?

saythatit
IWouldyou
(x tETLI )
vegetable?
a
satomato
,
already?
Have I told you about this
usethe non-interrogative Lt to make a guess. You can add . h earlier in the
You can
sentence to signal that it is a guess."

bet it will not be cold tomorroWw.

E xpr ession N o tes

12)
3 - ) - h , with the prolonged usyllable, indicates reflection and hesita
tion. It is often used when you cannot make up your mind or when you are about
to give an answer which may be unfavorable to the person youare tallking with.

A: LT

L12

casual exchanges, you can use TLi(with the question intonation, and most often pronounced as some-
what shorter
LI) when you want to check if your partner agrees that you have the correct understanding
about what you have just said.
john, you understand Chinese, right? Can you read this for me?