14/11/2011

HERITAGE TOURISM &

MUSEUM MANAGEMENT
LESSON 2: TOURISM, HERITAGE & HERITAGE TOURISM
(1st PART)

Dr Christina Bonarou Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece

bonarou@gmail.com Department of Tourism Management

Definitions of tourism
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 All travel is not tourism.

 “Tourism comprises the activities of persons

travelling to and staying in places outside their

usual environment for not more than one
consecutive year for leisure, business and other
purposes not related to the exercise of an
activity remunerated from within the place
visited.”
(World Tourism Organization/WTO)

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Criteria in order to characterize

a trip as belonging to tourism:
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 Displacement outside the usual environment:

domestic or international travel.
 Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose
different from wage-earning in the place visited.
 Tourism is not restricted to recreation or visiting friends & family
 Multi-motivational tourists

 Duration: maximal duration (12 months), not a minimal.

Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay.
 Overnight visitors (tourists)
 Same-day visitors (excursionist)

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Definitions of tourism (1)

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 “The temporary movement of people to

destinations outside their normal places of
work and residence, the activities undertaken
during their stay in those destinations, and the
facilities created to cater to their needs.”
(Mathieson and Wall,1982)

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Definitions of tourism (2)

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 “Tourism is a collection of activities, services and

industries that delivers a travel experience,
including transportation, accommodations, eating
and drinking establishments, retail shops,
entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other
hospitality services provided for individuals or
groups traveling away from home.”
(Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt.
Introduction - Online Lesson http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300)

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Definitions of tourism (3)

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 “The sum of the phenomena and relationships

arising from the interaction of tourists, business
suppliers, host governments and host
communities in the process of attracting and
hosting these tourists and other visitors.”
(Macintosh and Goeldner,1986)

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Why is tourism important?

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 A vital source of income for many countries.

 Tourism generates income through
 the consumption of goods and services by tourists,
 the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry &

 the opportunity for employment in the service industries

associated with tourism.
 An important factor to promote mutual
understanding among people & expand social,
economic, cultural and scientific cooperation.

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Tourism statistics
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(Holden, 2006)

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Tourism statistics
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Tourism trends
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 people are becoming more experienced in travelling and “careful” in

their choice of destination, leading them to search for new places and
new tourism products;
 they are more mobile - cross border travel is easier than ever thanks to
the liberalisation of the airlines, construction of new roads and
European integration;
 they are taking shorter but more frequent holidays throughout the year;
 they are more active whilst on holiday, seeking out different activities;
 the European population is getting older but staying active longer;
 and finally people are increasingly concerned about the environment.

(European Commission 2002)

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Tourism facts
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 Tourism does not occur by chance: it is a product of

changing economic, technological and social factors.
 The major tourism-generating countries of the world are
those with highly developed economies.
 Despite the dramatic growth in participation in tourism
during the last half-century, the majority of the world’s
population are excluded, typically because of poverty.
 Climate: an influential factor in determining the
destination areas to which recreational tourists travel.
 Mediterranean: the most popular tourism destination
area in the world.
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Heritage…
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 …has always been a major

tourism attraction;
 …is a fundamental resource
for the tourism development;
 ...many countries and cities use
it to market the destination.
 Heritage tourism dominates the
industry in many parts of the
world and involves millions of
people.

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Past, history & heritage

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 “Heritage is not simply the past but the

modern-day use of elements of the past.”
(Timothy and Boyd 2003:4)

 “History is what a historian regards as

worth recording and heritage is what
contemporary society chooses to inherit
and to pass on.” (Turnbridge and Asworth 1996:6)

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What is heritage?
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 Property that is or can be inherited;

 Some sort of inheritance to be passed down to
current and future generations;
 Heritage is selective: deliberately or intentionally
societies filter heritage through value systems
that undoubtedly change over time and space.
 For every object of heritage there are also
heritage practices.
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Definitions of culture (1)

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1. A particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain

nation or period: e.g. Greek culture.
2. Development or improvement of the mind by education or
training.
3. The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern
for what is regarded as excellent in manners, letters, arts,
scholarly pursuits, etc.
4. That which is excellent in the arts, manners, etc.
5. The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social,
ethnic, or age group: e.g. the youth culture.
http://dictionary.reference.com

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Definitions of culture (2)

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 Broadly, social heritage of a group (organized community or society).

 A pattern of responses discovered, developed, or invented during the
group's history of handling problems which arise from interactions
among its members, and between them and their environment.
 These responses are considered the correct way to perceive, feel,
think, and act, and are passed on to the new members through
immersion and teaching.
 Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important
or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable.
 It encompasses all learned and shared, explicit or tacit, assumptions,
beliefs, knowledge, norms, and values, as well as attitudes, behavior,
dress, and language.
http://www.businessdictionary.com

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Definitions of culture (3)

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 Both processes (e.g. the ideas and way of life of

people) and the outcomes of those processes (e.g.
buildings, art, artefacts, customs). (Richards 2001a:7)
 Everyone has a culture. It shapes how we see the
world, ourselves, and others.

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection

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 Societies filter heritage

through the value system of
their culture.

 A culture is “inherited”
through transmission and
education from generation to
generation.

 Both culture and heritage

Drawing hands, M. C. Escher,1948
are dynamic concepts.

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection

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“We inherit culture from our elders. Culture is

passed down to us not through biological means,
but through our participation with others in our
society. As human beings learn the ways of their
culture, they become culture bearers –instruments
of cultural transmission within their own context.
Culture, though, isn’t solely a matter of
inheritance and transmission…”
[To be cont.] (Erwin, 2010)

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Heritage & Culture: a complex connection

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[cont.]

“…Human beings have the capability to be culture

makers. That is, we don’t simply receive and learn
culture, but as we interact with others, we have the
capacity and possibility of creating and shaping
culture. […] This bidirectional process of being
both culture bearers and culture makers is an
ongoing, never-ending process.”
(Erwin, 2010).

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References
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 Erwin, P. (2010). A Critical Approach to Youth Culture: Its Influence and Implications for Ministry.
Publisher: Zondervan
 European Commission (2002). Using natural and cultural heritage for the development of sustainable
tourism in non-traditional tourism destinations.
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/documents/studies/index_en.htm
 European Cooperation in Science and Technology/COST, http://www.cost.esf.org
 Hall, M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). “Cultural and heritage tourism: The new grand tour?”. Historic
Environment, 7(3&4), 86-98.
 Holden, A. (2006). Tourism studies and the social sciences. Abingdon; Routledge.
 Lord, Gail Dexter (1999), “The Power of Cultural Tourism,” Keynote presentation, Wisconsin Heritage
Tourism Conference, Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin, September 17, http://www.lord.ca/thepower.htm.
 Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman
House.
 McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R. (1986). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies, 5th ed. John
Wiley & Sons, New York.
 National Trust for Historic Preservation http://www.preservationnation.org

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References
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 Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt. Introduction - Online Lesson
http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300
 Online dictionaries: http://dictionary.reference.com & http://www.businessdictionary.com
 Richards, G. (1996, ed.). Cultural Tourism in Europe, CABI, Wallingford.
 Schouten, F. (2005). Managing visitors: helping the frail to prevail. NHTV Breda University of
Professional Education, The Netherlands.
http://www.nhtv.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Onderzoek_en_advies/Academ
icStudies_01.pdf
 Timothy, D.J. (1997). “Tourism and the personal heritage experience”. Annals of Tourism
Research, 34(3): 751–54
 Timothy. D. & Boyd, S. (2003). Heritage tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall.
 Tunbridge, J.E. & Ashworth, G.J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage – The Management of the Past as a
Resource in Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
 UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org
 Zeppel, H. & Hall, C. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In Weiler, B. & Hall, C. (eds.) Special
Interest Tourism. London: Belhaven, pp.47-68

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Questions?
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Dr Christina Bonarou
E-mail: bonarou@gmail.com
Office 2, Tel. 2310 013562

Office hours:
Wednesday, 10.30-12.30

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