American Pageant 16th Edition Kennedy Test Bank

American Pageant 16th Edition
Kennedy Test Bank

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PERIOD 6: 1865-1898
MULTIPLE CHOICE
NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.1

The following questions refer to the excerpt below.
“… Of all the races and varieties of men which have suffered from this feeling, the colored people of
this country have endured most… The African origin can be instantly recognized, though they may be
several removes from the typical African race…They are Negroes—and that is enough, in the eye of
this unreasoning prejudice, to justify indignity and violence. In nearly every department of American
life they are confronted by this insidious influence…It meets them at the workshop, and factory, when
they apply for work. It meets them at the church, at the hotel, at the ballot box, and worst of all, it
meets them in the jury box… Everything against the person with the hated color is promptly taken for
granted; while everything in his favor is received with suspicion and doubt.”
Frederick Douglass, The Color Line, 1891

NARREND
1. Which of the following developments most directly supported the central argument made by
Douglass?
A) Expanded scientific research on race theories worked to benefit African Americans.
B) Radical Republicans in Congress focused their efforts on reforming the Constitution.
C) African Americans saw an erosion of the political gains they had made during
Reconstruction.
D) Advocates of the social gospel worked to make improvements to U.S. race relations.
ANS: C PTS: 1
OBJ: NAT-2.0 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and
definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II SKL: Contextualization
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.1
2. Which other group of Americans in the period from 1865 to 1898 faced similar discrimination as
blacks?
A) Native Americans
B) Nativists
C) Women
D) Children
ANS: C PTS: 1
OBJ: CUL-3.0 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and
politics. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II SKL: Comparison
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.1
3. Douglass’ view as expressed in the excerpt emerged most directly as a result of which of the following
trends?
A) Jim Crow
B) Nativism
C) Social Darwinism
D) Urbanization
ANS: A PTS: 1
OBJ: POL-1.0 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and
alignments have developed and changed. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II
SKL: Causation NAR: MC Excerpt 6.1

“… There is but one way to remove an evil—and that is, to remove its cause. Poverty deepens as
wealth increases, and wages are forced down while productive power grows, because land, which is
the source of all wealth and the field of all labor, is monopolized. To extirpate poverty, to make wages
what justice commands they should be, the full earnings of the laborer, we must therefore substitute
for the individual ownership of land a common ownership. Nothing else will go to the cause of the
evil…This, then, is the remedy for the unjust and unequal distribution of wealth apparent in modern
civilization, and for all the evils which flow from it…
Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879

NARREND
4. Which of the following details most directly contributed to the frustrations expressed by Henry George
in this excerpt?
A) An increase in the number of immigrants arriving in the US swelled the labor force.
B) Americans began to consider expansion outside of North America.
C) Government subsidies in the post-Civil War period contributed to the industrial boom.
D) During this period, the gap between rich and poor widened significantly.
ANS: D PTS: 1
OBJ: WXT-2.0 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed,
and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
TOP: Key Concept 6.1.I SKL: Causation NAR: MC Excerpt 6.2
5. Which of the following details most directly contradicts the argument made here by Henry George?
A) Conflict grew between union laborers and the management class
B) Many industries tended towards consolidation of corporations into large trusts
C) Workers’ real wages increased during the second half of the 19th century
D) American farmers fought against the rise of corporate agriculture by forming cooperatives
ANS: C PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.1.I SKL: Argumentation | Contextualization
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.2
6. Which of the following ideas expressed in the excerpt is contrary to those of the Social Darwinists?
A) There should be equal availability of resources.
B) Capitalization causes poverty
C) Wages increase as more products are produced
D) Monopolies are good for society
ANS: B PTS: 1
OBJ: CUL-2.0 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped
society and institutions. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.I
SKL: Argumentation NAR: MC Excerpt 6.2

The following questions refer to the image below.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division
NARREND
7. Which of the following best reflects the attitude toward labor strikes presented in the image?
A) Strikes would be tolerated as long as there was no bloodshed.
B) Lawful gatherings of strikers would be allowed.
C) Conflict existed between labor and management over wages and working conditions.
D) The strikers always created problems and would not be allowed to gather.
ANS: C PTS: 1
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.3
8. Which of the following historical events was a direct result of the event depicted in the image?
A) Unions saw significant successes in their search for reforms.
B) A growing number called for a stronger governmental role in regulating the economy.
C) Civil liberties for many American immigrants were taken away by the government.
D) Worker productivity declined amidst social conflict.
ANS: B PTS: 1
OBJ: POL-3.0 Explain how different beliefs about the federal government’s role in U.S. social and
economic life have affected political debates and policies. TOP: Key Concept 6.1.III
9. Which of the following groups most directly attempted to respond to the claims made by Henry
George?
A) Advocates for laissez-faire policy
B) Political machines
C) Social Darwinists
D) Advocates of the Gospel of Wealth
ANS: D PTS: 1

“…Whenever the white man treats the Indian as they treat each other, then we will have no more wars.
We shall all be alike—brothers of one father and one mother, with one sky above us and one country
around us, and one government for all. Then the Great Spirit Chief who rules above will smile upon
this land, and send rain to wash out the bloody spots made by brothers’ hands from the face of the
earth. For this time the Indian race are waiting and praying. I hope that no more groans of wounded
men and women will ever go to the ear of the Great Spirit Chief above, and that all people may be one
people.”
Chief Joseph, “An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs,” 1879

NARREND
10. Which of the following was the most significant source of conflict between Americans and American
Indians?
A) Nativism
B) The growth of industry
C) Competition for land and resources
D) The rise of segregation
ANS: C PTS: 1
OBJ: GEO-1.0 Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of
various communities, and analyze how the competition for and debates over natural resources have
affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
TOP: Key Concept 6.2.II SKL: Causation NAR: MC Excerpt 6.4
11. Ultimately, the United States would focus its policy towards American Indians on
A) efforts to de-escalate and demilitarize the conflict between whites and the American
Indians.
B) government subsidies for industrial expansion in the West.
C) stronger enforcement for existing treaties with the Native Americans.
D) confining American Indians to reservations and promoting assimilation.
ANS: D PTS: 1
OBJ: MIG-2.0 Analyze the causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would
become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.4
12. While the American Indians were experiencing conditions like those described by Chief Joseph, white
Americans in the West were
A) migrating in larger numbers in search of economic opportunities.
B) abandoning efforts in mining in favor of sharecropping systems.
C) in conflict with the national government over a desire to preserve the bison population.
D) fleeing religious persecution.
ANS: A PTS: 1
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.4

“American farming is growing less profitable and less encouraging. In a country possessing so many
faculties of cheap production this discouraging aspect of agriculture must be and is the result of other
than natural causes. The annual additions of wealth under the enlightened system of agriculture are
enormous, but from the unequal divisions of the profits of labor and the unjust discriminations made
against it, the enlistments of property show that the farmers of the United States are not
prospering…The farmers of America have on all occasions shown themselves to be a patient and
enduring people…”
13th National Meeting of the Grange, 1868

NARREND
13. Which of the following reasons led to the formation of the Grange?
A) The rise of industrialization
B) The New South
C) Discontentment with the railroads
D) Indians encroaching upon the land
ANS: C PTS: 1
OBJ: POL-2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to
change American society and institutions. TOP: Key Concept 6.1.III
14. Which of the following developments did movements like the Grange most directly contribute to?
A) The creation of mechanized grain reapers
B) Local and regional resistance to railroad control of agricultural markets
C) The rise of Know-Nothing Party
D) The passage of the Interstate Commerce Act
ANS: B PTS: 1
15. Many of those who sided with the Grange movement would eventually
A) form the Populist Party.
B) support women’s rights.
C) prevent blacks from farming in the Midwest.
D) support the railroads’ increase in freight rates.
ANS: A PTS: 1

The following questions refer to the painting below.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C[LC-USZC4-3246]
Thomas Moran, Tower Falls and Sulphur Mountain, Yellowstone, 1875

NARREND
16. American expansion and settlement in the region depicted here was initially sparked by
A) the defeat of the remaining American Indian tribes in the area.
B) the completion of the transcontinental railroad.
C) the discovery of mineral resources.
D) government subsidies for settlers willing to farm.
ANS: C PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.2.II SKL: Causation NAR: MC Excerpt 6.6
17. The style of this painting most nearly reflects the cultural trends of
A) the rise of modernism in the early twentieth century.
B) the post-World War II era.
C) the American Enlightenment.
D) the era of nationalism in the early nineteenth century.
ANS: D PTS: 1
society and institutions. TOP: Key Concept 4.1.II
SKL: Periodization NAR: MC Excerpt 6.6
18. The artist who created this painting most likely would have supported
A) the passage of conservationist legislation.
B) Progressive economic reforms.
C) Populist calls for regulation of the railroads.
D) Prohibition statutes.
ANS: A PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 7.1.II SKL: Contextualization | Periodization
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.6

“The Cigar Manufacturers’ Association had declared that under no circumstances would any leaders of
the strike be employed for at least six months. As a consequence, for nearly four months I was out of
employment. I had parted with anything of value in the house, and my wife and I were everyday
expecting a newcomer in addition to the five children we already had. My family helped in every way
possible…Blacklisted, I desperately sought employment…Once I was ready to commit murder. All
the children were ill…”
Samuel Gompers, “Strike Baby”, 1878

NARREND
19. One underlying cause of the failures of strikes in this era was the
A) mechanization of agriculture.
B) industrialization of the New South.
C) growth of the industrial workforce as a result of immigration.
D) success of Progressive political reforms.
ANS: C PTS: 1
OBJ: WXT-1.0 Explain how different labor systems developed in North America and the United
States, and explain their effects on workers’ lives and U.S. society.
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.7
20. Gompers’ position concerning a striker would have been supported by all of the following except?
A) Political bosses and their machines
B) Settlement house workers
C) Immigrants
D) The People’s Party
ANS: A PTS: 1
OBJ: CUL-4.0 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional
identities, have emerged and changed over time. TOP: Key Concept 6.1.II
SKL: Contextualization NAR: MC Excerpt 6.7
21. Which of the following was true for strikes around the time of the excerpt?
A) They usually were led by immigrant workers.
B) Workers were demanding better pay and working conditions.
C) Management was eager to settle the strikes quickly and often gave in to the workers’
demands.
D) Employers submitted to collective bargaining.
ANS: B PTS: 1
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.7

“…You should support him, not because he is a negro gentleman, but because his record is consistent.
For years he has been the only Republican Senator from the Southern section where the party has lost
control, and hundreds of thousands of citizens are on the verge of disfranchisement who occupies his
place without question, and that his official conduct is without reproach, and approved by all parties,
while his political vote has been invariably cast with the Republican party is a fact…. The nomination
of Mr Bruce would culminate the idea of Horace Greely, of Thaddeus Stevens, of Abraham Lincoln, of
Chas Sumner, of Ulysses Grant, of Jas G. Blaine, of Jno Sherman, and indeed of the great Republican
party and relieve the nation at once of the question of caste in American politics. Horace Greely said of
the finance the way to “resume is to resume” and the party should understand that the way to execute
the constitution and the laws is to show determination to execute them.”
Circular Letter by J. Milton Turner to Republican delegates at the National Convention to nominate a
Presidential candidate, May 20, 1880
NARREND
22. Which of the following historical events most directly made possible the circumstances in this
excerpt?
A) The Emancipation Proclamation
B) The 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments
C) The Force Acts
D) The Civil Rights Act of 1866
ANS: B PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II SKL: Periodization | Causation
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.8
23. Which of the following later historical developments was driven by similar logic to the argument
presented here?
A) The opposition to attempts by conservatives to dismantle parts of the social safety net
B) The support for American intervention to bring stability to other nations
C) The growth of civil rights policies in response to activism of the 1950s and 1960s
D) The expansion of Progressive political reforms
ANS: C PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 8.2.I SKL: Periodization
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.8
24. Which of the following severely limited the political progress of individuals like the Republican
Senator mentioned in the passage?
A) Supreme Court support for discriminatory laws
B) Activism of African-American reformers
C) Divisions over federal economic policy
D) American assimilationist policies
ANS: A PTS: 1

The following questions refer to the cartoon below.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C[LC-DIG-ppmsca-15782]
James Wales, "15-14-13–The Great Presidential Puzzle"

NARREND
25. The creator of the image would most likely agree with which of the following statements?
A) Choosing a president means selection of the best candidate to provide economic reform for
the country.
B) Political bosses and machines rule politics.
C) Big business has its hands into the pockets of the politicians.
D) Picking a president means choosing the least corruptible politician.
ANS: D PTS: 1
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.9
26. The type of view expressed in this cartoon emerged most directly from which of the following trends?
A) Conflict in the West between settlers and Indians
B) Organization of labor unions and their fight with management
C) Increased migration of immigrants into the cities
D) The need for political and economic reform at the national level
ANS: D PTS: 1
change American society and institutions. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II
27. The political party that is reflected in the author’s point of view is
A) the Republican Party.
B) the Federalist Party.
C) the Populist Party.
D) the Greenback Labor Party.
ANS: A PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.3.I SKL: Contextualization
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.9

Jany 31/89
5 West Fifty-First Street, New York
My Dear Mr. Hitchcock
Yours rec’d — We must begin at once if Hall is to be ready for next winter.
Please let it be understood between us that if upon my return from the South say February 15th you
have not succeeded that we consider the idea given up. We have property in view & quite ready to go
on & build the Hall Capital all ready—although we will wait on you until Feby 15th.
If we build it will be much farther up town—not below 56th. Would not build upon Madison Square if
we have to invest beyond the last 50,000 ft I agreed to take [illegible]. Perhaps if your people leased us
ground & agreed that our investment for Hall should bear [crossed out: up to illegible] interest upon
cost and first net receipts, before ground rent was payable We might consider it—in that case you
would have to clear a part from Mortgage & lease to us: but [illegible] increase your investment.
Yours, Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie to Hiram Hitchcock on the construction of a new philanthropic venture,
January 31, 1889
NARREND
28. Carnegie’s actions, as shown in this letter, reflected his belief in

A) the Social Gospel
B) Social Darwinism.
C) the Gospel of Wealth.
D) the People’s Party.
ANS: C PTS: 1
29. Which of the following statements is true concerning how Carnegie believed he should spend his
fortune?
A) The concept of Social Darwinism was an accepted way to earn money.
B) The rich had a moral obligation to take care of societal needs.
C) The more money one earned the more they deserved.
D) One should live the life of conspicuous consumption.
ANS: B PTS: 1
30. Which of the following individuals would likely have provided the most negative viewpoint of men
like Carnegie?
A) A union organizer
B) A speech advocating that everyone had the right to become rich
C) A supporter of Social Darwinism
D) A proponent of laissez-faire capitalism
ANS: A PTS: 1

The following questions refer to the advertisement below.
Image Courtesy of The Advertising Archives
NARREND
31. Which of the following later historical periods is most similar to this poster?
A) The women of World War II
B) The women during the Civil War
C) The peace movement of the 1960s
D) The flappers
ANS: D PTS: 1
politics. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II | Key Concept 7.2.I
SKL: Periodization NAR: MC Excerpt 6.11
32. The point of view expressed in the advertisement emerged most directly from which of the following
trends?
A) The growth of urbanization
B) The consolidation of businesses into monopolies
C) The encouragement of “conspicuous consumption”
D) The availability of new markets domestically and internationally
ANS: D PTS: 1
33. Which of the following caused the need for mass marketing techniques?
A) Trains connected the east and west and allowed goods to get to market much faster than
before.
B) Women had more leisure time, which enabled them to read more and look at
advertisements.
C) Increased industrialization had increased demand for goods at home and abroad.
D) Money had become cheap and accessible and marketing was a way to encourage spending.
ANS: C PTS: 1

“The sod wall is about 2 feet thick at the ground, and slopes off on the outside to about 14 inches at the
top. The roof is composed of a ridge pole and rafters of rough split logs… Occasionally a newcomer
has a “bee,” and the neighbors for miles around gather at his claim and put up his house in a day…
tried a new dodge with the cornmeal. Mixed it with a little water and salt…My supper will be a slice of
ham boiled with beans, and a slice of bread. How is that for high toned?...”
Howard Ruede, 1877

NARREND
34. This excerpt most directly reflects

A) the violent conflict between settlers and Indians.
B) the government responding to Indian resistance with military force.
C) economic opportunities that were encouraged by government policies.
D) competition for natural resources.
ANS: C PTS: 1
NAR: MC Excerpt 6.12
35. Which of the following was a direct cause of the migration westward post-Civil War?
A) The Civil War
B) Economic reasons
C) The completion of the transcontinental railroad
D) The Sharecropper Contract
ANS: B PTS: 1
36. Which of the following earlier historical events was most similar to the post-Civil War westward
migration?
A) The Great Migration
B) Northwest Ordinances of 1785 and 1787
C) The California gold rush
D) The purchase of the Louisiana Territory
ANS: B PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 3.3.I | Key Concept 6.2.II SKL: Comparison

“…There are two ideas of government. There are those who believe that, if you will only legislate to
make the well-to-do prosperous, their prosperity will leak through on those below. The Democratic
idea, however, has been that if you legislate to make the masses prosperous, their prosperity will find
its way up through every class which rests upon them…Having behind us the producing masses of this
nation and the world, supported by the commercial interests, the laboring interests, and the toilers
everywhere we will answer their demand for a gold standard by saying to them: You shall not press
down upon the brow of labor this crown of thorns; you shall not crucify mankind upon a cross of
gold.”
William Jennings Bryan, 1896

NARREND
37. This excerpt would be most useful to historians as a source of information about which of the
following?
A) The reasons the new immigrants immigrated to the U.S.
B) The suppression of labor rights
C) Government supporting commercial and trade interests
D) The instability of the nation’s currency
ANS: D PTS: 1
38. Which political party supported the above excerpt?

A) The Populists
B) The Republicans
C) The Federalists
D) The Progressives
ANS: A PTS: 1
39. William Joe Bryan’s speech was focused most directly on which of the following political issues?
A) Racial segregation in the South
B) The growing wealth gap
C) The question of currency and monetary policy
D) The rise of Socialism
ANS: C PTS: 1

“…They buried him in the midst of a marble quarry—they cut through solid marble to make his
grave—and yet a little tombstone they put above him was from Vermont. They buried him in the heart
of a pine forest, and yet the pine coffin was imported from Cincinnati…the iron in the shovel that dug
his grave was imported from Pittsburg. They buried him by the side of the best sheep-grazing country
on earth…and the coffin bands were brought from the North. The South didn’t furnish a thing on earth
for that funeral but the corpse and the hole in the ground…”
Henry Grady, 1889

NARREND
40. In this excerpt, Henry Grady expresses frustration with which of the following realities?
A) Despite some attempts at federal regulation of the economy, episodes of market instability
persisted.
B) Despite some industrial investment in the South immediately after the Civil War,
agriculture remained the primary economic activity in the South.
C) Despite Reconstruction-era efforts to provide for the civil rights of newly-freed slaves,
discrimination and oppression remained powerful forces.
D) Despite increased federal investment in transportation infrastructure, the South remained
physically isolated from the North and West.
ANS: B PTS: 1
41. Which of the following is true concerning the economic condition of the South after the Civil War?
A) The South was politically, socially, and economically depressed.
B) Northerners who came to the South controlled the economics and politics of the South.
C) The North dumped all types of goods into the deprived South.
D) The Southern economy was a rival to the North in production of resources.
ANS: A PTS: 1
42. As a result of Reconstruction,

A) the South reverted back to its economic pre-Civil War ways.
B) Southern growth in industry was stifled.
C) most Northerners did not want to invest monies into the South.
D) the South slowly adopted some industry while remaining primarily agricultural.
ANS: D PTS: 1

“…Our country finds itself confronted by conditions for which there is no precedent in the history of
the world; our annual agricultural productions amount to billions of dollars in value, which must,
within a few weeks or months, be exchanged for billions of dollars’ worth of commodities consumed
in their production…We believe that the power of government —in other words, of the
people—should be expanded… as rapidly and as far as the good sense of an intelligent people and the
teachings of experience shall justify, to the end that oppression, injustice, and poverty shall eventually
cease in the land….”
Preamble of the Populist Platform, 1892

NARREND
43. One factor that contributed to the grievances of the Populists was the
A) excessive regulation of the economy by the federal government.
B) lack of available technology for farm production.
C) continued decline in crop prices.
D) decline of the power of the rail roads in the West.
ANS: C PTS: 1
44. The Populist Party emerged from

A) the southerners who came to power after Reconstruction.
B) the grievances of farmers.
C) skilled and unskilled workers.
D) the KKK.
ANS: B PTS: 1
45. Which of the following is true of the Populist Party?

A) Their candidate for President was elected in 1896.
B) The government needed to have more control in the politics and economics of the country.
C) They promoted workers to go on strike for better working conditions.
D) They would eventually merge with the Socialist Party.
ANS: B PTS: 1
SHORT ANSWER
NARRBEGIN: SA Directions
Directions: Read each question carefully and write your responses using complete sentences; an
outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable.
NARREND
1.
Historical/Corbis
“The Decadence of the Wizard of Menlo Park—From the Phonograph to Polyform”
Using the image above, answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain the point of view as expressed by the cartoonist.
b) Briefly explain ONE invention illustrated above and state its impact on American society.
c) Briefly explain ONE additional invention illustrated above and state its impact on American
society today.
ANS:
Sample Strong Response:
a) Thomas Edison is a magical wizard in his production of technological inventions. The author
indicates the numerous inventions of Edison, which keep coming and coming from his studio
in New Jersey with monetary assistance from investors. All of these inventions have led to
wealth and power for Edison, according to the author.
b) Once Edison found the filament to use for the incandescent light, the electrical craze took off.
Illumination and inventions intertwined with electricity such as tools, machinery, and
elevators, helped the U.S. pave the way in technology. The impact of these inventions was
felt worldwide as domestic and work life was made simpler and easier.
c) With the invention of the phonograph, music became accessible commercially, and all
generations began listening to records. Today, records have been transferred to digital
devices including cell phones, tablets, computers, and MP3 players thus illustrating the impact
of the electronic era.
PTS: 1
OBJ: WXT-3.0 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and
society. TOP: Key Concept 6.1.I
SKL: Causation | Contextualization NAR: SA Directions
2. “…The most important effect of the frontier has been in the promotion of democracy here and in
Europe…the frontier is a product of individualism. Complex society is precipitated by the wilderness
into a kind of primitive organization based on family…The frontier individualism has from the
beginning promoted democracy…The democracy born of free land, strong in selfishness and
individualism, intolerant of administrative experience and education, and pressing individual liberty
beyond its proper bounds, has its dangers as well as its benefits…from the conditions of frontier life
came intellectual traits of profound importance…”
Frederick Jackson Turner, “The Significance of the Frontier in American History,” 1893
Using the excerpt above, answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain ONE American identity resulting from the frontier experience.
b) Briefly explain ONE additional American identity resulting from the frontier experience.
c) Briefly explain how the frontier affected American democracy.
ANS:
a) One American identity fostered on the frontier was individualism. Because of such primitive
living conditions, reliance upon each other as well as family members for survival fostered the
concept of individualism. Mary Lease, Nat Love, Wyatt Eyrup and others exemplified the
individualism necessary to survive out west.
b) The frontier also gave Americans their identity in education. Living out west called for an
individual to be practical and inventive. What an individual could do for himself was crucial
to surviving out west. Joining the Grange and attending classes provided by agricultural and
mining institutes helped to provide the western farmer with skill and strategies needed to
produce better crops.
c) The frontier broke down social classes, which created a strong social and political democracy.
Women were given the right to vote in Utah in 1869. Black, including Exodusters, moved
west to find more social equality. The Populist movement had its strongest support from the
West.
PTS: 1
OBJ: NAT-1.0 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in
the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity. | MIG-2.0 Analyze the
causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and
explain how migration has affected American life. TOP: Key Concept 6.2.II
SKL: Causation | Contextualization NAR: SA Directions
3. Answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain ONE significant cause of Westward migration during the period from 1845 to
1898.
b) Briefly explain ONE significant economic effect of Westward migration during the period
from 1845 to 1898.
c) Briefly explain ONE significant social effect of Westward migration during the period from
1845 to 1898.
ANS:
a) One major cause of Westward migration during this period was the completion of the
transcontinental railroad in 1869. With this event, migration became much easier and
therefore more Americans sought out the economic opportunities of the West.
b) One economic effect of Westward migration was the growth of new markets for Northern
manufactured goods and the growth of the cattle industry that would provide meat for the
growing industrial cities in the East via processing centers like Chicago.
c) One major social effect of Westward migration was the rise of violent conflict between white
settlers and the Mexican Americans and American Indians who already lived in the West, as
evidenced by conflicts such as the Sioux Wars, which had resulted from Indian resistance to
being forced into reservations to make room for more white settlers.
PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.2.II SKL: Causation NAR: SA Directions
4. “…But I am fully convinced that all the suffering of all the negro slaves combined, is as nothing in
comparison to that which women, as a whole suffer. Women are as much dependent upon men for
their sustenance as were the negroes upon their masters…”
Victoria Woodhull, 1871
“It is not motherhood that keeps the housewife on her feet from dawn till dusk; it is house service not
child service. Women work harder than most men, and not solely in maternal duties. The savage
mother carries most of the burdens, and does all menial service for the tribe.”
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1898
Using the excerpts above, answer parts a, b, and c.
a) Briefly explain why the role of women changed from 1870 to 1898.
b) Briefly explain ONE important similarity in the way both excerpts portray the role of women
during this time period.
c) Briefly explain how Americans would have responded critically to these excerpts.
ANS:
a) The role of women changed from 1870 to 1898 due to industrialization. As American
industrialization grew, so did the demand for jobs. Many women responded to the call for
these new jobs as factory workers, telephone operators, department store clerks, etc. Women
began to have a sense of their own independence. Educational opportunities were more
available for women as well.
b) Women were viewed as the domestic housewife that should cook, clean and take care of the
kids. Many viewed women as slaves to their husbands since women did not have equal rights
to men, and in many instances they were a man’s property once they were married. Women
were not given acknowledgement for the hard work they did in keeping the family together.
c) Some would argue that women were too fragile, uneducated, and simply lacking the ability to
do anything but cook, clean, and take care of the kids. It was not a woman’s place to be out in
the ‘man’s world’ because a woman did not know what the man’s world was about. Any
respectable woman would not be seen doing things a man did. For what purpose did a woman
need an education—what was she going to do with it? The time period called for men and
women to live in separate spheres. It was a man’s duty to take care of his wife and if he left
her, then there must be something wrong with her.
PTS: 1
politics. TOP: Key Concept 6.3.II
SKL: Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time | Comparison
NAR: SA Directions
DOCUMENT BASED
NARRBEGIN: DBQ Directions

Directions: These questions are based on the accompanying documents. The documents have been
edited for the purpose of this exercise.
In your response you should do the following:

• State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
• Support the thesis or a relevant argument with evidence from all, or all but one, of the
documents.
• Incorporate analysis of all, or all but one, of the documents into your argument.
• Focus your analysis of each document on at least one of the following: intended audience,
purpose, historical context, and/or point of view.
• Support your argument with analysis of historical examples outside the documents.
• Connect historical phenomena relevant to your argument to broader events or processes.
• Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument, connects it
to a different historical context, or accounts for contradictory evidence on the topic.
NARREND
1. The immigrants that came to the Unites States post-Civil War were both welcomed and unwelcome.
Analyze the reasons for the continued and changing attitudes Americans had toward these immigrants
from 1865 to 1898.
Document 1
Source: Burlingame Seward Treaty, 1868
ARTICLE II
The United States of America and his Majesty the Emperor of China, believing that the
safety and prosperity of commerce will thereby best be promoted, agree that any privilege or
immunity in respect to trade or navigation within the Chinese dominions which may not
have been stipulated for by treaty, shall be subject to the discretion of the Chinese
Government and may be regulated by it accordingly, but not in a manner or spirit
incompatible with the treaty stipulations of the parties.
ARTICLE V
The United States of America and the Emperor of China cordially recognize the inherent
and inalienable right of man to change his home and allegiance, and also the mutual
advantage of the free migration and emigration of their citizens and subjects respectively
from the one country to the other, for purposes of curiosity, of trade, or as permanent
residents. The high contracting parties, therefore, join in reprobating any other than an
entirely voluntary emigration for these purposes…
Document 2
Source: Immigration to U. S. 1880-1930
Italy 4,600,000
Austo-Hungarian Empire 4,000,000
Russian Empire 3,300,000
German Empire 2,800,000
Britain 2,300,000
Canada 2,300,000
Ireland 1,700,000
Sweden 1,100,000
Document 3
Source: “Every Dog (No Distinction of Color) Has Its Day”, Thomas Nast , 1879
Cartoon published in 'Harper's Weekly', on the white American fear that the Chinese will crowd him out, as the white man
crowded out the native Indian, 8th February, 1879 (litho), Nast, Thomas (1840-1902) / Private Collection / Peter Newark
American Pictures / Bridgeman Images
Document 4
Source: “The Secret Oath of the American Protective Association, October 31, 1893”
I do most solemnly promise and swear that I will always, to the utmost of my ability, labor, plead and
wage a continuous warfare against ignorance and fanaticism; that I will use my utmost power to strike
the shackles and chains of blind obedience to the Roman Catholic church from the hampered and
bound consciences of a priest-ridden and church-oppressed people; that I will never allow any one, a
member of the Roman Catholic church, to become a member of this order, I knowing him to be such;
that I will use my influence to promote the interest of all Protestants everywhere in the world that I
may be; that I will not employ a Roman Catholic in any capacity if I can procure the services of a
Protestant. I furthermore promise and swear that I will not aid in building or maintaining, by my
resources, any Roman Catholic church or institution of their sect or creed whatsoever, but will do all in
my power to retard and break down the power of the Pope, in this country or any other; that I will not
enter into any controversy with a Roman Catholic upon the subject of this order, nor will I enter into
any agreement with a Roman Catholic to strike or create a disturbance whereby the Catholic
employees may undermine and substitute their Protestant co-workers;…I furthermore promise and
swear that I will not countenance the nomination, in any caucus or convention, of a Roman Catholic
for any office in the gift of the American people, and that I will not vote for, or counsel others to vote
for, any Roman Catholic, but will vote only for a Protestant, so far as may lie in my power…
Document 5
Source: “Looking Backward,” January 11, 1893
Picture History/Newscom
Document 6
Source: President Cleveland, Veto of Literacy Test, 1897
…The best reason that could be given for this radical restriction of immigration is the necessity of
protecting our population against degeneration and saving our national peace and quiet from imported
turbulence and disorder…Violence and disorder do not originate with illiterate laborers. They are,
rather, the victims of the educated agitator…If any particular element of our illiterate immigration is
to be feared for other causes than illiteracy, these causes should be dealt with directly, instead of
making illiteracy the pretext for exclusion…
Document 7
Source: “There was Nothing to Arbitrate,” The Philadelphia Inquirer, August 12, 1899
The refusal of the United States Government to accede to the request of Austria-Hungary to submit to
the arbitration of a claim for the payment of an indemnity on account of the killing of Hungarians in
the memorable Lattimer riot is entirely justifiable, and it is indeed surprising that the request should
have been made. The killing in question was the subject of judicial proceedings, the result of which
was to vindicate its legality. It will be recalled that the rioting occurred in connection with a strike of
coal-miners. In the course of that strike, and as a means of intimidating the employers, a number of
men, among whom were the Hungarians on account of whose death the claims were made, had
assembled and had begun to act in a threatening and disorderly manner. Called upon by the Sheriff
of the county to disperse, they refused to do so and they suffered as a consequence of their
refusal. The verdict of a jury confirmed the rightfulness of the Sheriff’s action and there is not the
slightest basis upon which to found a claim against the United States. There is no parallel between
this case and that of the Italians who were taken from a New Orleans jail and lynched, and for whom
this country did pay a compensation. The Lattimer rioters had no one to blame but themselves, and
as the facts are undisputed and undisputable, there is absolutely nothing to arbitrate. The
Austro-Hungarian Government could hardly have been serious in its request.
ANS:
With the ending of the Civil War in 1865, the United States experienced a massive growth of
industrialism, and there were not enough domestic workers to fill the jobs. Americans turned to
foreigners and encouraged their coming to the U.S. to work. With the huge influx of foreigners that
came seeking work, also came a wide variety of new cultures and customs. As the foreigners settled
close to one another for communication and safety purposes, many Americans began to turn against
these foreigners believing that in some way these foreigners, since there were so many of them, were
becoming a threat to the United States and her culture and beliefs. From 1865 to 1898 Americans
continued their insatiable demand for foreign workers, yet these new immigrants were shunned due to
their differences in language and culture. The change toward these unwelcomed immigrants came
with their blatant killing and the American populace acceptance of the killings.
With the building of the transcontinental railroad in the late 1860s, Chinese and Irish workers were
needed for the labor-intensive work. Many of the Irish had come to the U.S. during the potato famine
of the 1840s and were now second-generation. Due to their military support during the Civil War, the
Irish were no longer on the bottom of the immigration rung. They became more widely welcomed
into society and by the 1880s, St. Patrick’s Day, a traditional Irish holiday, was celebrated throughout
the U.S. In cities like Boston and New York, the Irish became the policemen and firemen. Unlike the
Irish, the Chinese worker had to be enticed to come to the U.S. The Burlingame Treaty (Document 1)
provided the Chinese with assurance that they could live and work in the U.S. This treaty’s purpose
clarified the welcomed need for the Chinese to help with the construction of the transcontinental
railroad. With the port of entry at Angel Island near San Francisco and the completion of the railroad
in Utah, the western part of the U.S. felt overrun with Chinese, so much so that in 1882, the U.S.
signed the Chinese Exclusion Act (Document 3) preventing their immigration. This was the first time
that the U.S. excluded any foreigners.
Men like Carnegie, Vanderbilt, Swift, and Rockefeller needed more workers for their plants, and the
immigration doors opened, mainly at Ellis Island, to allow the new immigrants to arrive from
Southeastern Europe (Document 2). Unlike the old immigrants, these new immigrants were
unskilled, Catholic and Jewish, and had been exposed to socialism. As labor strikes increased with
talk of anarchy and of Marx and Engles’ socialist theories, many Americans became nativist with
some joining the American Protective Association (Document 4) to protect their American identity
against the influence of these new immigrants. Many Americans forgot that they were once
immigrants too (Document 5) and pushed for the creation of laws against the new immigrants. These
laws were intended to protect what they had achieved as Americans. As President Cleveland stated in
his veto message (Document 6), the American people did not have to fear the illiterate worker for
causing trouble for it was the educated agitator who was the trouble-maker. Because many of these
immigrants were illiterate, many Americans believed that a literacy test was needed to allow only the
“better sort” to gain entry into the U.S. Americans continued their discrimination against blacks,
Native Americans, Chinese, and southeastern European immigrants, plus anyone else who was not a
WASP (White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant). The change in attitude came about with the growth of
industrialization and the need for cheap labor. Escaping the harsh conditions of their countries, and
coming to the land of opportunity and liberty, immigrants arrived by the millions. Americans felt
overrun by all of these immigrants speaking languages they did not understand and practicing religions
that many deemed unacceptable, and their American identity was threatened. The immigrants may
have been welcomed in the workplace but not in American society. From the founding of our country
until the present time there has been both a discrimination and a welcoming attitude toward immigrant
groups. The welcoming is because of the cheap labor they provide, doing jobs no one else wants to
do. But the change towards them occurs in many cases when the immigrants do not adopt Americans’
traditions, customs, and language. That is when many Americans revert to nativism and legislation to
protect themselves.
With the blatant killing of Austro Hungarians and other southeastern Europeans at the Lattimer strike
(Document 7), many Americans were relieved that the immigrants ‘got what they deserved’ and felt
shock at the immigrants’ homelands asking for indemnity. The feeling was that if they are living and
working here they must abide by American laws or face the consequences. Immigrants had been
killed for various reasons before, but never in such a hostile manner as in the Lattimer strike. These
killings sparked the catalyst for the changing attitude of Americans toward these new immigrants.
After having millions of them migrate to the U.S. in the past thirty years, most people felt that it was
time for them to behave and act like Americans. By the turn of the century, for many the American
attitude had soured on the immigrants and what they considered their heathen ways. It would take
another two decades before legislation on immigration restriction would become law, even though this
labor source was essential in making the U.S. a major world competitor.
PTS: 1
OBJ: MIG-1.0 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America, and later, the United
States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society. TOP: Key Concept 6.2.I
SKL: Synthesis | Patterns of Continuity and Change over Time | Argumentation Interpretation |
Contextualization NAR: DBQ Directions
2. To what extent did new cultural trends lead to social change in America from 1870 to 1900?
Document 1
Source: Frederick Law Olmstead, 1871
Compare advantages in respect simply to schools, libraries, music, and the fine arts. People of the
greatest wealth can hardly command as much of these in the country as the poorest work-girl is offered
here in Boston at the mere cost of a walk for a short distance over a good firm, clean pathway, lighted
at night and made interesting to her by shop fronts and the variety of people passing.
Document 2
Source : “An Essay about Kindergarten, Modernism, and the Value of Women’s Work,” Margaret
Wertheim, 2003
Properly conducted, Froebel believed that education for the very young would enable the flowering of
human potential, for kindergarten was literally the garden of children where growing buds might
unfurl and bloom. “By education,” he declared, “the divine essence of man should be unfolded,
brought out, lifted into consciousness.” For Froebel, the education of children was nothing less than a
holy duty, “a necessary, universal requirement” that was beginning to assert itself as the birthright of
all humanity.
Document 3
Source: Program for Buffalo Bill’s Wild West Show, circa 1890
JT Vintage/ZUMA Press/Newscom
Document 4
Source : Chicago World’s Fair, 1893
Field Museum Library/Getty Images
Document 5
Source: The San Francisco Call, July 26, 1896
SAN FRANCISCO BICYCLE RIDERS AS DISCIPLES OF PROGRESS.

Enthusiastic Outpouring of Devotees of the Wheel Who Are Determined on Improving the City's
Thoroughfares—Fully One Hundred Thousand Spectators Viewed the Parade.
BICYCLISTS of every age, race, sex and color—bicyclists from every stratum of cycledom, from the
scorcher with his interrogation-point hump to the hoary-headed patriarch biker, sitting in military
erectness on an antique 60-pounder wheels—in short, everybody who could claim any degree of
proficiency in managing a wheel, turned out last night to take part in the great demonstration in favor
of good streets. Such a parade as last night's has never before greeted the eyes of San Franciscans and
it was estimated that at least 100,000 spectators lined the streets. The number of wheelmen who started
with the procession is estimated to have been at least 5000. They came from every direction on wheels
and every stage of decoration and thronged filled streets in the vicinity of Twenty-second and Folsom
until even the pedestrians could scarcely move.
Document 6
Source: Scott Joplin, “Maple Leaf Rag,” 1898
Ragtime musician Scott Joplin completed his masterpiece, “The Maple Leaf Rag,” while in Sedalia in
1898, and a year later local music store owner John Stark published the spirited composition. Named
after a local saloon, the “Maple Leaf Rag” is probably the most enduring melody from the ragtime era
and sold over a half-million copies within a decade of its release. Joplin’s huge success with this
piece led to his being named the “King of Ragtime,” and his music set the standard for the musical
genre. Although it had yet to be named, ragtime was first introduced in 1893 at the World’s
Colombian Exposition in Chicago. The music, first known as ”jig piano” and featuring jaunty
melodies and syncopated rhythm, became widely known as ragtime by 1897. Many consider this style
of piano playing to be the first uniquely type of American music.
Document 7
Source: Harper’s Sport Advertisement, 1898
© 2015 Stock Sales WGBH / Scala / Art Resource
ANS:
Strong Sample Response:
The industrial revolution after the Civil War spawned new technology and labor-saving devices, which
allowed the American worker to pursue more cultural activities. This increase in leisure time provided
an outlet for the overworked worker. The many outlets of activities provided fun as well as learning
and enjoyment and helped to shift America’s society to a more cultural one in the period from 1870 to
1900.
With all the new technology, inventions, goods, and services available like never before, American
society began to change into a more cultural one. Americans for the first time had free time or leisure
time due to these technological inventions. Big businessmen were gladly willing to donate to a cause,
event, or building that would showcase their business fortitude and inventors willingly displayed their
inventions. With the invention of the Ferris wheel (Document 4) at the Chicago World’s Fair, a
revolution in amusement park rides was created as well as a chance to view exhibitions from around
the world. As depicted in the painting, people from all walks of life and locations came to view the
exhibits and rides. The World’s Fair provided a venue that both the wealthy and the poor enjoyed.
Trolleys and streetcars and special admission prices were kept running to provide the transportation for
those coming in from rural areas. Other venues for entertainment such as Buffalo Bill’s Wild West
Show (Document 3) or Barnum and Bailey’s Circus were special attractions that the public clamored
to see. Many saw an Indian, cowboy, clown, or exotic animal for the first time and were fascinated
with what they saw. In this time period Americans became more curious not only about the rest of the
U.S. but about the world, too. For an admission fee of a few cents one could escape from the
drudgery of work and lose themselves in a day of enjoyment and learning. With these venues being
accessible to all, American society slowly began to become more cultural. The World’s Fair still goes
on today, but in a limited scope, and has been replaced by the likes of Disney World, Sea World, and
others. These parks still provide outlets for the worker and their families in much the same way as the
parks of the 1870s-1900s. Disney is not just an American park; it is worldwide and has formidably
been linked to our identity as Americans.
Americans during the latter half of the 1800s enjoyed going to the newly created parks within their
cities. Frederick Law Olmstead (Document 1) created Central Park and the grounds of the U.S. Capitol
as a place of relaxation as well as enjoyment. One could lie on the grass and read a book from one of
the newly built libraries. A young working woman need not fear life in the big city for it offered a
multitude of opportunities that were not available to those in the country. Many of those opportunities
the city provided were cultural; for example, museums and art galleries encouraged the growth of
America’s cultural identity by allowing free access on Sundays, with masterpieces and artifacts
available for all to see. The change from rural to urban living helped to provide the stimulus for
cultural change.
As Americans became more educated due to compulsory school, all forms of the printed word were
eagerly read, as books, magazines, and newspapers were available for all to read. Kindergartens, high
schools, and universities opened their doors to the eager men and women waiting to become educated
(Document 2). As society became more literate and aware of cultural trends, they were able to come
together in various groups and organizations to provide for the betterment of their community.
Settlement houses and charitable groups became popular. By the end of the century riding bicycles
(Document 5) was a phenomenon throughout the country as riders demanded access to bicycle paths in
the cities and in the parks, as expressed by the riders in San Francisco.
But one of our biggest links to our past was music. With Scott Joplin’s introduction to a syncopated
rhythm and a jazzy beat, which could be played on the newly invented record player, America’s love
for music took off (Document 6). Large cities had huge halls for musical performances while the
more rural areas had bandstands, available to everyone. This overwhelming demand of the American
populace to hear any type of music helped to add to the cultural growth of America. Besides music
the other activity that added to the American cultural identity was sports (Document 7). It was during
this period that football, baseball, and basketball teams were formed at the collegiate level and the
spectator sport was born. Other sports like golf, tennis, horseracing, bowling, boxing and numerous
others became part of the American culture as rich or poor could participate in or watch the events.
The game of baseball has since been nicknamed “America’s favorite pastime.” In the industrial world,
teamwork was essential in getting the job done and these games reflected the importance of that
teamwork.
American society changed from 1870 to 1898 with the advent of industrialization and the movement of
Americans from rural to urban life. As Americans found themselves with more leisure time they were
free to explore and see what cultural experiences awaited them. This leisure time, which involved a
myriad of activities, helped to define the culture and identity of Americans.
PTS: 1
society and institutions. | POL-2.0 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups
have sought to change American society and institutions.
TOP: Key Concept 6.3.I | Key Concept 6.3.II
SKL: Causation | Argumentation | Contextualization | Synthesis
NAR: DBQ Directions
ESSAY
NARRBEGIN: ES Directions
Directions: In your response you should do the following:
• State a relevant thesis that directly addresses all parts of the question.
• Support your argument with evidence, using specific examples.
• Apply historical thinking skills as directed by the question.
• Synthesize the elements above into a persuasive essay that extends your argument, connects it
to a different historical context, or connects it to a different category of analysis.
NARREND
1. To what extent did battles between labor and management lead to labor union success in the late 19th
century?
ANS:
When the Civil War ended in 1865, the United States began a rapid growth of industrialism that
continued for the next thirty years. To keep up with this rapid growth and the demand and supply of
goods, workers were needed. These workers were male and female, ranging in age from children to the
elderly, and were white, black, and immigrant. Labor unions were formed to protect these workers
against unfair labor practices and management. Management tried to prevent labor unions from
organizing their workers. Clashes occurred between labor and management, with labor achieving
very minimal success in the results workers demanded.
The first post-Civil War labor union to form was the National Labor Union in 1868. Short-lived, the
union evolved into the Knights of Labor under the direction of Terrance Powderly. Advocating an
eight-hour workday, among many other issues that ranged from anarchism and socialism to health and
safety reform, the strength of the Knights grew to over 800,000 workers under Powderly. As their
strength in numbers grew, so did workers’ demands. The mayor of Chicago encouraged the plant
owners to give in to the workers’ demands. At the last minute the owners had a change of mind, and
the result was the Haymarket Affair, which resulted in deaths for both strikers and police. This event
began a gradual decline in the popularity of the Knights and the workers would never have the power
they once had. Management had won, over labor.
The Pullman Strike in 1894 had union workers pitted against the owners of the Pullman Palace Car
Company. The strike turned into a nationwide strike with the workers seemingly close to achieving
their aims. As President, Grover Cleveland issued an injunction (a back to work order) because the
strike was interfering with the delivery of the U.S. mail. Troops were sent to force the workers back to
work, with clashes between the two causing many deaths. Again, workers were close to achieving
their striking goals when an abrupt turn of events changed the outcome. The Supreme Court case In re
Debs supported the governments’ use of injunctions, which took striking power away from unions and
Eugene Debs, the head of the strikers, was jailed.
The employer used numerous techniques to stop union workers from achieving their goals.
Blacklisting was a common way of insuring a worker would think twice before becoming a union
member, as his name was sent to other employers who were told the worker was not to be hired.
Yellow dog contracts were signed by workers to prevent them from joining unions. Lock outs and
closed shops were used by the employers to keep union strikers out. Having such a large pool of
workers available for work, employers were able to exercise their strength in keeping workers and
their unions from having power. Unionism would find its strength again in the late 1930s as workers
fought for the right to organize and addressed having their civil liberties challenged. During the Great
Depression the Supreme Court would uphold the unions’ goals and demands, and worker unionism
would achieve the success its forefathers wanted. However, starting in 2008, the goals and purposes
of unions would be challenged again.
Owners and employers were too powerful in the late 1800s for labor unions to achieve much success.
Each time labor appeared to have succeeded, the owner/employer, aided in some cases by the federal
government, put an end to the workers’ demands. Success for unions had to wait until the late 1930s,
with the creation of the CIO and labor gaining the right to collective bargain and join unions.
PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.1.II SKL: Causation NAR: ES Directions
2. Analyze and evaluate how over time the business leaders of the industrial era monopolized their
industries.
ANS:
With the ending of the Civil War in 1865, the United States turned its attention to the explosion of the
economic revolution which was to transform the country. Through technological inventions, the
building of transcontinental railroads, and new and innovative machinery, business leaders
accumulated enormous funds and economic power. At first these businessmen were considered
thriving as they engineered their businesses through the next three decades and achieved enormous
success. Many people were awed by their accomplishments, but by the end of the century their
monopolistic ways changed public opinion.
Many of the wealthy industrialists such as John Rockefeller, Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and
Cornelius Vanderbilt came from humble beginnings. They were able to take their businesses and
evolve them into giant corporations, the likes of which had not been seen before in history.
Americans were proud of the names Standard Oil, Carnegie Steel, or U.S. Steel, as these names were
well known throughout the world. Standard Oil controlled 90% of the oil industry and Thomas
Edison’s inventions changed the way the world saw and heard things with the light bulb and
phonograph. This success caused the monopolists to garner more and more success. Americans
were immensely proud of their fellow countrymen and their achievements. These ‘Captains of
Industry’ placed America into the forefront of the world’s industry. However, many Americans
began to turn away from cheering on the Captains of Industry, and soon disdained them, calling them
Robber Barons.
With the rapid expansion of technological growth and the demand for goods and services and a
laissez-faire government, the monopolists were free to engage in unscrupulous business practices.
These business practices were considered by some to be unprofessional and included rebates, price
fixing, horizontal and vertical integration, monopolies, combinations, pools, and, the ultimate creation
by Rockefeller, the trust. Through these methods the monopolists were able to squeeze out the
unwanted competition and dominate their particular industry. None of the Captains of Industry favored
unionism and each ran their business in dictatorial fashion. It would be one hundred years later when
Bill Gates took Microsoft to the top of the corporate world that he would be compared to the Robber
Barons of this time.
The Captains of Industry were considered innovative geniuses. They were admired by a majority of
the public. But as their unprofessional business practices came to light over the next three decades,
the populace scorned them and called them corporate monopolists for how they stole and cheated their
way to the top of the corporate world.
PTS: 1
TOP: Key Concept 6.1.I | Key Concept 6.1.II SKL: Causation
NAR: ES Directions

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American Pageant 16th Edition

Kennedy Test Bank

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.1

Frederick Douglass, The Color Line, 1891

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.2

Henry George, Progress and Poverty, 1879

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.3

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.4

Chief Joseph, “An Indian’s View of Indian Affairs,” 1879

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.5

13th National Meeting of the Grange, 1868

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.6

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C[LC-USZC4-3246]

Thomas Moran, Tower Falls and Sulphur Mountain, Yellowstone, 1875

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.7

Samuel Gompers, “Strike Baby”, 1878

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.8

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.9

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C[LC-DIG-ppmsca-15782]

James Wales, "15-14-13–The Great Presidential Puzzle"

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.10

My Dear Mr. Hitchcock

Yours, Andrew Carnegie

28. Carnegie’s actions, as shown in this letter, reflected his belief in

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.11

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.12

Howard Ruede, 1877

34. This excerpt most directly reflects

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.13

William Jennings Bryan, 1896

38. Which political party supported the above excerpt?

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.14

Henry Grady, 1889

42. As a result of Reconstruction,

NARRBEGIN: MC Excerpt 6.15

Preamble of the Populist Platform, 1892

44. The Populist Party emerged from

45. Which of the following is true of the Populist Party?

“The Decadence of the Wizard of Menlo Park—From the Phonograph to Polyform”

Using the image above, answer parts a, b, and c.

a) Briefly explain the point of view as expressed by the cartoonist.

Using the excerpt above, answer parts a, b, and c.

c) Briefly explain how the frontier affected American democracy.

Using the excerpts above, answer parts a, b, and c.

NARRBEGIN: DBQ Directions

In your response you should do the following:

Source: Immigration to U. S. 1880-1930

Source: “Looking Backward,” January 11, 1893

Source: President Cleveland, Veto of Literacy Test, 1897

Field Museum Library/Getty Images

Source: The San Francisco Call, July 26, 1896

SAN FRANCISCO BICYCLE RIDERS AS DISCIPLES OF PROGRESS.

Source: Harper’s Sport Advertisement, 1898

© 2015 Stock Sales WGBH / Scala / Art Resource

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