PRESTRESSED CONCRETE DESIGN - Done by applying tensile force on wires

wound in circles in circular

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION
Structures.
Concrete is strong in compression, but weak in
tension. Its tensile strength varies from 8-14
percent of its compressive strength. Due to
such a low tensile capacity, flexural cracks
develop at early stages of loading.

In order to prevent these cracks from

developing, a concentric or eccentric force is COMPARISON WITH REINFORCED
imposed in the longitudinal direction of the CONCRETE
structural element.

Tensile stresses at the critical midspan and

support sections are considerably reduced.
Therefore, almost the full capacity of the
concrete in compression can be efficiently
utilized across the entiredepth of the concrete
sections.
Pre-stressing – is the preloading of a structure
before the application of service loads
Prestressing Force - a compressive force that
prestresses the secions along the span of the
structural element prior to the application of the
loads
ECONOMICS OF PRESTRESSED
CONCRETE
The depth of a prestressed concrete is
usually 65-80% of its equivalent RC
member. It requires less concrete and about
20-35% of the amount of reinforcement.
However, this saving in material weight is
balanced by higher cost of the higher quality
materials needed on prestressing.

TYPES OF PRESTRESSING If a large number of precast units are

manufactured, the difference between the
• Linear Prestressing - the prestressing force is
two is not usually very large.
applied longitudinally along or parallel to the
axis of the member
The indirect long-term savings are
- analogous to series of blocks that forms a
substantial because less maintenance is
beam.
needed, a longer working life is possible,
• Circular Prestressing - used in liquid
and lighter foundations are achieved due to
containment tanks, pipes, and pressure reactor
the smaller cumulative weight of the
vessels
Superstructure.
- the circumferential hoop neutralizes the tensile
stresses at the outer fibers of the curvilinear
surface caused by the internal contained
pressure
BASIC CONCEPTS OF PRESTRESSING
Consider a simply supported rectangular beam
subjected to a concentric prestressing force P. The
compressive stress on the beam cross section is
uniform and has an intensity.
If external transverse loads are applied to the
beam causing maximum moment M at midspan,
the resulting stress become:
To induce tensile stresses at the top fibers due to
prestressing, the presressing tendon is placed
eccentrically below the neutral axis at midspan.
If the tendon is placed at at eccentricity, e, from the
center of gravity of the concrete (cgc), a moment,
Pe, is created and the ensuing stresses at midspan
becomes:
Since the support section of a simply
supported beam carries no moment from the
external transverse load, high tensile fiber
stresses are caused by eccentric
prestressing force.
To limit such stresses, the eccentricity of the
prestressing tendon profile is
- made less at the support section
- eliminated altogether
- a negative eccentricity above the cgc
line is us
EQUIVALENT LOADS
The effect of a change in the vertical
alignment of a prestressing tendon is to
produce a transverse vertical force on the
concrete member.
That force, together with the prestressing
forces acting at the ends of the member
through the tendon anchorage, may be
looked upon as a system of external forces in
studying the effect of prestressing.
MEMBER MOMENT EQUIVALENT LOAD
For any arrangement of applied loads, a
tendon profile can be selected such that the
equivalent loads acting on the beam from the
tendon are just equal and opposite to the
applied loads.
Note that these equivalent loads would
produce a deflection called CAMBER that
counters that of the imposed loads.
It is also worth mentioning that the equivalent
loads and moments produced by the
prestressing tendon are self equilibrating.
PRESTRESSING METHOD
A. Pre-tensioning
• Done at the fabrication plant for production of
precast members
• Tendons are tensioned first before concrete is
placed
• The concrete is cast around the stressed
tendon
• As the fresh concrete hardens, it bonds to the
steel
• When the concrete has reached the required
strength, the jacking force is released and the
force is transferred by bond from steel to
concrete
B. Post-tensioning
• Done at the construction site for the
construction of cast-in-place members
• Hollow conduits containing the unstressed
tendons are placed in the beam forms before
pouring the concrete
• The tendons are tensioned after the concrete
has hardened and achieved sufficient strength
CHANGES IN PRESTRESS FORCE
The magnitude of the prestressing force in a
concrete member is not constant but changes
during the life of the member.
These changes are due to:
- instantaneous losses
- time-dependent losses
- losses as a function of the
superimposed loading
Jacking Force – force applied during the
jacking operation denoted by Pj
INSTANTANEOUS LOSSES IN
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
a. Anchorage slip – occurs at the
moment of transfer of prestress force
from the jack to theanchorage fittings
that grip the tendon
b. Elastic shortening – occurs in the
concrete as the prestress force is
transferred to it (always occurs in
pretensioning)
c. Friction losses – occurs between the
steel and the tendon conduit
(applicable only to post-tensioned
members)
The effect of the instantaneous losses is a
reduction in the jacking force, Pj, to a lower
value, Pi, defined as the initial prestress
force.
With the passage of time, under sustained
compressive stress, the steel stress is further
reduced due to time dependent losses such
as:
- concrete shrinkage
- concrete creep
Creep – property of materials by which they
continue to deform over considerable lengths
of time at constant stress
The result of all time-dependent effects is a
reduction in the initial prestress force termed
effective prestress force, Pe
The sum of all losses, immediate and time-
dependent, maybe of the order of 20 to 35%
of the original jacking force
Note: All losses must be accounted for in
the design of prestressed concrete
element
LOADS
Loads that act on structures are divided into three
broad categories:
A. Dead Loads, DL
- Fixed in location
- Constant in magnitude
- Concrete density:
- Lightweight concrete
- 90 to 120 pcf (14 to 19 KN/m3)
- Normal concrete
- 145 pcf (23 KN/m3)
B. Live Loads, LL
C. Environmental Loads, EL
- Snow loads
- Wind pressure and suction
- Earthquake loads
- Soil pressure (acting on structure
subsurface)
- Rainwater ponding on flat surfaces
- Forces from temperature differential

SERVICE LOAD
- Sum of calculated DL, LL, EL
- Estimate of the maximum load that can
be expected to act during the service life
of the structure
FACTORED LOAD
- Failure load that a structure must be
capable of resisting to ensure an
adequate margin of safety against
collapse
- Load factors, larger than unity, are
applied to the calculated DL, LL, EL