Biochemical Basis of Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, non-communicable disease caused by a deficit in the synthesis of
insulin, either inherited or acquired. Diabetes is predicted by the World Health Organization to
rank seventh among the leading causes of death. Diabetes mellitus comes in three primary forms.
Insulin production is absent in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), which is characterized by the
autoimmune death of the pancreatic β cell. Another name for this kind is insulin-dependent
diabetic mellitus (IDDM). The most common kind of diabetes is called Type 2 diabetes mellitus
(T2DM), which is brought on by either insufficient insulin secretion or insulin receptor
desensitization, which blocks the cell's ability to absorb glucose. Another form of diabetes that
only manifests during pregnancy is known as gestational diabetes mellitus or GDM. On the other
hand, uncontrolled diabetes poses a risk for the development of numerous other illnesses,
including peripheral neuropathy, hypertension, cardiovascular disease (CVD), blindness, renal
failure, neurological disorders, and unbalanced blood osmolality.

Disease origins:
Diabetes was recognized and categorized as "Madhumeha" by the Indian physician Sushruta in
the sixth century BCE. Here, "madhu" means "honey," and when combined, the term refers to
sweet urine. It is clear from their writings that the ancient Greeks, Chinese, Egyptians, Indians,
and Persians had detected this sweet taste in urine. When ants were drawn to a person's urine, it
was thought that the person had diabetes mellitus. This was how the ancient Indians diagnosed
diabetes.

Causes (Biochemical), symptoms, and treatments:

An excess of glucose in the blood is the cause of diabetes. However, depending on the type of
diabetes you have, there are several reasons why your blood glucose levels are high. The primary
cause of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, which develops when cells in your fat, liver, and
muscles don't respond to insulin as they should. When the body's defense mechanism against
infection, the immune system, targets and kills the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin, type
1 diabetes results. Insulin affects protein, lipid, and carbohydrate metabolism in distinct ways. It
promotes the liver's utilization of glucose and its storage as glycogen, while adipose tissue boosts
adipocytes' uptake and metabolism of the fuel, and in muscle, it triggers the cell's intake of
glucose and glycogen synthesis.
Moreover, signs of diabetes include frequent urination, especially at night, extreme thirst,
reducing weight naturally, extreme hunger, hazy vision, If your hands or feet are tingling or
numb, Sensationally fatigued, really dry skin, Have more infections than normal and wounds that
heal slowly. Additionally, nausea, vomiting, or stomach pains are possible symptoms for those
with T1DM.
In order to regulate your blood glucose levels, also known as blood sugar levels, you should take
medication. The medication you take will depend on the type of diabetes you have and how well
it controls your blood glucose levels. such as Because your pancreas is unable to produce insulin,
you must take it if you have type 1 diabetes. In addition to taking diabetes medications, if you
have type 2 diabetes, you will need to take insulin multiple times a day to control your blood
glucose levels. These medications could include insulin injections or tablets for diabetes.

Prevention:
Maintaining a healthy diet, exercise regimen, and medication schedule will help you avoid
hypoglycemia. Also, Calluses can cause discomfort or an infection that makes it difficult to walk.
To avoid these issues During every appointment with your medical team, have your feet
examined. Adhering to your blood pressure regimen and controlling your diabetes can help
preserve your kidneys.

References:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707300/#:~:text=Diabetes%20mellitus%20has
%20been%20known,ancient%20Greek%20and%20Arab%20physicians.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6123603/

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/7104-diabetes