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Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
➔ The CCP already had support from the industrial workers and peasants → due to a promise of
land
◆ not peasants because they attacked the warlords and seized their lands + they
supported the CCP
◆ GMD: began to lose popularity and money as the Japanese conquer GMD territories
◆ Split the army and attacked in units → within a year he gained control of Manchuria
● GMD crushed
● CCP victorious and Mao proclaimed the People’s Republic of China in 1949
➔ Michael Lynch
➔ Immanuel Hsu
➔ James Sheridan
◆ Guerilla warfare was the main reason why the CCP won the
● Mao Zedong
● Mao Tse-Tung
China:
➔ great power in Asia
➔ inventions associated
◆ compass, paper, gunpowder ecc
➔ impact of confucianism
Causes
Short term causes Long term causes
➔ 1926 Northern Expedition Developments 1900-1918:
➔ Boxer rebellion
➔ Jiang Jieshi’s attack
◆ For time the underdeveloped economy and the
◆ traditional Chinese values linked to modern system of government made China weak. It was
capitalism exploited by European powers to profit from
Chinese trade and this caused a rebellion to break
◆ peasant and working class China would not out in 1900 but it ended up as a humiliation for
deliver this progress China because the European military put down the
➔ Shanghai Massacre of 1927 Boxer Rebellion
◆ April 1927, Jiang turned on the communists ◆ In 1917, splits in the ruling class led to a
and lasted until 1949 revolution and as a consequence the Manchu
dynasty was removed from power
◆ Jiang wanted to move to Shanghai and
control the city ◆ Happened in Sichuan and saw a regional uprising
against the regime
◆ Needed support of the Green Gang
➔ China disintegrated into regional regimes dominated by
◆ Allied with their leader local army commanders
➔ Communist survival and resistance ◆ The republic was called the Guomindang (GMD).
Sun developed a democratic republic and pursued
➔ One war or two wars social revolution to create more equality in
landholding and wealth, inspired by the West and
socialism.
➔ Tactics
◆ partisans cannot participate in lost battles unless they can win
◆ surprise was the main offensive attack
◆ static warfare were avoided
◆ careful and detailed plans of attack and retreat
◆ partisans have superior intelligence of the people and must win the support and
participation of the masses
The Long March
★ Mao in charge ★ Zhu De in charge of Red Army ★ 28 Bolsheviks in charge of Red Army
➔ military retreat during the Chinese Civil War undertaken by the Communist Red Army
➔ Jiangxi Soviet: In 1934, the Red Army of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) was encircled
by Nationalist forces in the Jiangxi Soviet.
➔ Communist Retreat: The Long March began on October 16, 1934, as the Red Army embarked
on a grueling retreat to escape the encirclement.
➔ Challenges Abound: The Red Army faced harsh weather, tough terrain, and attacks from both
Nationalist forces and local warlords.
➔ Epic Journey: The Long March covered about 6,000 miles (9,600 kilometers), making it one
of the most remarkable retreats in history.
➔ Leadership Shift: Lin Biao emerged as a key strategist and leader during the march,
alongside Mao Zedong.
➔ Endurance and Sacrifice: The Long March resulted in significant casualties due to battles,
disease, and hunger.
➔ Iconic Luding Bridge: The Red Army's successful defense of Luding Bridge in Sichuan
Province became a symbol of their determination.
➔ Arrival in Shaanxi: In 1935, after over a year of hardship, the Long March reached its
destination in northern Shaanxi Province.
➔ New Base Established: In Shaanxi, the CCP established a new base, which became pivotal in
their struggle against the Nationalists.
➔ International Attention: The Long March garnered international attention and support for the
CCP's cause.
➔ Reunification Efforts: During the march, Red Army units sometimes split and reunited,
demonstrating their resilience and determination.
➔ Turning Point: The Long March laid the foundation for the CCP's eventual victory in the
Chinese Civil War and the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949.
Key events
Crossing the Xiang River - Xiang river strongly defended by the GMD
- Jiang determined not to let the CCP escape
Upper Yangtze River Crossing - Mao declared his forces “march north to fight the
Japanese”
Battle of Huaihai
➔ largest battle fought
➔ lasted 65 days
➔ GMD lost 600k
Significant Women
➔ JJ’s wife:
◆ founded the New Life Movement
◆ active in the ruling council of party
➔ Liu Hulan:
◆ died at 15 years old
◆ to be continued in canva