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    The document discusses physical layer characteristics including bandwidth, throughput, and types of physical media. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a medium to carry data and is measured in bits per second, while throughput measures the actual transfer of bits across the medium over time which can be lower than bandwidth due to various factors. The physical media discussed are copper cabling, which transmits electrical pulses and has limitations on distance and interference issues, and fiber optic cabling, which transmits light pulses and has higher bandwidth capabilities without interference issues but requires conversion between electrical and light signals.

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    Untitled3 CC

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    The document discusses physical layer characteristics including bandwidth, throughput, and types of physical media. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a medium to carry data and is measured in bits per second, while throughput measures the actual transfer of bits across the medium over time which can be lower than bandwidth due to various factors. The physical media discussed are copper cabling, which transmits electrical pulses and has limitations on distance and interference issues, and fiber optic cabling, which transmits light pulses and has higher bandwidth capabilities without interference issues but requires conversion between electrical and light signals.

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    The document discusses physical layer characteristics including bandwidth, throughput, and types of physical media. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a medium to carry data and is measured in bits per second, while throughput measures the actual transfer of bits across the medium over time which can be lower than bandwidth due to various factors. The physical media discussed are copper cabling, which transmits electrical pulses and has limitations on distance and interference issues, and fiber optic cabling, which transmits light pulses and has higher bandwidth capabilities without interference issues but requires conversion between electrical and light signals.

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    Untitled3 CC

    Uploaded by

    Randeep Singh
    The document discusses physical layer characteristics including bandwidth, throughput, and types of physical media. Bandwidth refers to the capacity of a medium to carry data and is measured in bits per second, while throughput measures the actual transfer of bits across the medium over time which can be lower than bandwidth due to various factors. The physical media discussed are copper cabling, which transmits electrical pulses and has limitations on distance and interference issues, and fiber optic cabling, which transmits light pulses and has higher bandwidth capabilities without interference issues but requires conversion between electrical and light signals.

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    Physical Layer Characteristics

    Bandwidth
     Capacity of a medium to carry data.

     Digital bandwidth measures the amount of data that can flow from one place to another in a given
    amount of time.

     Bandwidth is sometimes thought of as the speed that bits travel, however this is not accurate. In
    both 10Mb/s and 100Mb/s Ethernet, the bits are sent at the speed of electricity. The difference is
    the number of bits that are transmitted per second.

    © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
    Physical Layer Characteristics
    Throughput
     Measure of the transfer of bits across
    the media over a given period of time.

     Usually does not match the specified


    bandwidth in physical layer
    implementations due to many factors.
    • Amount of traffic
    • Type of traffic
    • Latency created by network devices
    encountered between source and
    destination
     Goodput is throughput minus traffic
    overhead for establishing sessions,
    acknowledgments, and encapsulation.

    © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
    Physical Layer Characteristics
    Types of Physical Media
    The figure shows different types of interfaces and ports available on a 1941 router.

    © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
    4.2 Network Media

    © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
    Copper Cabling
    Characteristics of Copper Media
     Transmitted on copper cables as electrical pulses.

     Attenuation - the longer the signal travels, the more


    it deteriorates.

     All copper media must follow strict distance


    limitations.

     Electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio


    frequency interference (RFI) - distorts and corrupts
    the data signals being carried by copper media.
    • To counter copper cables wrapped in shielding.
     Crosstalk - disturbance caused by the electric or
    magnetic fields of a signal on one wire to the signal
    in an adjacent wire.
    • To cancel crosstalk opposing circuit wire pairs
    twisted together.
    © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15

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