This document discusses control unit design in computers. It describes hardwired and microprogrammed control units. A hardwired control unit generates control signals using internal hardware and operates faster but is difficult to modify. A microprogrammed control unit stores microinstructions in memory and generates control signals by reading these instructions, operating slower but allowing easier modification. The document outlines the design and operation of both approaches.
This document discusses control unit design in computers. It describes hardwired and microprogrammed control units. A hardwired control unit generates control signals using internal hardware and operates faster but is difficult to modify. A microprogrammed control unit stores microinstructions in memory and generates control signals by reading these instructions, operating slower but allowing easier modification. The document outlines the design and operation of both approaches.
This document discusses control unit design in computers. It describes hardwired and microprogrammed control units. A hardwired control unit generates control signals using internal hardware and operates faster but is difficult to modify. A microprogrammed control unit stores microinstructions in memory and generates control signals by reading these instructions, operating slower but allowing easier modification. The document outlines the design and operation of both approaches.
Prepared by: Prof. Sanjay Naravadkar Block Diagram of Hardwired Control Unit and operation
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Detailed Block Diagram of Hardwired Control Unit
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Concept of Microprogrammed Control Unit
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Microprogrammed Control Unit and it's operation
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State Table method of Hardwired Control Unit design Each cell of the State Table contains: Generic State Table • Input formed using actual input (I) & status bit (S). (This is collectively called as the 'Composite input') • Expected output (Z) for this Composite input • Output (Z) defines the set of control signals to be activated. Advantage: Simple method Drawbacks: 1. Used only for small processor designs 2. Needs memory space for the storage of the state table 3. Generation of control signal is slower as state Tuesday, October 3, 2023 table Computer Architecture cell by Prof. Sanjay is to be read from memory Naravadkar 6 Delay Element method of Hardwired Control Unit design Generic block diagram • Normally, each Delay Element generates fixed time delay (say Delay = T) • Junction outputs after delay are connected to “OR gates” depending on the activation of control signals • After 1st Delay Element, junction O/P is activated at time “t = T”, generating control signals as C1 C2 C3 = 111 • After 2nd Delay Element (time t = 2T), the control signals generated as C1 C2 C3 = 110 Advantages: Faster operation Drawback: Reconnection & restructuring required to design new instructions in the CPU (design becomes complex) Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Computer Architecture by Prof. Sanjay Naravadkar 7 Micro-instruction format in μ-programmed Control Unit: Horizontal Microinstructions: Vertical Microinstructions: • Each bit of the microinstruction • Microinstruction has one or more encoded gives individual control signal control fields • Such encoded control fields must be decoded to get all the individual control signals • Short formats • Limited parallelism • Considerable encoding • Longer formats of the control information • High degree of parallelism • No encoding (or little encoding of control information)
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Microinstruction sequencing & execution Execution of all microinstructions of particular machine instruction in a proper sequence is called as microinstruction sequencing & execution.
Two methods adopted for Microinstruction sequencing & execution:
1. Microinstruction with address of next microinstruction embedded • Leads to lengthy microinstructions, hence large Control Memory size • Simple but costly implementation • Speedy execution of the microinstructions (and hence machine instruction)
2. Using Microprogram Counter (μPC)
• μPC sequnces the microinstructions automatically (like PC in machine instructions) • Care to be taken in conditional branching within microprograms Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Computer Architecture by Prof. Sanjay Naravadkar 9 Comparison of Hardwired with Microprogramed C Hardwired Control Unit Microprogrammed Control Unit • Control signals are generated using • Control signals are generated by internal hardware of the CPU reading microinstructions from • Faster operation Control memory (Control ROM) • Addition of new instruction is very • Slower operation difficult, as it needs to restructure • Addition of new instruction is much entire H/W simpler (by adding microprogram in • Lesser instructions are implemented the Control ROM) • Used in RISC processors • More instructions can be designed • Methods to implement are: State • Used in CISC processors Table, Delay element, Sequence • One very common method to counter, PLA based designs implement is “Wilke's design” Tuesday, October 3, 2023 Computer Architecture by Prof. Sanjay Naravadkar 10