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73 K-Theory - Mazhe
73 K-Theory - Mazhe
73 K-Theory - Mazhe
K-theory
if aij P A are the coefficients of a P MN pAq. Two projectors p, q P MN pAq are equivalent in the
sense of Murray-von Neumann if there exists a matrix u P MN pAq such that p “ u˚ u and
q “ uu˚ . In that case, the matrix u is a partial isometry by lemma 57.13. Notice that this notion
of equivalence was already developed on page 2777 when speaking of projectors in von Neumann
algebras.
We consider
§8
M8 pAq “ MN pAq,
N “1
with the inclusion map
„ : MN pAq Ñ MN `1 pAq
ˆ ˙
a 0 (73.2)
a fiÑ „paq “ .
0 0
We consider the equivalence p „ q in M8 pAq if and only if there exists u P M8 pAq such that
p “ u˚ u and q “ uu˚ . The class of q is denoted by rqs and the set of classes is denoted by V pAq.
The set V pAq is a semigroup for the addition
„ˆ ˙⇢
p 0
rps ` rqs “ .
0 q
Some elements are not invertible.
Problèmes et choses à faire
Pour bien faire, il faut encore prouver que cette somme est bien définie.
Proposition 73.1.
The semigroup V pAq is abelian.
ˆ ˙
u
Proof. If p “ uu˚ and q “ vv ˚ and a “ , we have
v
„ˆ ˚ ˙⇢ „ˆ ˙ˆ ˚ ˙⇢
uu u u
rps ` rqs “ “ “ raa˚ s “ ra˚ as,
vv ˚ v v˚
2843
2844 CHAPTER 73. K-THEORY
but ˆ ˙ˆ ˙ ˆ ˚ ˙ ˆ ˙
v˚ u v v q
a˚ a “ “ “ .
u˚ v u˚ u p
ŸA : V pAq Ñ K0 pAq
” ı (73.4)
rps ބ rps, r0s .
Proposition 73.2.
This map is injective if and only if V pAq has the simplification property.
Notice that every element in K0 pAq can be written under the form of a difference
ŸA prpsq ´ ŸA prgsq,
namely,
” ı ” ı ” ı ” ı
rps, rqs “ rps, r0s ` r0s, rqs “ ŸA rps ´ rqs, r0s “ ŸA rps ´ ŸA rqs.
73.1. THE GROUP K0 2845
73.1.1 Example
In the case A “ , the space V p q is determined by the simple following result.
Proposition 73.3.
Two projectors of p, q P MN p q are equivalent if and only if the dimensions of their image are
equal.
Proof. From what was said about projectors on page 2691 , there exists a u P MN p q such that
p “ uu˚ . Moreover p and q are both diagonalisable, and from the dimension assumption, their
diagonal form are the same. In particular, Trppq “ Trpqq is their common dimension of image
space.
If p “ uu˚ , then p can be written as uA u˚A with uA “ uA for every matrix A such that AA˚ “ .
We are going to find such a matrix A for which q “ u˚A uA , i.e. q “ A˚ pu˚ uqA. Notice that u˚ u
and A are diagonalisable; the proposition should be proved if their diagonal form are the same: in
that case A is the unitary matrix which diagonalises u˚ u in the basis in which q is diagonal.
We have pu˚ uq2 “ u˚ uu˚ u “ u˚ pu, and using the fact that p2 “ p, we find pu˚ uq3 “ pu˚ uq2 , so
that the eigenvalues of u˚ u are 0 and 1. From that and the assumptions, we deduce
` ˘ ` ˘ ` ˘
dim Imagepu˚ uq “ Trpu˚ uq “ Trpuu˚ q “ Trppq “ dim Imageppq “ dim Imagepqq ,
` ˘ ` ˘
so that dim Imagepqq “ dim Imagepu˚ uq and they have the same diagonal form.
Since two projectors are equivalent if and only if the dimensions of their respective image are
equal, the set of equivalence classes is V p q “ . The Grothendieck group associated with the
semigroup is , so that K0 p q “ .
73.1.2 Universality
Proposition 73.4. ` ˘
Let G be an abelian group and : V pAq Ñ G, a semigroup homomorphism such that V pAq is
invertible in G. Then extends in an unique way to an homomorphism : K0 pAq Ñ G such that
˝ ŸA “ .
In other words, one can invent the map is such a way the following diagram commutes:
K0 pAq
ŸA
✏ "
V pAq / G.
Proof. For unicity, consider 1 , 2: K0 pAq Ñ G, two maps extending the map , so
`“ ‰˘ ` ˘ `“ ‰˘
1 rps, rqs “ 1 ŸA rps ´ ŸA rqs “ rps ´ rqs “ 2 rps, rqs , (73.5)
that condition (73.3) holds. Since V pAq is invertible in G, it makes sense to compute
`“ 1 ‰˘ `“ ‰˘
rp s, rq 1 s ´ rps, rqs “ rp1 s ´ rq 1 s ´ rps ` rqs
` ˘
“ ´ rp1 s ` rqs ` rrs ` rp1 s ` rqs ` rrs
(73.7)
“ r0s
“0
2846 CHAPTER 73. K-THEORY
where we used the fact that G is abelian in order to rearrange terms and the fact that is an
homomorphism. We have ˝ ŸA “ because
` ˘ `“ ‰˘
ŸA rps “ rps, r0s “ rps.
Proposition 73.5.
If – : A Ñ B is an homomorphism of C ˚ -algebra, then the map
–˚ : V pAq Ñ V pBq
(73.8)
ras fiÑ r–paqs
Proof. Let consider a projector paij q P M8 pAq. Since – is an homomorphism, the matrix –paij q is
a projector of M8 pBq. Since – preserves the involution (by definition of a C ˚ -algebra homomor-
phism), we have that a „ b implies –paq „ –pbq. Thus the induced map –˚ : V pAq Ñ V pBq is an
homomorphism.
In order to get the extension, we use the universality property. We know that – is a semigroup
homomorphism and “ ŸB ˝ –˚ is a semigroup homomorphism from the semigroup V pAq and the
group K0 pBq. Then universality provides : K0 pAq Ñ K0 pBq.
Proposition 73.6.
If A is a C ˚ -algebra obtained as the inductive limit
A “ limtAi , ij ui,jP ,
Ñ
Proposition 73.7.
If X is compact and Hausdorff, the set of equivalence classes for „ is an abelian group for the
direct sum.
Proof. No proof.
Proposition 73.8.
The set of equivalence classes with respect to »s has the simplification property
F ‘ E1 »s F ‘ E2 ñ E1 »s E2 (73.10)
on every compact of X.
Proof. Using proposition 53.2, we can add on both sides of F ‘ E1 »s F ‘ E2 a vector bundle F 1
such that F ‘ F 1 “ ‘n . Thus we get E1 ‘ ‘n »s E2 ‘ ‘n , which means that E1 »s E2 .
We know that the positive rational numbers ` are build from the integers by taking the pairs
pa, bq P 2 and the quotient by
pa, bq „ pc, dq ô ad “ bc.
We perform the same construction with vectors bundle and we define KpXq “ tpE, E 1 qu{ „ where
Let us prove that that relation is transitive. For this, we suppose pE1 , E11 q „ pE2 , E21 q, and
pE2 , E21 q „ pE{ , E31 q, i.e. there exists integers n and q such that
Now we use the relation E2 ‘ E31 ‘ ‘q “ E3 ‘ E21 ‘ ‘q in the right hand side and we use the
simplification property by E21 , we get
which means that pE1 , E11 q „ pE3 , E31 q. Notice that the capacity assumption was used when we
made the simplification by E2 . The simplification would have added a ‘m which was implicitly
absorbed in the n or the q.
In that context, the class of the pair pE, E 1 q is often denoted by E ´E 1 . The set KpXq becomes
a group for the addition
The zero of the group KpXq is E ´ E for any E and the inverse of E ´ E 1 is E 1 ´ E. Since
E ‘ pE 1 ‘ F q “ E 1 ‘ pE ‘ F q, we have
E ´ E 1 “ pE ‘ F q ´ pE 1 ‘ F q. (73.13)
Proposition 73.9.
The map
Ï : KpXq Ñ K̃pXq
(73.14)
E ´ ‘n fiÑ rEs„
is a surjective homomorphism.
The kernel of that map of made from the differences E ´ ‘n with E „ ‘0 , or in other words,
E »s ‘m for a certain m,
kerpÏq “ t‘m ´ ‘n u Ä KpXq. (73.15)
This is isomorphic to .
2848 CHAPTER 73. K-THEORY
Kf : KpXq Ñ KpY q
(73.19)
KF fiÑ pf ´1 q˚ .
Since KpIdX q “ IdKpXq and Kpg ˝f q “ Kg ˝Kf for every f : X Ñ Y and g : Y Ñ Z, the operation
K is a functor.
where projX and projY are the projections of X ˆ Y onto X and Y . So we have proj˚X : KpXq Ñ
KpX ˆ Y q and the product proj˚X paq proj˚Y pbq is the internal product in KpX ˆ Y q. It is a general
fact that tensor product of rings is a ring with the rule
In our case, KpXq b KpY q is a ring. We are going to prove that µ is a ring homomorphism. Let
us denote by f ˚ pEq the function given by proposition 53.3. We have
` ˘
µ pa b bqpc b dq “ µpac b bdq “ proj˚X pacq proj˚Y pbdq.
73.2. VECTOR BUNDLE AND K-THEORY 2849
Now suppose that a “ Ea ´Ea1 and c “ Ec ´Ec1 . We have ab “ Ea bEc ´Ea bEc1 “ Ea1 bEc `Ea1 bEc1 ,
and using the properties (53.8), we find
` ˘
µ pa b bqpc b dq “ proj˚X paq proj˚X pcq proj˚Y pbq proj˚Y pdq
“ proj˚X paq proj˚Y pbq proj˚X pcq proj˚Y pdq
“ µpa b bqµpc b dq,
The main content of Bott periodicity is to prove that (73.22) is in fact an isomorphism.