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Lec 07 Water Salt Balances
Lec 07 Water Salt Balances
Some facts:
• Oceans contain over 97% of water on earth
– Ice (polar ice caps, icebergs, glaciers) ~2%
– Ground water, soil, lakes, rivers, etc ~ 0.6%
More precipitation
in low latitudes
Using the principles of conservation of mass and conservation
of salt we can solve some interesting problems
(steady state solutions)
input = output
mass: ρiVi + ρfR + ρfP = ρoVo + ρfE (f=freshwater; i=input; o=output)
Strait of
Gibraltar
Bosphorus
Salinity of the Med Sea
(1) Vo – Vi = (R+P) – E Conservation of mass
(2) ViSi = VoSo Conservation of salt
Mediterranean Sea
Over the sill at the Strait of Gibraltar, know
Si and So well, and have an estimate of
Vi = 1.75 Sv (1 Sv = 106 m3/s).
from (2) Vo = 1.68 Sv
From (1) (Vo-Vi) = (R + P) - E = - 0.07Sv
negative means that E > (R + P) in the
Mediterranean.
Black Sea
Vi = 0.006 Sv. from (2) Vo = 0.013 Sv
From (1) (Vo-Vi) = (R + P) - E = +0.007Sv
positive means that E < (R + P) in the Black
Sea.
Residence time- the time it would take to replace all
the water (also called “flushing time”)
Med. Sea Black Sea
input
Vi= 1.75 Sv 0.006 Sv
(5.5 x 104 km3/year) (0.02 x 104 km3/year)
Total
Volume= 3.8x106 km3 0.6x106 km3
Residence time
Volume/Vi= 70 years 3000 years
• Ocean observations
– What we observed
– How we observed: local instruments, remote sensing,
Eularian & Lagrangian methods, etc .
• Properties of Seawater
– Distribution in the world oceans, how T,S change, why?
– Density and the Equation of State (UNESCO & linear)
– Static stability, speed of sound (SOFAR channel)
Good Luck