1

· mi
T = I-
I

7W , 7
⑧
The force F(r) acts on the Line
M2
and
joining the m mz
,
U2
.

~ 7
equation of Motion form, :

mict=f(r)r
similarly for me :

mi= f(x) (5)

~30 -> attractive force

UCO - Repulsive forces

* =

Limit r =
, + Me
m

↑ =
mit, +merz
-
=
G(v) +

f(x)() =
0

m,tmy my + W2

R =

Ro + Vint

=
(fr () f(r)(mt
-

-
= =
-

(mm) i = -

f()
 < Reduced mass

it =
- f(x) m
(mm)
=

Take
xeq -> Muxt=-Fluxo

45xi) 0
fluxp) 0
=
; =

constant Vector
Ex =

Exit is far to the

plane 48 ; i .
e aware on a fixed
plane .

Equation of Motion in polax Coordinates

E
yu r T nr+ y;
(n , =>
(2 y) y)
=

i
I (r, 0) ur+ 08

e
=
=

c rcoro
=

7
R
y
=

U sino

v( y) ,
=> vcore + usino ;
Y(a y) ,
= 100 + sino ;
olm , y)=-sinc + coroj
i =
ir+r8 -

ir+r/-smot +cnj)
=>

ilcoi+sino]) +rtsio+cws)
=>

(icor-usino) i /usino+rcone) I +

Cow]
i intro col
is+r8- ir+r)-smot +conj)
=

i =
+ soo
i =

( - voz) + /ro+zvo)
Equation of Motion :

int = - f(x)

M(-004=-f(u) M(votzvo)
;

0
=

de d
(2) (3)
tom in
polar System :

o =
-
; In (8) = -
z/nr+ >

j
· or 28= constant
Mr28= constant

Angular Momentum (l) =

~x(ME) => M 5x10+ voo)

=M228(uxo)
constant in and Direction
:. is
Magnitude .

Total
Energy kf+ 4t
= M/2+ W(w)
=

= M(02 (8) 2)
= +

+4(w)

of (nM) =

35Md+wIra where ex is Some

position
Reference
 += M(i (4))Y + u() - M/i2
(2) ucra
+
= + +

6= (Mi2 1(82) + (a)

+

"(r) dra)) I
=

= In [as+2vro+200] +

:
=

↑(vi + vig2+ 1200] + if(r)

- M [vitrio+w2o]
+r [-M(-rit]

↳
=

M(22582+ 1200) :

O
Component of EOM :

+ 200 = 0

=
0
(from above)
2
z M
2 Wi
= + +

Heff(2)
Force
given by gravity
:

mi=fN
+H
a
=
 wirl=JfNdr=> I do -amime
92

t =

+M2+ = -

amm i

neft
-M5= -- Veff(W)

W
--
I
<ne-
-

a -30
vepy(2) -hmina
- -

↓
-
- -

i
=

Cumin)s Coman)s
un
i3 /1///I
/
~min/
-

2
↑

/.
⑧

allowed
case I : - >0
,
> Veff is
gmin]2
- Everywhere except varmin

Smin
⑧
> (Hyperbola)

Lars2 E 0
; same El
except Ermin)> (rmin)
:

as
=

(parabola)

>
rinin

Cast 3 : Eso , region is bounded

byw UminxWarman (wit firnt
body)
(Ellipse) ↳min smal
 Umin= smar
Casey
:
t =
E min

(Circte)

Condition for Orbit = r<0i Vett(r)

having an
t >

E-Veff(z) =

0
(Limiting Care)

mer- r-am
-2-e

r=-nmm2 It (4) IE1 C here we

get only
one valid solutions

7/08/21 :

I alne the
Equation of Motions
(-OM)
M( -voY =- 4m , me iM(vo + zv0) =
0

82

given y initial conditions vi , w i , 0i ,;

Hw : Sale this
coupled System (ona Compute) Numenically to get
r(A) 3 0(A)
·

(v, 0)
Constants of Motion :

= =

= Mi+ rioi)--4mmn
2
;
l =

M2 , 8:
;

tim Solve
Analyti cally for I as function of 0(r) ; Recast the
:

function with 'O' as the dependant Variable .

Wo
=

: where
'prime denotes derivative wit O'

d(i) ! (2)
(i
i
-> =
or ins i
=

"
" It
=

↑ [ -v82] =-
[mimz
82

"(n-zec2-et)= me M285

alr t
=
-

u a

" zu- =- 4mm i Grmz

=

12
 - a - : y
=

1
y' =

I
y
cy2i e
=

11

1
a = -

I
ye

32(- )-2()- 1
=
y
2 - y -
-
=
+
-

z"
CM
y
-
-
= -

y+ y
=
I
Asio+BantCY; at 0i vi yi
y10) 0 w
;
:

; y
= =
=

zi Y vi
=

i =
j,
;j ,
=
i
-

gives AR B
ecos10 00)
<* [
where
y(0)
=

- -
:
 A = -

CME 20000 B
= -

<M- sin00
i
12 12
I
& (0) = 12
(M (1 -

-cos(0-00))

where -900 are determined from initial Conditions

rico) =

arco) - I
It -s in (0-001)
do (1-ec(0-00)2 ar

esinco-ody
-
-

i(0) =
-

Esinco-8) s
i
l

r(0) = =

ecsinco -

00)
l

Mathematical Aside :
Conic Section :

my
78
-

I e =
2 COSO

y using
Jo
↑O
I
=

r =

In
S

1- -cos O
i
r recor No
:
-

U -
Ed =

Vo
i r v2 ro+ zenw+
22
=

vott = =

ytU
ro 4t22
y2
x+ 02
y U 27x5
= +
+
=

( 2) Mo
yc zexr
=

+ -

Equation of Conic Section

Case 1 ->71 then the
equation takes form of
:

in :
;

-paty2 -qu k =2 1 ; 2tr

p g
=
=
=

y2 =

k +

pn2 +

qx

y2 =

Y(x a) +-
K -
hyperbola
Centered at
forsome I30

larea t

1yz
:

qx+ k2 +
Equation of a
=

parabola

Case 3 :
0 <f < 1
2
PaR + y2-qx = K as
p>0
P(x-n) y +
=

k2
↳ centered
Mipse
arround is
Case y t
:

0
=

ro-circle
n+y2 =
with centre (0, 07

-
-> to E 0-00 N
Relating 10)
=

ecoco-or

wan
Mr + ! Mr !
- in
c =

! it zami

li
oi Inesinit Mix -
-tani)
!

=>
!
Mersin ;
li
+ (1-tani)) -

(1-e(i)
22
-

-an-utcos/ni) (1-cnfit)
I
sini+it
2

I [ e
.
=> -

2] = (6-1)
IY(e +1 -
Energy
=
=>

=70 ; = >0
-hyper
E 0 t
i 0
para
= = -

= <0 ; = <0 -
Ellipse

G 1
2 Et ic 4m, me
= + =

if m
, > me

M mim2 = Me
=

m , + M2

c I 2 t 12
=

m
, m?
then t closes to
<as
Comes I

=2) a b shrink
b =

(1 -

gets
 = NIC
kym kym2=
=
=

-2

(12) (1) ( Kim

-=
kym2
2 =

: =

q
)(m
kgm
=
=

Si

ag2
MCE ky
(Bg" **)
=>
-> (2) (11
=

(2)
both have Some
dimensions

The Solution of FOM = W10) No vo 12

=

i
=

i
1 - -

2010 -

00) CM

M =

m , M2
E
- and Do
depend on the initial m
,
+

m2
conditions .
c =
4m, m2

vi = -

=simcoi-8) i t =

HaER2
22M

=- IM(i+ v
,
28 +
2) -amer
l =

voi
M

↑
 sint(yir) +
5 = 0
, ;
0 =

0:
-sin(-wi EC
⑧ M2

i
- ⑧

↓
3
-
mi
Choose
·

is 00 0 ⑧
⑧
↓
Smin ,7* "man, 07
=
· (0, 0) <a >

U =

Vo when O = 0
i V =
max= No

1- - wO 1 -

0 =
5
i U =

Umin= wo

It E
200
2a Uman+rmin => No + wo =>
=

(1+ +)
2
(1 E)
- 1 -

a =

80
i b
2
=
a2(1 -
+2)
2
1 02
-
b =

v i
b =

to
2
1-
1 -
22
if 00 =

x -> HW

There con
fixed or doesn't have Acceleration but their
any
is

would relative Moment Acceleration Masses'

be a or
Among the

prove
:

Origin Lies on one

of the
focii of the
ellipse .
* ·
Be
· ⑧
-
with Coordinates (v, 07
F
Consides a
point A on the
ellipse [
a
7

& /AB) + S/AC) =

Constant
((AB) ((AC) + =

1(Bt) +
1(ct) =
UmintUmane= 2a

+r =
2a +
proof :
 =

115) + >1AB) /(BC) caso

2

l(1) =

(13) -

e(B) =
1(A) =
l(B)

& (BF) =

1 (CF) =

No

= + yro-UnocosO
[v(l-+(oa) vo]
=

~ = Yo+ ErcosO
V -
r
8
=

rcor
Wo
Ro a Umin = o E
=
- -

1- =2 It

no = tro

1 -
-2

4 -
= + 4

4 -=
witne
i bro2
=
+

[1- +

(1
-

242

)
~

8
(u -

5 =

1(r 2a) -
as < 2a

5 =

2a 5
-

; +r
=

2a

Nomenclature :

r =

Umin U= maxe

perihelion aphelion Sun-earth

perigee aphogen earth-moon/satilite

 pesiastion apastron Anyother -

planet star

pesilune apolune moon-Spacecraft

pesijove apojove jupiter Gyonomade
-

meral
percapsi apoupsis
periCentre apocentre
39

Kepler Laws !

1 .

Every planet Moves in an

elliptical Orbit with sun at one focii .

9 .
The Jadiu Vector forms the Sun to the planet Sweeps out
equal area in

equal time .

3.
period of revolution
The of the planet about the Sun is related to its

Semi-Major meis ; T24 As

proofs :

1 .

prove that the Orbit follows v =

ro which Corespondes to a Ellipse
with Sun at foci when <I 1-7coso
f
Kepler and Order + dr
2 .

do <
68

SA =

= r(rsinso) +
dr(rsinSo) => (r + r) so

SA
= 15 udso
=
+
70

= +
ster woso
tends t o0
 st tu20=>f= Constant
=

I qual area in equal time

= ju+roo = vr+vo8
vo vo
~(4) 5 man)
Voxt(priblian-vmin
= =

:
upiheliom -

E
mV+-hm mvE=t+ 4 mime
=

, mz
= ;
I M

Speed along the

trijectory is not constant as circle .

so
Trans ;
It tab=
Ift
ab
A
..
=

Ezib
a =
= ro

Fez

i See
+2
2)
( "(
/
,) 2:
=

+2 =

(ym/
*-2) as -as
a
+2 =

4 x
inz) me
 +2 =

472a3 > a -Ral

=>

- q(m, mc)
4(m , m2)
+

if m
,
<< m => M

2
+ =

472a
4N

Solving on a
Computer :

Non Dimensionalise a differential Equations :

↑[ -582] =
- 4m , me in =

I
=
4

82

"-02 [n 02] As
Mi( =
~
me =>
- = -
am , mz

-4 M

(Y"-d2] =
=
(amm2ts]
M2 US M

e
dimensionless quantities

Orbits
Heliptical of Meliocentric
bodies and Orbital parameters :

have shown that the

we
general elliptical Orbit is for the body
centric fore
problem ;

t =
50

1-
-0cos(0-00)
we choose a Coordinate F 00 =
↑
 ~ =

Vo

1- EcosO

up
=

distance to pericentre or
perihelion

up
z *
Wo
a
=
=

+t

do a
* = ca
=
-
=

Consider m =
M
I

my
=

m where M>> m

Mm
M ~m
=

m +
M

Define ) - negy/mass) ; h > (Angular Moment7

=
=

mass

amm -mig -
ro- = so

My
Ye *+e) ↑p
= =

h2 =

4p4n(1 +

z) = h =

qn(1+t)rp
we also have :
= If 2E12 -> 1 +
27 12
MC2 ma2m2n2
 7 =

It 2Eh2
(qm)2
a 22(1)) rp
12-1 =
224m(1+)rp
/
=
=

(9m)
*
91

E
2 GM(t 1) Energy per Unit
=

mass
-

24p

Aim : To
get an
analytic way
to
empress' v'as a
function 't'

E
+ vo- +
=

i =
+
22 -

A 23
-+
=

↓A

I initial conditions
1
At :

(3 ) A t
P1r
=
=

Up

Time of pericentre passage

I(E- 2)
->
+ = A -

+
 In order to
simplify ,
we rewsite the parametric Solutions :

(a) Consider if
1-e(1
Up - and
r =

-
+ o

-< 1 che
they are not
=

Up related .

(1+ -

cor)

excentric
Eis not
Energy =
Anomoly ; * ↑
-

;
when = 0 r
up
=
=

t
air Va
=

I~Ech
r
apehelion

(e-pancitel
=

+ 22)Y
Y2

C
Wi
+
ranr
(t- z)=
J Yertung -Uplite
qn(t- z)
Ice -uplite)
=

Substituting w =

VP= (1 <x )
-

22+r2cE-K-PCt - Ysince -
1- t

ene
also
Up
; =
42
=
a

1- t

I a[1-ecst)

jasin/
NASin7dE -
S -3/2(1
⑧
-

=(15) da
O
E

M(1-2) =

as
/z-esint] .

n(A-i) =

as [ =--sinE]
T
-
=

4x23/2
GN u(1-1) x (F-tsinz)
=

M =
-esinE7
M
E(t 1) = Keplers equation
=

n
;
-

↓ ↳ mean

Orbital
mean
angular
Anomoly velocity
p(a z), v a(1 cost)
- -(v
=

0 a

0) P r
vp(1 t)
=

,
* ~
I E O It E asO
I
-
⑧

e)(d)
: A

->
= at - -
~q r =

a(r -

~
(1+ +

(02) z)(1 t)
=
a(1 - +

v(1+ Ecor) a (1 =2)

=
-

Ercoso a (l-z2)-2 :

recoro => a -at-2

 r
=

a)1 Ecost)
-

= v8co = a - ac2 -

+ (-wa a

fcor=> af Cost
I
~ -

a 22
-

~cos =
a cost - at
a cost => Mlos0+ at

tan (012)=
It tan ()

Orbit in Space :

Orbit of Planet / comet is in inclined

any
other
general to the earth-Sun

plane we need to this wit some Reference Coordinate System

express
.

celestial Sphere
autoe -> Summer Solstic

.
eq I
-
S
heliocentric
ecliptic plane pericentere
nz
Orbital
L

" ~ vernal
equinore
- plane

----
,

↳ "winter Salistic (E
reference
plane

I
-

7
y
sh
L
mi
⑧

I-inclination ~recending Node

 -z descending ↑

-A
Node
↑ ⑧

.
T -I
7
r I

canding"
.

· Line or nodes
aS Node

x
vernal equinox

Nodes Line of intersection

1) Line of of the planes plane
:

reference
:

and orbit plane .

Mode
2) Ascending/ Descending point in the both planes where the
:

Orbit Crosses the Orbit plane .

sign : below to abrove

(42) Ascending
Abow to below (2) descending
.

heliocentric Eliptical plane =

Reference plane
Direction of the Vernal
equinox =

(X , Y
, 2) ~ Reference plane .

(n , y , 2) + Orbital plane

-
Angle of inclination (I) Angle Hw Reference Plane E orbital
:

& Longitude of a
Ascending Node (2) Angle blu the Reference
:

and Line
Direction (X) of Nodes (Angle in the RP)
.

Arguement of pericente Anglehyw line of Node and the

5) :

(Line joining the

focus to the pericentre of the Orbit) (Angle in the

00)
Transforming (n y z) , ,
-

(X , Y 2) ,

Rotate about I
1
throughNodes angle w an so that the n-axis
.

Coincides with the Line

(clockwise in the OP)
of .
 -anis/Line of Node through
2 .

Rotate about the an

angle I ,
so

the Orbit are in the same plane (2-z Coincides)

.

.
3 Rotate about the Earis so that n-x anis coincide

5 lateiner int Sew i Ey

=

it
d

127
4)
*
Cosp
=

n e

sino
y
=
u

2
=

Orbital Elements :

Semi
Major aris a
-

Eccentricity e
-

Inclination I
Angle
-

Longitude of Ascending Node--h

Arguement pericenti ofw -

time of
passage of perihelion
-- or YI

Orbit
Barycentric
-
2
:

mi
-' Ret -=
RT R -
Y +
meen
M2
-

i
0 2 -

Tuz R =
-R
x
,

m
(Y R) me (5 R) =
+

,
-
-
&

->
MIR, + M
, R2 =

0
 From ma ,
->

defination of R
=
cm : -

m =
, ; e

- I

-
-

M2
⑧

O
my +M2

Restricted Problem direction of

3
Body % M3
:

N
E is the

and my at t
line
joining
y -x rez
m
,
=
0
7

frame (9 1 9)
T Inertial Reference

:
↳
, ,
92
e
i

sideral ar

Initial
91

Restrictions :

1) My
< < m
, me (m , me night affuct each other < m3)
my doesnot affect the Motion of m, or my
2) m , me Orbit arround their common
centre
of Mass in a Circular Orbit with a

constant
angular velocity n x /7
=

3) Distance between mi me is fixed

through the evalution
 Define the Synodic frame to be the Rotating frame where ,
n as

woresponds to the instantanous position of the line joining m

, 4 mz -

The Coordinates are denoted

by (n, y , 2)
Sidereal
synodic
my wa 19 ,, 4 ,, 4 , ) (n,y yz) ( M2 , , 0)
=

-
0

m 092 (9212 / 92) (x2 y2 ,2) (M1 07

,
=

,
0
,

My Op (9 , 4, -7 (n, y , z)

5 =

- =

(4 -

2 , 4 1 ,, 9 -
-

9,) =
(x +

M2 , y, z)
i =

⑮P =
(9-92 ,
4 -12, 9 - 92) =

(a -

M1 /y , 2)
Units :

we choose ((9 ,, 92) = 1 unit

distance byw m
,
and M2= 1 Unit

(n)+ M2)=1 But from the defination of CM : m

, 9, + mcz=
↳ m
,9 , = -

m2
m
, (1) =

m/x21
from
(1)
m4(1-141)
(1) :

=
=> kit me as
a 20

C
Reduced
-

V
Mass a
= thee in 2 m
m
, + m2

M1 mi iM2
=

m2
- -

m + m2
,
m
M2 hence x=-M2 M My
,
+
=

,
we choose Units of time F n =

2 = 1

mis
But
= Semi-Major mis ;
a
fatez=1

4(m , + m2)
*
=
a =
1

q(m , mi)
amaz)e e
+ =
1 i

m
, M2
+

Equations of Motion in
synodic frame :

23
Synodic frame are related to [2 , y ,

Note
:

My is not confined to the

plane defined by me and m
,
If o in general

SG [ %]S EY
Cost -
Sinet

signt cont
:

G contn-
sinuity i cosnt-unsinnt
=

7 Sintc +
costy sinnt-yu cont
-

en =

(n yn) cont+
-

(j + un) (-Sinut)
similarly i =

(x -yn) Sinnt+(j+ un)

cont
 gen3[ mont t it Earnine
[ cont
8

from Above equation :

2 =

cosnt(n-zny-n2x)-sint(y+zux-ny) +117

=Sinnt
(n-zny-n2n)+cosnt( ; +znx-cy) (2)
0
-

=↑

(i) X count + 121 x Sinut :

i-zny-n2x=eicont+isinnt
i +znx-ny= sinnt+icrent -

But i =

(9 91) - +

12(a -

22)
82
substitute sinnt
E =

xcont-y

Si
[ (n x) +
(a R)
I cont+( 18-2) +
(8-22)]sinnt
= -
-

similarly i (n-
41 (4-4 ] +
=

,
i
=

((n
-

x) +

(a-n)]sinnt-( 18-21) +
(2-22)]ant
substitute these
if we 2 in the
equation of Motion :

"-znj-rx 1(r x)
1(k
ni)
=
+
-
-

Itzan-ig= 12-ei) ** -e)

substitute M2 M, 971 22 0
=

y x2
=
=
=
-
+

i-zny-nix =
(2 +

2) + (r- Mi)

: znx-ny
(+ 7
+
=

= =

i =

I~,
(4 -

4) + 3)
+
4 z
=

= =

) ~ Locolis force .

"rot=vin-2(wxi) -

wx(wx1)
w
= nk
t = ni+ yj - zk
--
nxj-my? wx=-(nit+niji)
;;
wxr = -

wx(wxV) -ninity =

Define a
pseudo potential :

u
22(n2 yz) + +
=
+
 +My th
=ric-SY-SV2
Su where =
Se
82 =

(n -M1) +

y
+
z-

/(x
-(2) (a-M,) +
=nix-
M2)
M1 2 +

I
/
-

82
vin
=nin -
(n Mn)
+
-

(x- )

Similarly ;

= nintere
-
"-zny-n'n= SV/Sc (as Differential of potential/m
y+ zixe-ry
=

SV/Sy -acceleration)
=
E
=

na-znxy is SV/sn =

I j+zniy=y susy
zi
22
=

By adding :

n+ = I i
jij+ xis+
=
+

and
* * *
a
 jy+
=
in+ zi

By integrating :

y+z
2
x + =
u +
c

:2 + 12422 =

20 +

-1 Jacobian Constant

Jacobian
Integral is a Conserved
quantity (only in Circular 3 B4)
 sideal frame
Jocobian
Integral in the :

Cy =
20 -

(a +

; + z2) (Synodic frame)

1 (n2
y2)
E
where v
=
+

+ +

-y en
( n2(n 42) (n2 12 2)
2 2
= +
+ + +
- +

Y
i (5 4 , 9) (n w , z) int
=

,
,
n
sidereal synodic
"a = 2

Since - = 2 and rotations keep the distance Unchanged

r =
n +

y2 +

zy =

4 42+
+

G
x+y2 = + 12

ri =

(9- e) + (4 -

4 ,)
+

(4 4) -
=

(n M2)" (y)
+
+
+ 2

Y (9 e) + (n 4) (T - 2) (n M, ) (y) 2
+
- + +
= - = -

we will leave r , and 2

as
they are .

Convent
Velocity to the
Synodic frams ->
:2 +12+ 22

35g]= Lwin Sin 0 E

Shade rDut bin? sai 0]En Yere
where e
=

cont & + 1 Sinnt

y
=
-

eSinnt+Conte

Sig (t to] Salt Santanil

:

9 : (t to] Set-a Lcontent o Ey

↓
A
I

SiG AS -
9
=
 + it z 5 ;
g
=

xT =

(9 ;; + n594445T -

(geny -

59223)/99-294

[cut-sinnt ] (int-anne I =(iii) e

A+ B =
⑧

O
00

8) fire =(i e I
n I

firs
pie :

8 I ⑧

/0 %i I
13 B

L I
- A+1 =
1 =
I ⑧ ⑧

(geny -

59223)/99-294
=>
Y +

nzy'Y -

nyTy nyy -
3rd term

-nsqciey) : En -engines
Similarly .
=n(yi -

in)
4th term =
n
(15-ie)

e +

y
+
z =

e+ +
+
n (e+4 + 2n(ni-42}

:.
( na+ y') 2
2- (n+ +
=
+
+

-nat a let test Hateene 2n (49-72}

+

↳ in
syderial
kE/m Pt/m frame
e e

(2 + 92) - n(ni-i )
2
=-
+

s
=

-
Constant
Unit Mass
Energy pen

i =
5x =

(9, 44yxei :3

hi =tijk ~; UK i h =

4- ei
ha =

eie-e
his =

ei-nE
 Es

E
(ni-iE) =

noh
L
es
1
Unit Mass= n
Energy noh-Iy
n
pea es

MC

mP O
Tisser and Relation ⑧

physical Setup
ms

Comet/space maft orbits arround the Sun in a

Keplerian Orbit .

It has a close encounter with another planet and the

gravitational
influence changes its
path .

the Orbital paramete before ⑧

and After encounte are Related

the Tisser and Relation
by
(I
P
.

So

For the
Body System Origin is

the Centre of Mass of M, and me

assur > mi
we
Mp
;

my = Ms My M
=

Origin is closer to the Sun .

Origin =
Sun= focus of the
elliptical path of the
Cornet/spacecraft

For 3
Body Problem :

(
=

z(4 2) + +

(n(i 49)
-
-

(1 y 92)
+ +
=
constant
Relate Cy to Orbital parametes of the comet :

For the Cornet Sun

System
:
-

=-GMS
2- where a Semimajor anis of
=

2a
z Comets Orbit
22 52 12 i2
2
=

+
+ =
- Ms

have 4(m1+ M2)

But for 3
Body problem we = 1

:.
(ms+ mp) = 1 but
mp<
>
ms

Gns= 1

22
I I
: =
-
 /23
5 =

(4 , M, 9) in the initial frame

i
(i , i ,ei)

for the 3
body problem ,
the Jacobian
Integral is a Constant of Motion

( 2 2) 2n(rn-ri) - (+ + i)
+ +
=

conserved in the encounter .

tim :
Relate
G to the Orbital parametre .

For <
body Sun-Comet
system
v
=

i =

a +

i+e

can be related
by Energy (5) which is a Constant in 2
Body problem :

Ep
=

= M(r4-4Msm m-Mass of Comet

S Ms -
4 a Sun

(Energy at perihelion)
x2 =

i =

j2 +
1282 =

ep +

12 +

At perihelion i 0 Ep 1 M(4204)-4Msm
=
=

Up
I M( 12) use
=
-

I/
2
/

M 4
 Ep
In
=

= i where vo- d =

VCM
up
=

Ot =

Ep
#2y (1+ +)
=
-

M Wo

-[C++) 2(1++)]
-
-

Ep ansr(f2-1)
=

But a =
i ty 1 <M
=

-Me-unsm 1 GMs Mi
neMs m
M
= =
-

M =

m
I -m= -
22
GYs 24 s But
-
= +

in the 3
body diagram ,
we choose 4(Ms+Mp)=1

As ms mp 4Ms= 1
;

22
I I
: =
-
( 2 2) zu(ein-ei)-z2
+ +
=

2 )
+ +

zn(ein-ri)--
r =
Sun-Comet distance =

U2
=

Comet-planet distance =

U2
(These forms Can be
comparable in

[S779Mp value if the Comet is really close to

V2 Planet)
3 =

Y
+

!
+

2n(e, nii) -
=

1 +

2n(exi-4i)- /

M =

2xi =

(2 , n, 4)x(e, 4 ;) => kq= e-nei = host

4
hr = + n

- -

I
,
k =

1 =
VCM = VoGMsm
m m
S
m

h =
V
Vo
=
a(1 -
(2)

h = a
(1 + 2) -

Substituting hin (1) :

2xh(os1 all-EY cost constant

Cy 1 -
1 2
= +
+
=

assume n =

a(1-t2n1 allEY Las=

I Tisser and
=
+ 2
+2

parametre
C Uniquenes of comet)
Unless their is a disturbance
 where
primes are
after encounter

Lagsangian Equilibrium points

:
a
point P mass at p doesn't feel
any force
I
>
0m3
-N
in the
Rotating frame .

i 2 (Doesn't Mean there is force in Inertial frame)

no

mi 92 m2

we want to find PA
force at P is Zero in Rotating frame :

In meatial frame the force experience

by
:
my

5-Gmems Y => +FlY-/F

mi=-amm
3
r2
i =
-

IFil-IFzI
In the
sotating frame :

my M3
M

j -Einterial -

((WXV2t) -

wX(wxv]
i =
-

F-Nr
F2

Rotating/synodic
↑

w
=

n -

fined

"o = 0
, jo=0 at point P

"in=wX(wXX) vint should be in the

opposite direction of 2

for Lagrangian stability (After Calculating the

disation of
wx(wxr)
Point p to be
stationary in the
Rotating frame .

win= (5) : FX5 =

 IF1 =-IFil-IFz12

and r in terms of
~
,
a
using ca :

m
, g,
+

M282 =

Tum=
·
(Using en as
Origin)
, +m
m

Ei =

i 5
,
-

92
=

I-

(2 v
,) + Mz(r-22) 0 ; (m / m2) -
my, merz
=

m
- + = +

,
V
, 2,
= m
m2
+

(F IF21E) (m+mmm)
,
+ -
= -
my + M2

me
w-IF2) my e

m , + m2

1F, /M2V2= /F2/ mys

+- Freeene
,

my
my
mre=
2
~
,

r = 2
, i v
,
=

22 The point P should be

equei
distance from min me
 P

/ --
↳

"
E

W I
Pi
i
Bi - 141 =

(2) =
C

is
/ ~

I
L
~ 2
L
- - a
g-
- -

⑨I g ⑧ 92
-
- -
>

Balancing the
magnitude of the
Centrifugal force :

1x(wxr))
=>
(wi
=

Lome
of the
point p forms a Lar bisector
of G, 92 because (5, =12

Magnitute of Gravitation al foace along & :

17 r1=.

<m , me , + a mams Eit

~
, u
=

Gryms CosB + am2m3 C018

(from Above /(e)
~, V

22bmy 4m , m/ CosB +
/Cos (Irl=(82) 1)
=
=

(2

Acco = Mbcos + mebcos]

n
GLOB
+
=

I APR , O
l (B , B , +

l(B, P) = c ((B, 91) =

g(oxx
+ blos M (B, 4)
glod < bCOB
= =

blos = <-
glos
Similar on the other side we
get
blos=
1- (9-g) cost
 n2 =

[m1(-g(0x)
+

m(c -

(a -

g)(4)]
2

=b [ (m1+ mu)c-cos(m g mc(a

g)]
-
+

from (M my (n g)
=

m
g
-

,
:

g
mi e
=

Lox =

-(2mg)]
2C

=((m m2)(
+

,
-

((m ,
+ -2) -

mem
-
G(m + m2)(2- a meI
- ,
->
(I)

from Applying Cosine ale in sle PD , 0

9-b2
Cos =
12 + g2
;
=

xg
b
ag
=

(2 +

g2 -

from ale
g
=

ma
(2+
(a-g)- m1+ M2
cos =

2((a-g)
27 rac-br=
e
(2 bY) + a
-
(m, + m2)

-m + m
, ma
 b) mmma2
(m , m2) (12
=
+ -

me
12
Substitute in (1)
h(m , m2)
/b
2
n
+
=

13
4(m , m2) but
n2 from 2
Body problem
+
:
=

<3

n2
=
in =

4x2 =

S52 a
+( mi)
4

<(m , +

n2 =

G(m, +
m2)
93

if we
equate n from lagrange point and from 2
Body System
we
get = a

i lis
.
e The
Lagrange point on a
equilateral triangle or

sle with and

forms a
equilateral m
, mz .

Ly-upper Ble

Ls-Lower triangle
All
Lagrange points
are
Coplanar
Location of points
the
Lagrange :

An the
synodic frame :

we had
3 eg's of Motion

-zny Su
=

SK

+ 2ni= Su

=
=
al+y2)
A with
where v = + +

(a+ My 2 h
k =

(x -

M ,) +

y2
+ z2

v =

v(n, y , z)

t by E
= =
=

S [ M12, +I
=

Since
S net equal only solution is z 0
=

are

hence
Lagrange points his on
my plane .

-2 (p M)4y2
2
= +

Y (n M ,) y2
=
- +

M12 , + M2222 (M1 M2) n + M , M2 (M1 M2) y 2 (M , + M2)

=
+
+ +

(M , M2) (n2+

+ M , M2
+
y2)
In one Coordinate system ((m , +M2) =
1 ; n
=

1
;

M1 + M2 = 1

↓
in the choice
of coordinates

MIVRAMIN -

MM2= a ty2

2 M -MM2) + *
u =
+

up Siri unitwitha
From
Lag equations :

S 0

Y
+
S
O
Similarly e
=
=
=

+2) (2+M) Ma(r- ](n-

it
(i)
0
;
M1(4
+
= -

z ; M( +] - M(r2)
=
0 +

=
(2) <

(I) :

MU2[Y- ] (n M2)
M2Y(v ](a M1) 0
+ =
+

-
-
 M22(Y ]y M2Y(( 278 0
+
-
- =

y
=

0 (we gets points)

if y to then
Y-1 =0 m -L =

O
(we get a points
er2
I
~
through this LuELs 3
Set : = 1 -
Y
,
=

1;2 =

15 r
=
1)
G
=
+

M2) +
y =
1
2
(n -

M, +

y =
1

(x M2) +
=
= (n -M1)

n
=

M1 -

M2 M1+ M2
=

1
2

1 2M2 2 M -1
=

x -

or ,
2 2

In Our Units
of the
diagram :

- (x M2) => (E) 2

=

I
1
y 1
;
+

y
=
-
=

↳ =

(t
-
42
, 2) =

( -) -
4/08/23

Sets gives 4 12 ↳ which 3 Collinear points

y
:
=

0 are
, , ,

Condition
Location of Collinear
Lagrangian points the
I
=
-
=

;
gave

M(y 1)(u+M2) M2(k +z)(nM) 0

-
+
- =

M(n +2) M2(u +2) =

-
+ -

obtained
setting -z 04 k-2
=
↳3 Is by
are v =

y
=

0 satifies the 2nd

equation -> Y =

(x M)2 +

2 =

(n M72 -

3 collinear points along the line

joining m
, amz = naris

Casel point between

:

in m me
,

from figure ;
I
=M2+
<x4 r
M2 x
↓ M
=
+

,
< -
( M2,
-
07 M1 , 07 r =

M1 -
n

< > > 1

M1 + M2
=

Wi Ve

M( 5 4)( 42) + 4)(-1)

-
+ -
+
=

0 =

4 +

x
=

1
2
 (win=
(De e ,
2
=
~

we -1(1-2)

(a b) 3 a b3 3ab(a b)
= +
+ + +

a - by =

(a b)(a4
-
ab +
b2)

(vzX([-V2) +
11 -

x) + 1) 52
(1-2)
(2-1) (24+ r 1) +

- ve (Y=22-U2+3)
3
= 323 (1-V2+rTs)
(1 v2)
-

2 +

2 1 +

(1 -27 (2,2 +1)

+

x(1 22+ 22yz)

3
34
x
I
=

;
-
=

(1 -27 (2,2 +1)

+

a
(i)"
=

when M2 <M , -> < <<1

6x10ky lot
For example Sun-earth
system =
=

34 2x1030

(m)
a =
=
0 01
.

when & is small <= r2 is a

possible solution put to get higher
Order
, for estimation we expand in 22 -

**
use (H2 It hn+x2+ . . . .

a !
 22/3)"3
L = 22

I -

2
(1 r -

(1+
+

2)
=

R(H2) ! - +)(2+)
E
"
a =
v2 + +

r
3

+S
+

0(k)
3
oubt

V =
1 -
x - i
=
d -
a- -
94
,
3 -

cases
:

if p is
beyond M2

-M2 > L
M1
>
L
v2
>

, !0
7
- M2 , 0) 10 0 in (n 0) ,

L >
z

[ 7
U2

U2 n M1
-
=

k =

x +
M2

1 U2
M, M2 v -22 1i4 1
=
=
= +
+ =

[Friz++)I M(n2)
" (1 + 0
=

= [l+ r)-
I
-

(1 + V2)2

r-1
Wi

E Hunter ) I
> ↳
=
 following the exalie
argrement we get ;

2 x
! 123 !" 0(5)
=
+ - -
+

cases :

↳
,
is left side of m
,;

Isel
L >

is(n 0) Hi
,
, o) 10 07
,
(10)
↳
~ 7
52

r =

In) -

M2 = -
n - M2 (since <o)
&
=
M, +(4) => M, -
u

M1+M2 1
2 U
=
1
; 2 I +4
;
=
=
-

if follow same as lase , and 2

we
process

Let and G expand Gor Small B

I
B 2 ItB
=

=
,

(12,1
=

1 -

(13) 3 = 1 -

(1 +

3443+ 3) -0

3/1 3 + 3)
-
= + +

- 24+ 13t
. . . .

B 4 ItB 1 =
=- 2
=
= -
 8 V2 M1 52
I M2 1 UI
+ =

12
!x
↳ 1
-M2 -
- r V
1 2+
Ly
=
+

,
-

12 1 x
Ex+ 320 52 1
+ =
,

↳s
I Ra -
+

E
↳3
-(i) (2
-
-

x
=

·
14
I

!
↳ ↳I

"
L
->

n is
I

↳3 ↑
7

↳S

Zero
Velocity Surface/Curves :

Jacobian
Integral ( =

zu-v2
:

ar

142 y2)
2/2 +)
n -
(y
=
+ -
+

if n
=
1

(n2 yz)
z(z !)
v = +

3
-
+ +

when v2>0
The test mass my can move
only
 Such Assume for Simplicity the
shape of Regions 3 0 V 0 i
:
= =

,
Critical Value which occures for some no , yo.

Mirty) )
13
- F ro-Gotiz)+ yu
:

U2o Mo-M ,7Y yo

=

for large
100i2( )
values of = -

cy =
(no+yo) -

define a curve in this case its a Circle .

↑y
if city> noty 2

v2 (n - y2)- cy
=

T
I I

my M2 No motion inside the shaded

region .

Case 2
:

(n , y) are small
;

For is close to
Simplicity we assume m
,
m
,
V
, 2

y2)
(n4
2(+ )
v
niy
(ignore
=
+

e
-

they are small

2
v 2 M1
I
-

(x M2) + y2
+

Critical Gre v
for = 0
 MR

24 yzy2
↳ i
= :

(x M2)2 y2
+ +

YMi
2
(n M2) +
+

y2 =

↳I
↓
Circle Centred at my

cy =
20-22 ; zovelocity move is defined by (3 =

zV

( =
n +

y2 +

z(! +
)
we know that
Lagrange points for the Case Mc M1 are
/OM , +M2= /
M2xx)
4 4 3+ 922-102+027 HW4
:

↓ : 22 =
3 +

94-1443
13 : 2
=
3 +
3x3

Ly :
cy
=
3 -

343
29 :
Ly =

(
=
3 -
3

> 227 23 724 =

15

y
z( 2) 15
n + + +
=

when by deceases the radii

,

of inner circle increase .

 Stability Analysis
Consider a
system described by the equ .

1 = As

A fixed f(x*)
of
*
is
point the
system point a - 0
=

a .

Consider
purtwaking the
system assward x*

n =
a
+
+h ,
hn

Fa* hi
= =

Using Faylor expansion ;

= fuln-nx+
Hu* + h .

o ()

= hix ,
define i =

duln=n *

the
perturbation is
governed by ,

= h

ho ext-to)
-
h(t)
Lit! -units
=

h(t) ·

of
a(T >0) I
no I
-

os

-> t
to
Example
-
in I n2 1 -
=

f(x)
Fixed
pts: x =
= 1

stability :

/ = 2 > 8 (Unstable)
=

(stable)
! ---
2 O

stability D :
/Linear)
i =

an + 9.2 e

R2 922
Fixed state
+
02,N ,
=

10 ,
:

07
(i): at (i)
when A is a
diagonal matix
,
A =

(i)
①

I n It? =do et nee

921 =
0 ,2
= 0
X
e

an =

, 922 =

2
 Phase traits :
-

↑ Unstable mode
-1
case :
,
>0 , 12 xU-> .

ya 7

I
-

dxz
rur I
iss
a

o
-
5
~

L C I I -
I
L
depending on
I we can

-
X

"As
-

- either
X
get

1 20 RC8 Similar to I but

-2 :
, ,
-> case ,

arrows reversed -

wes :
ne
x 428
.

X
f

W X
-
X
L

-
S
If x >0
,
,
x < 8 L L > > > > Xe

-
a 7

a 7

-
X