Chapter 3 Exercise 3.

1 35

Chapter 3
Vectors Q3. In OPQ,OP  p, OQ  q , R is the midpoint of OP
and S is the midpoint of OQ such that OS  3 SQ .
Exercise 3.1 State in term of p and q.
Q1. ABCDEF is a regular hexagon AB  a, BC  b , CD  c
state following vectors as scalar multiples of a, b, c
Hint: in a regular hexagon main diagonal AD is double the
side BC and parallel to it.

Sol: we have OPQ,OP  p, OQ  q

a). OR
Sol: since R is the midpoint of OP i.e. OR  RP so
OP  OR  RP
OP  OR  OR  OR  RP
Sol: we have AB  a, BC  b and CD  c OP  2OR
a). DE 1
OR  OP
Sol: from figure DE and DE are parallel & equal 2
So DE  DE 1
OR  p  OP  p
DE   ED  DE   ED 2
DE  a b). PQ
b). EF Sol: From figure using Head to tail rule
Sol: from figure EF and CB are parallel & equal PQ  PO  OQ
EF  CB PQ  OP  OQ
EF   BC PQ   p  q
EF  b c). OS
c). FA Sol: From given condition OS  3 SQ or 1
OS  SQ
3
Sol: from figure FA and DC are parallel & equal OS 3
FA  DC Or we can write  or OS : SQ  3 :1
SQ 1
FA  CD 2nd method
Using ratio OQ  OS  SQ
FA  c 3q  1.0 1
OS  OQ  OS  OS
d). AD 3 1 3
Sol: diagonal AD is double the side BC and parallel 4
OS  q
3 OQ  OS
3
AD  2 BC 4
3
AD  2b OS  OQ
4
e). BE d). RS
Sol: diagonal BE is double the side CD and parallel Sol: From figure using Head to tail rule
BE  2CD RS  OR  OS
BE  2c RS   12 p  34 q
Q2. Given vectors a & b as in figure, draw vectors:
Q4. OABC is parallelogram with OA  a, OB  b , AC
extended to D where AC  2 CD Find in terms of a & b.

a). a  2b b). 2a  b
a). AD
Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b and AC  2 CD
1
Or CD  AC so
2
c). 3a  2b
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.1 36
AD  AC  CD Q6 OA  p  q, OB  2 p  q where p & q are two vectors
1 and M is the midpoint of AB. Find in term of p & q.
AD  AC  AC
2
3 3
AD  AC  b
2 2
b). OD
Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b
a). AB
OD  OA  AD
3
Sol: From figure AB  AO  OB
OD  a  b AB  OA  OB
2
c). BD AB   p  q  2 p  q
Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b AB  p  2q
BD  BC  CD b). AM  12 AB
1
BD  a  b Sol: M is the midpoint of AB , i.e AM  MB , so
2
AB  AM  MB
Q5. OAB is a triangle with OA  a, OB  b , M is the
AB  AM  AM
midpoint of OA and G lies on MB such that MG  12 GB .
AB  2 AM
State in term of a & b
AM  12 AB
AM  1
2  p  2q 
c). OM  OA  AM
Sol: using AM  12  p  2q   12 p  q
a). Find OM OM  OA  AM
1
Sol: M is midpoint of OA  a , So OM  MA OM  p  q  p  q
2
OA  OM  MA
3
OA  OM  OM OM  p
2
OA  2OM Q7. Given that p  3a  b, q  2a  3b , find number x
1 and y such that xp  yq  a  9b
OM  OA
2 Sol: we have p  3a  b, q  2a  3b
1 xp  yq  a  9b putting the values
OM  a
x  3a  b   y  2a  3b   a  9b
2
b). MB
3ax  bx  2ay  3by  a  9b
Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b From figure
3ax  2ay  bx  3by  a  9b
MB  MO  OB
 3x  2 y  a    x  3 y  b  a  9b
MB  OM  OB Comparing the coefficients of a and b
1 3 x  2 y  1...........(1)
MB   a  b
2
 x  3 y  9 or  9  3 y  x.....(2)
c). MG  MO  OB  BG Putting the value of x in eq (1)
Sol: OA  a, OB  b and MG  12 GB or 2 MG  GB 3  9  3 y   2 y  1
From figure MG  MO  OB  BG 27  9 y  2 y  1
MG  OM  b  GB 27  1  7 y
1
MG   a  b  2MG y 28
7
 4
2
1 Putting the value of y in eq (2)
3MG  b  a
2 x  9  3  4 
1 1
MG  b  a x  9  12
3 6
x  3, y  4
d). OG
Q8. Position vectors of four points A,B,C,D are
Sol: From figure OG  OM  MG
a, b, 2a  3b, a  2b respectively. Find AC, BD, BC, CD
1 1 1
OG  a b a in term of a & b
2 3 6
3a  2b  a Sol: let OA  a, OB  b, OC  2a  3b, OD  a  2b
OG 
6 AC  OC  OA  2a  3b  a  a  3b
2a  2b a  b DB  OB  OD  b   a  2b   3b  a
OG  
6 3
BC  OC  OB  2a  3b  b  2a  2b
CD  OD  OC  a  2b  2a  3b  a  5b
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.2 37
ab  i2j
Exercise 3.2
a  b  12   2 
2
Q1. Find the position vectors of the following points
i). P  0, 0  a  b  1 4  5
Sol: since O  0, 0  so v). a  b
OP  P  O   0,0    0,0  Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j
OP   0,0   0.i  0. j a  b  3i  5 j  2i  3 j
ii). Q  3, 2  a  b  32   5  
2
 2 
2
 32
Sol: since O  0, 0  so a  b  9  25  4  9
OQ  Q  O   3, 2    0,0  a  b  34  13
OQ   3, 2   3i  2 j vi). a

 
b
iii). R 3, 2 2
Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j
Sol: since O  0, 0  so a 3i  5 j

OR  R  O   
3, 2 2   0, 0 
b

a
2i  3 j

32   5 
2

OR   
3, 2 2  3i  2 2 j b

 2 
2
 32

Q2. Express the vector PQ in the from of xi  yj a 9  25


49
i). P  0, 0  , Q  4,5
b
a
Sol: we have P  0, 0  , Q  4,5
34

b 13
PQ  OQ  OP   4,5   0, 0  Q4. Find the unit vector having the same direction as
PQ   4,5  4i  5 j the vector given below
i). 3i
ii). P  2, 1 , Q  6, 2 
Sol: Let A= 3i
Sol: we have P  2, 1 , Q  6, 2 
A  3i  32  3
PQ  OQ  OP   6, 2    2, 1 A 3i
A  i
PQ  8, 1  8i  j A 3
iii). P 1,0  ,Q  0,1 ii). i  j
Sol: we have P 1,0  ,Q  0,1 Sol: Let A  i  j
PQ  OQ  OP   0,1  1, 0  A  i  j  12   1  2
2

PQ   1,1  i  j A i j i j
A   
Q3. If a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j then find A 2 2 2
i). a  2b iii). 3i  4 j
Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j Sol: Let A  3i  4 j
a  2b   3i  5 j   2  2i  3 j  A  3i  4 j  32   4 
2

a  2b  3i  5 j  4i  6 j A  9  16  25  5
a  2b  i  j A
A

3i  4 j 3 4
 i j
A 5 5 5
ii). 3a  2b
Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j iv). A  2
3
i  12 j
3a  2b  3  3i  5 j   2  2i  3 j  Sol: we have A  3
i  12 j
2
3a  2b  9i  15 j  4i  6 j 2
3 1  3  1
2

3a  2b  13i  21 j A  i j       
2 2  2   2
iii). 2  a  b  3 1
A  
Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j 4 4
2  a  b   2  3i  5 j    2i  3 j  A  1
4
4

2  a  b   2  3i  5 j  2i  3 j  A 3
i 1
j
A  2 2

A 1
2  a  b   2  5i  8 j 
3 1
2  a  b   10i  16 j A
2
i j
2
iv). a  b Q5. If r  i  9 j, a  i  2 j and b  5i  j , determine the
Sol: we have a  3i  5 j and b  2i  3 j real numbers p and q such that r  pa  qb
a  b   3i  5 j    2i  3 j  Sol: we have r  i  9 j, a  i  2 j and b  5i  j ,
a  b  3i  5 j  2i  3 j since r  pa  qb
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.2 38
Putting the values of r, a and b 4  42  4 1 17 
i  9 j  p  i  2 j   q  5i  j  x
2 1
i  9 j  pi  2 Pj  5qi  qj
i  9 j  pi  5qi  2 pj  qj 4  16  68
x
i  9 j   p  5q  i   2 p  q  j 2
By comparing the coefficients of i and j 4  84
x
p  5q  1 .... 1 multiply by 2  2 p  10q  2 2
2 p  q  9 2 p q 9 4  4  21
x
by subtracting 11q  11 2
or q  1 put in (1) 4  2 21
x
p 5 1 2
p  4 x  2  21
Q6. Find length of vector AB from a point A  3,5  & Q9. If ABCD is a parallelogram such that the coordinates of
vertices, A,B and C are respectively given by (-2,3),(1,4)
B  7,9  . Also find a unit vector in direction of AB
and (0,5). Find the coordinates of the vertex D.
Sol: we have A  3,5  & B  7,9  Sol: Given that A  2, 3 , B 1, 4  ,C  0,5  Let D( x, y )
AB  OB  OA   7,9    3,5  Since ABCD is parallelogram so and equal
AB  10, 4   10i  4 j AB CD and BC DA
Now AB CD
AB  10i  4 j  102  42
B  A  k  D  C  for equal sides k  1
AB  100  16  116  2 29 B  AC  D
AB 10i  4 j 5i 2j  i  4 j    2i  3 j    xi  yj    0i  5 j 
AB     i  3i  4 j  3 j  xi  yj  5 j
AB 2 29 29 29
3i  7 j  xi   y  5  j
Q7. If p  2i  3 j and q  i - j , then find numbers x and y Comparing the coefficients
such that xp  yq  4i  11 j 3  x, 7  y 5
Sol: we have p  2i  3 j and q  i - j  7+5  y
Given that xp  yq  4i  11 j putting the values y  12
x  2i  3 j   y  i  j   4i  11 j
Therefore the coordinates of D  3, 6 
2 xi  3 xj  yi  yj  4i  11 j
2 xi  yi  3xj  yj  4i  11 j Q10 If a & b are position vectors of A & B
 2 x  y  i   3x  y  j  4i  11 j respectively, then prove that position vectors of
Comparing the coefficients we get midpoint of line segment joining A and B is a 2 b
2 x  y  4 ........(1) Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b
3x  y  11 ..........(2)
5x =  15
 x  3 put in (1)
6  y  4
y  4  6
y2 AB  OB  OA
From figure
Q8. If p  2i  j and q  xi  3 j , then find numbers x AB  b  a
such that p  q  5 Let C in the mid-point of AB which divides internally
Sol: we have p  2i  j and q  xi  3 j
than AC  CB
p  q   2i  j    xi  3 j  AB  AC  CB
p  q  2i  xi  j  3 j AB  AC  AC  AC  CB
p  q  2  xi  2 j AB  2 AC
p  q  2  xi  2 j AC  12 AB

pq  2  x  22 Putting the value of AB  b  a

2

AC  12 b  a 
5  4  x2  4x  4 pq 5
Now OC  OA  AC
5  x2  4 x  8
OC  a  1
b  a 
25  x 2  4 x  8
2

OC  a  b2  a
x 2  4 x  8  25  0 2

x 2  4 x  17  0 OC  a  a2  b
2

Here OC  a
2
 b
2
 a b
2

b  b  4ac
2
a  1, b  4, c  17 x 
2a
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Chapter 3 Exercise 3.3 39
Q11. Using vectors, Prove that the line passes Sol: ABCD is a quadrilateral with the position vectors
through the midpoints of adjacent sides of a OA  a, OB  b, OC  c, OD  d and E,F,G and H are the
rectangle divides one of the diagonal in the ratio 1:3
mid points of AB, BC, CD and DA respectively.
Sol: Let OACB is rectangle with OA  a, OB  b Using midpoint formula
OA  OB a  b OB  OC b  c
OE   , OF  
2 2 2 2
OC  OD c  d OA  OD a  d
OG   , OH  
2 2 2 2
And D and E are the mid points of OA and OB , Then Now
OD  DA OE  EB bc ab ca
OA  OD  DA OB  OE  EB EF  OF  OE    ......... 1
2 2 2
OA  OD  OD OB  OE  OE c  d bc d b
FG  OG  OF    ........  2 
OA  2OD OB  2OE 2 2 2
OD  OA OE  12 OB cd ad ca
......  3
1
2
HG  OG  OH   
OD  12 a OE  12 b 2 2 2
a  d a b d b
 ED  EO  OD EH  OH  OE    .......  4 
2 2 2
ED  OD  OE from equation (1) and (3) we get
ED  a b
2 EF  1.HG  EF HG
Here F is the mid point of ED so EF  ED 1
2 from equation (2) and (4) we get
1  a b  a b FG  1.EH  FG EH
EF  FD   
2 2  4 So EFGH is a parallelogram.
OF  OE  EF Exercise 3.3
b a b Q1. Find the components of the vector P1 P2
OF  
2 4 i). P1  5, 2,1 , P2  2, 4, 2 
2 b a b Sol: we have P1  5, 2,1 , P2  2, 4, 2 
OF   
2 2 4
P1 P2   2, 4, 2    5, 2,1
2b  a  b
OF  P1 P2   3, 6,1
4
ab 1 2   x, y, z  then  x, y, z    3, 6,1
If PP
OF 
4  x  3, y  6, z  1
OC  OA  AC AC  OB ii). P1  0, 0, 0  , P2  2,5,1
Now
OC  a  b Sol: we have P1  0, 0, 0  , P2  2,5,1
Since P1 P2   2,5,1   0, 0, 0 
OC  OF  FC P1 P2   2,5,1
ab
ab   FC 1 2   x, y, z  then  x, y, z    2,5,1
If PP
4  x  2, y  5, z  1
ab ab
  FC iii). P1  2,1, 3 , P2  7,1, 3
1 4
 ab Sol: we have P1  2,1, 3 , P2  7,1, 3
3   FC P1 P2   7,1, 3   2,1, 3
 4 
3OF  FC P1 P2   5, 0, 0 

OF 1 1 2   x, y, z  then  x, y, z    5, 0, 0 
If PP

FC 3  x  5, y  0, z  0
OF : FC  1: 3 Q2. Find the initial point of the vector r   2,1, 2  if
Q12. Prove that the line segments joining the midpoints of the the terminal point is  4, 0, 1
consecutive sides of any quadrilateral determine a parallelogram.
Sol: Terminal Point B=  4, 0, 1 and Initial point A=?
Then r  AB  OB  OA
 2,1, 2    4, 0, 1  OA
OA   4, 0, 1   2,1, 2 
OA   6, 1, 3

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.3 40
Q3. Find the terminal point of the vector In questions 6-12 A,B,C,D are the points with position
r  i  3 j  3k if the initial point is  2,1, 4  vectors given by
OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j
Sol: Initial point A=  2,1,4  Terminal Point B=?
Then r  AB  OB  OA Q6. Find AB , BD
1,3, 3  OB   2,1, 4  Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j

OB  1,3, 3   2,1, 4  AB  OB  OA  i  j  2k   i  j  k 

OB   1, 4,1 AB   2 
2
 12
AB  2 j  k Then
Q4. Let u  i  2 j  3k , v  2i  j  2k , w  3i  j  5k Find
AB  4  1  5
i). u  2v
Sol: Since u  i  2 j  3k , v  2i  j  2k , w  3i  j  5k BD  OD  OB   2i  j   i  j  2k 
u  2v   i  2 j  3k   2  2i  j  2k  BD  12  22   2 
2

u  2v   i  2 j  3k    4i  2 j  4k  BD  i  2 j  2k Then BD  1  4  4
u  2v  3i  4 j  7k
BD  9  3
ii). 3v  2w
Sol: Since u  i  2 j  3k , v  2i  j  2k , w  3i  j  5k Q7. Find the direction cosine of CD and AC
Sol:
3v  2w  3  2i  j  2k   2  3i  j  5k  OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j

CD  OD  OC   2i  j    j  k 
3v  2w   6i  3 j  6k    6i  2 j  10k 
CD  2i  k  22   1
2
3v  2w  12i  5 j  16k CD  2i  k Then
iii). 3u   2v  w CD  4 1  5
Sol: Since u  i  2 j  3k , v  2i  j  2k , w  3i  j  5k So the direction of cosine
3u   2v  w   3  i  2 j  3k   2  2i  j  2k    3i  j  5k   2
 ,
0 1 
, 
 5 5 5
3u   2v  w   3  i  2 j  3k    4i  2 j  4k    3i  j  5k 
AC  OC  OA   j  k    i  j  k 
3u   2v  w    3i  6 j  9k    7i  3 j  9k 
AC  i
3u   2v  w   4i  9 j  18k
AC  i   1  1 1
2
Q5. Let p  i  3 j  2k , q  i  j & r  2i  2 j  4k Find
i). p  q  r So the direction of cosine
 1 0 0 
Sol: since p  i  3 j  2k , q  i  j and r  2i  2 j  4k  , ,    1, 0, 0 
 1 1 1
p  q  r   i  3 j  2k    i  j    2i  2 j  4k  Q8. Find the position vector of the point which
p  q  r  2i  2i  2 j  2 j  2k  4k i). divides BC internally in the ratio 3:2
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j
p  q  r  4 j  6k

pqr   4   62  16  36
2

p  q  r  52  4  13  2 13
ii). p  q
Sol: since p  i  3 j  2k , q  i  j
3OC  2OB 3  j  k   2  i  j  2k 
p  q  i  3 j  2k  i  j OE  
3 2 5
p  q  12   3  22  12  12 3 j  3k  2i  2 j  4k
2

OE 
p  q  1 9  4  11 5
2i  j  7k
p  q  14  2 OE 
5
iii). 1
.r
ii). Divides AC externally in the ration 3:2
r Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j
Sol: since r  2i  2 j  4k
r  2i  2 j  4k  22  22   4 
2

r  4  4  16  24  4  6  2 6
1 2i  2 j  4k i  j  2k
Now .r  
r 2 6 6
3OC  2OA 3  j  k   2  i  j  k 
 1 
2
 1   2 
2 2 OF  
1
.r        3 2 3 2
r  6  6  6 3 j  3k  2i  2 j  2k
OF 
1 1 1 4 6 1
.r      1 1
r 6 6 6 6 OF  2i  j  k
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.3 41
Q9. Determine whether any of following pairs of lines AB   i  j  2k    i  j  k 
are parallel.
Sol:
AB  2 j  k
OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j
i). AB and CD We can express as AB  k LM
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j
Where k=2 is some constant
i.e., AB  2.LM
AB  OB  OA   i  j  2k    i  j  k 
 2 j  k 
2 j  k  2.  
AB  2 j  k  2 
CD  OD  OC   2i  j    j  k  Q11. If H & K are mid points of AC & CD, show that HK  12 AD
CD  2i  k Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j

AB is not parallel to CD
We can not express as AB  k CD
Where k is some constant
ii). AC and BD
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j Let H is the Mid point of AC
AC  OC  OA   j  k    i  j  k  OC  OA  j  k    i  j  k 
OH  
2 2
AC  i
i  2 j  2k
OH 
BD  OD  OB   2i  j    i  j  2k  2
BD  i  2 j  2k Let K is the Midpoint of CD
OD  OC  2i  j    j  k 
AC is not parallel to BD OK  
2 2
We can not express as AC  k BD 2i  2 j  k
OK 
Where k is some constant 2
iii). AD and BC So HK  OK  OH
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j 2i  2 j  k i  2 j  2k
HK  
AD  OD  OA   2i  j    i  j  k  2 2
ik
AD  i  k HK 
2
BC  OC  OB   j  k    i  j  2k   j  k  i  j  2k And AD  OD  OA
BC  i  2 j  k AD   2i  j    i  j  k 
AD is not parallel to BC AD  i  k
We can not express as AD  k BC We can express as HK  k AD
Where k is some constant Where k  12 is some constant
Q10. Let L & M are the position vectors of the mid points
of AD & BD respectively. Show that LM is parallel to AB
i.e., HK  1
2  AD 
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j ik 1
 .i  k 
Let L is the Mid point of AD 2 2
SO HK AD
Q12. If L,M,N and P are the midpoints of AD, BD, BC
and AC respectively, show that LM is parallel to NP
Sol: OA  i  j  k , OB  i  j  2k , OC  j  k , OD  2i  j

OD  OA  2i  j    i  j  k 
OL  
2 2
3i  2 j  k
OL 
2
Let M is the Mid point of BD
OD  OB  2i  j    i  j  2k 
OM  
2 2 Let L is the Mid point of AD
3i  2k OD  OA  2i  j    i  j  k 
OM  OL  
2 2 2
So LM  OM  OL 3i  2 j  k
OL 
3i  2k 3i  2 j  k 2
LM  
2 2 Let M is the Mid point of BD
2 j  k OD  OB  2i  j    i  j  2k 
LM  OM  
2 2 2
And AB  OB  OA 3i  2k
OM 
2

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.3 42
So LM  OM  OL QP is one third of AB
3i  2k 3i  2 j  k
LM   Q14. Find the coordinates of P where
2 2
2 j  k a). OP  6 and OP is in direction of A  2i  3 j  6k
LM 
2
Let N is the Mid point of BC Sol: OP  6 and OP is in direction of A  2i  3 j  6k
OC  OB  j  k    i  j  2k  A  2i  3 j  6k  22   3  62
2
ON  
2 2
i  3k A  4  9  36  49  7
ON 
2 A 2i  3 j  6k
Let P is the Mid point of AC A 
A 7
OC  OA  j  k    i  j  k 
OP   Then
2 2
i  2 j  2k OP  OP OP
OP 
2
So  2i  3 j  6k 
OP  6.  
i  2 j  2k i  3k  7 
NP  OP  ON  
2 2 12i  18 j  36k
OP 
2jk 7
NP 
12 18 36 
2 Then coordinates of P are P   , , 
We can express as NP  k LM 7 7 7 
Where k= - 1 is some constant b). OP  2 and OP is in direction of A  8i  j  4k
i.e.,
NP  1 LM  Sol: OP  2 and OP is in direction of A  8i  j  4k
2jk  2 j  k  A  8i  j  4k  82  12   4 
2
 .  
2  2 
A  64  1  16  81  9
SO NP LM
Q13. Let P & Q divide the sides BC & AC respectively of A 8i  j  4k
A 
triangle ABC in the ratio 2:1, if AB  a & AC  b , then A 9
find QP is parallel to AB and is one third of its length. Then
Sol: Given that AB  a and AC  b OP  OP OP
 8i  j  4k 
OP  2.  
 9 
16i  2 j  8k
OP 
9
16 2 8 
Then coordinates of P are P   , , 
9 9 9 
BC  AC  AB  b  a
c). OP is inclined at equal acute angles to OX, OY and
Let P & Q divide the sides BC and AC in the ratio 2:1
OZ and OP  4
i.e., BP  2 AQ 2

PC 1 QC 1 Sol: OP  4 OP is inclined at equal acute angles
 PB  2 PC AQ  2QC
so that OP direction of A  i  j  k
 BC  BP  PC AC  AQ  QC
A  i  j  k  12  12  12  3
1 1
BC  BP  BP AC  AQ  AQ A i jk
2 2 A 
A 3
3 3
BC  BP AC  AQ
2 2 Then OP  OP OP
2 2 i jk 
BP   b  a  AQ  b OP  4.  
3 3  3 
From figure 4i  4 j  4k
OP 
3
QP  QA  AB  BP
Then coordinates of P are P   4
,
4
,
4 

QP  AQ  AB  BP  3 3 3

2 2 Q15. Find the magnitude and inclination to each of

QP   b  a   b  a 
3 3 the coordinate axes of vector v, if
2 2
QP   b  a  b  a
2 a). v  3i  4 j  5k
3 3 3 Sol: we have v  3i  4 j  5k
2 a
QP  a  a  v  3i  4 j  5k  32  42  52
3 3
QP  13 AB QP AB v  9  16  25  50  25  2
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.4 43
v  5 2 then direction of cosines are Q2. Angle between two vectors V1 and V2 is arc
4
cos  
3
, cos  
4
, cos  
5 cos if V1  6i  3 j  2k V2  2i   j  4k then find
5 2 5 2 5 2 21
3 5 4 value of 
  cos 1
,   cos ,   cos 1 1

5 2 5 2 5 2 Sol: we have V1  6i  3 j  2k V2  2i   j  4k

  64.89o ,   55.55o ,   45o / V1 .V2   6i  3 j  2k  .  2i   j  4k 
  64 54 ,   55 33 ,   45
o / o / o
V1 .V2  12  3  8  3  4
b). v  i  j  k V1  62  32   2 
2
V2   2 
2
  2   4 
2

Sol: we have v  i  j  k V1  36  9  4 V2  4   2  16
v  i  j  k   1  12   1
2 2
V1  49=7 V2   2  20
v  111  3   cos 1
4
 cos  
4
Given that 21 21
v  3 then direction of cosine are
V1 .V2
1 1 1 cos  
cos   , cos   , cos   V 1 . V2
3 3 3
4 3  4
1 1 1 1 
  cos ,   cos 1 ,   cos 1 21 7  2  20
3 3 3
4  7  2  20  21 3  4 
  125.26 ,   54.73 ,   125.26o
oo

Divided by 7 and squaring

  125o16/ ,   54o 44/ ,   125o16/
4    3  3  4  
2
 2  20
2

c). v is represented by OP where P is point (5,1,4)

Sol: we have P(5,1,4) and v  52  12  42 16   2  20   9  9 2  16  24 
v  25  1  16  42 16 2  320  81 2  144  216
v  42 then direction of cosine are 81 2  16 2  216  144  320  0
5 1 4 65 2  216  176  0
cos   , cos   , cos   65 2  260  44  176  0
42 42 42
5 1 4 65    4   44    4   0
  cos 1
,   cos 1 ,   cos 1
42 42 42  65  44    4   0
  39.5o ,   81.1o ,   51.9o  65  44  0 or   4  0
Q16. if a  3i  j  k , b  2i  4 j  3k , c  i  2 j  k then  44
65
 0 or   4
find a unit vector parallel to 3a  2b  4c Q3 If a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k then
Sol: Since a  3i  j  k , b  2i  4 j  3k , c  i  2 j  k
a). a.b
3a  2b  4c  3  3i  j  k   2  2i  4 j  3k   4  i  2 j  k  Sol: Since a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k
3a  2b  4c  9i  3 j  3k  4i  8 j  6k  4i  8 j  4k a.b   3i  4 j  k  .  i  j  3k 
3a  2b  4c  9i  4i  4i  3 j  8 j  8 j  3k  6k  4k a.b  3  4  3
3a  2b  4c  9i  13 j  13k a.b  4
3a  2b  4c  9i  13 j  13k  9 2  132   13  b). a.c
2

Sol: Since a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k

3a  2b  4c  81  169  169  419
a.c   3i  4 j  k  2i  j  5k 
9i  13 j  13k
Then unit vector parallel to 3a  2b  4c is a.c  6  4  5
419
a.c  15
Exercise 3.4 c). a.  b  c 
Q1. Find the cosine angle between the vectors Sol: Since a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k
a  2i  8 j  3k and b  4 j  3k
a.  b  c    3i  4 j  k  .i  j  3k  2i  j  5k 
Sol: we have a  2i  8 j  3k and b  4 j  3k a.  b  c    3i  4 j  k  .  3i  2k 
a  2   8  3 b  4 3 a.  b  c   9  0  2
2 2 2 2 2

a  4  64  9 b  16  9 a.  b  c   11
a  77 b  25  5 d).  2a  3b  .c
a.b   2i  8 j  3k  .  4 j  3k  Sol: Since a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k
a.b  0  32  9
 2a  3b  .c   6i  8 j  2k    3i  3 j  9k .  2i  j  5k 
a.b  23
 2a  3b  .c   9i  5 j  7k  .  2i  j  5k 
Let  be the angle between the vectors
a.b 23
 2a  3b  .c  18  5  35
cos   
a.b  77   5  2a  3b  .c  12
23 e).  a  b  .c
cos  
5 77
Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org
Chapter 3 Exercise 3.4 44
Sol: Since a  3i  4 j  k , b  i  j  3k & c  2i  j  5k  b  a  .c  0,  c  b  .a  0
 a  b  .c   3i  4 j  k    i  j  3k .  2i  j  5k  b.c  a.c  0, c.a  b.a  0
b.c  a.c, c.a  b.a
 a  b  .c   2i  5 j  4k  .  2i  j  5k  We have to show that AC  OB
 a  b  .c  4  5  20  c  a  .b  c.b  a.b
 a  b  .c  29  a.b  a.c, a.c  b.c
Q4. In ABC , AB  i  2 j  3k , BC  4i  4 j We get  c  a  .b  c.b  a.b
a). Find the cosine of angle ABC  c  a  .b  c.b  a.c
Sol: we have AB  i  2 j  3k , BC  4i  4 j  c  a  .b  c.b  b.c
AB  12  22  32 , BC   4 
2
 42  02  c  a  .b  0
AB  1  4  9, BC  16  16  0 Q6. Given two vectors a, b  a  0, b  0  . Show that
AB  14, BC  32 a). if a  b and a  b are perpendicular, then a  b
Sol: we have a  b and a  b are perpendicular
AB.BC   i  2 j  3k  .  4i  4 j 
 a  b  . a  b   0
AB.BC  4  8  0 a 2  b2  0
AB.BC  4 a 2  b2
 a  b
2 2
AB.BC 4
cos ABC  
AB . BC  14  32   a  b

4 4 1 b). if a  b = a  b then a and b are perpendicular

cos ABC   
7  2 16  2 4 2 7 2 7 Sol: we have a  b = a  b
b). Find vector AC and use it to calculate angle BAC Squaring both sides we get
Sol: we have AB  i  2 j  3k , BC  4i  4 j a  b = a  b
2 2

AC  AB  BC a 2  b 2  2ab  a 2  b 2  2ab
AC   i  2 j  3k    4i  4 j  2ab  2ab
2ab  2ab  0
AC  3i  6 j  3k
4ab  0
AC   3  62  32
2
 a.b  0
ab
AC  9  36  9
Q7 Three vectors a, b & c are such that a  b  c  0
AC  54 a). if a.  b  c   b.  a  c  , prove that c.  a  b   0
AC. AB   3i  6 j  3k  .  i  2 j  3k  Sol: we have a.  b  c   b.  a  c 
AC. AB  3  12  9 a.b  a.c  b.a  b.c
AC. AB  18 a.c  b.c
a.c  b.c  0
. AC AB
cos BAC  a  b c  0
AC . AB
Hence proved
18
cos BAC  b). if  a.b  c   b.c  a , show that a and c are parallel
 54  14  Sol: Since dot product of two vectors is a scalar
cos BAC 
18 So Let a.b  k , b.c  t then
3 2  9  2  7  a.b  c   b.c  a
18 kc  ta
cos BAC 
3  2 21 c  kt a
1 3
BAC  cos  c a
21
Q8. Find angle between following pairs of vectors:
BAC  49.1066o
a). r1  i  2 j  k , r2  i  j  2k
Q5. A,B,C are points with position vectors a, b, c
Sol: we have r1  i  2 j  k , r2  i  j  2k
respectively, relative to an origin O. AB is perpendicular to
OC and BC is perpendicular to OA. Show that AC is r1 .r2   i  2 j  k  .  i  j  2k 
perpendicular to OB. r1 .r2  1  2  2 
Sol: we have OA  a, OB  b, OC  c r1 .r2  5
AB  OB  OA  b  a
Now r1  12  22   1 , r2  12  12   2 
2 2
AC  OC  OA  c  a
BC  OC  OB  c  b r1  1  4  1, r2  1  1  4
Since we know that AB  OC, and BC  OA r1  6, r2  6

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.5 45
Let  be the angle between a and b then
r1 .r2 5
Exercise 3.5
cos    Q1. Find the following cross products
 6
2
r1 r2
i). j   2 j  3k 
  cos 1  56 
Sol: we have to find j   2 j  3k 
b). r1    i  2 j  2k  , r2    3i  2 j  6k  j   2 j  3k   2 j  j  3 j  k
Sol: we have r1    i  2 j  2k  , r2    3i  2 j  6k   2.0  3i  3i
r1 .r2    i  2 j  2k  .  3i  2 j  6k  ii).  2i  3 j   k
r1 .r2    3  4  12  Sol: we have to find  2i  3 j   k
r1 .r2  19
 2i  3 j   k  2i  k  3 j  k
Now r1   2
1 2 2 ,
2 2 2
r2   2
3 2 6
2 2 2
 2   j   3i  3i  2 j
r1   1  4  4, r2   9  4  36 iii).  2i  3 j  5k    6i  2 j  3k 
r1   9, r2   49
Sol: we have to find  2i  3 j  5k    6i  2 j  3k 
r1  3 , r2  7 
i j k
Let  be the angle between a and b then  2 3 5
r .r 19 19 3
cos   1 2   6 2
r1 r2 21 21  i  9  10   j  6  30   k  4  18 
  cos 1
 
19
21
 i  36 j  22k

Q9. Show that a  i  7 j  3k is perpendicular to both Q2 a  2i  6 j  3k , b  3i  3 j  6k and c  2i  7 j  4k ,

b  i  j  2k and c  2i  j  3k Find  a  b    c  a  and  a  b    c  a 
Sol: a  i  7 j  3k , b  i  j  2k and c  2i  j  3k Sol: a  2i  6 j  3k , b  3i  3 j  6k & c  2i  7 j  4k
a.b   i  7 j  3k  .  i  j  2k   1  7  6  0 a  b   2i  6 j  3k    3i  3 j  6k 
ab a  b  5i  3 j  3k
a.c   i  7 j  3k  .  2i  j  3k   2  7  9  0 c  a   2i  7 j  4k    2i  6 j  3k 
ac c  a  4i  j  k
Q10. Show that a  13i  23 j  7k is perpendicular to a  b   2i  6 j  3k    3i  3 j  6k 
both b  2i  j  7k and c  3i  2 j  k a  b  i  9 j  9k
Sol: a  13i  23 j  7k , b  2i  j  7k & c  3i  2 j  k i j k
Now  a  b    c  a   5 3
a.b  13i  23 j  7k  .  2i  j  7k   26  23  49  0 3
4 1 1
ab
a.c  13i  23 j  7k  .  3i  2 j  k   39  46  7  0  i  3  3  j  5  12   k  5  12 

ac  6i  7 j  17k
i j k
Q11. Find projection of a  3i  j  2k on b  i  j  5k
 a  b  c  a  1 9 9
Sol: we have a  3i  j  2k and b  i  j  5k
4 1 1
b   1   1   5  i  9  9   j 1  36   k 1  36 
2 2 2

b  1  1  25  27  35 j  35k

b  93  3 3 Q3. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both a  i  j  2k

and b  2i  j  3k
b i  j  5k
b  Sol: we have a  i  j  2k and b  2i  j  3k
b 3 3
Let c be the vector perpendicular both a and b
Projection of a on b i.e.,
i j k
 i  j  5k 
a.b   3i  j  2k    ab  1 1 2
 3 3 
2 1 3
3  1  10 14
a.b   a  b  i  3  2   j  3  4   k 1  2 
3 3 3 3
a  b  5i  j  3k
Q12. Find work done by force F  2i  3 j  k in displacement
ab   5   1  32
2 2
of an object from a point A  2,1, 2  to point B  5, 0,3  .

Sol: F  2i  3 j  k & points A  2,1, 2  & B  5, 0,3 a  b  25  1  9

AB  B  A   5, 0,3   2,1, 2  a  b  35
AB   7, 1,1 & F  2i  3 j  k So the unit vector
ab 5i  j  3k
F . AB   2i  3 j  k  7i  j  k  c 
ab 35
F . AB  14  3  1  12 units
5i j 3k
c  
35 35 35

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.5 46
Q4. Find a vector of magnitude 10 and perpendicular Sol: we have A  0,0,0  , B 1,1,1 , C  0, 2,3
to a  2i  3 j  4k and b  4i  2 j  4k AB  B  A  1,1,1   0,0,0   1,1,1
Sol: we have a  2i  3 j  4k and b  4i  2 j  4k
AC  C  A   0, 2,3   0,0,0    0, 2,3
Let c be the vector perpendicular both a and b
i j k i j k
ab  2 3 4 AB  AC  1 1 1
4 2 4 0 2 3
a  b  i 12  8  j  8  16   k  4  12   i 3  2  j 3  0  k  2  0
a  b  20i  24 j  8k  i  3 j  2k
a  b  202   24   82
2
Area of triangle
a  b  400  576  64 AB  AC  12   3  22
1 1 2
2 2

a  b  1040  16  65  4 65  1
1 9  4  14
square units
2 2
And its magnitude c  10 Q7. Find the area of a triangle whose vertices are
c
a  b 20i  24 j  8k

A  0, 0, 2  , B  1,3, 2  , C 1, 0, 4 
ab 4 65 Sol: AB  B  A   1,3, 2    0,0, 2    1,3,0 
5i 6j 2k
c   AC  C  A  1,0, 4    0,0, 2   1,0, 2 
65 65 65
i j k
 5i 6j 2k 
So c  c c  10.     AB  AC  1 3 0
 65 65 65 
1 0 2
Q5 For vectors a  2i  3 j  k & b  i  4 j  2k verify that
 i  6  0   j  2  0   k  0  3
a). a  b  b  a
Sol: we have a  2i  3 j  k and b  i  4 j  2k  6i  2 j  3k

AB  AC  12 62  22   3
1 2
i j k 2

Now a  b  2 3 1  12 36  4  9  12 49= 72 square units

1 4 2
Q8. Find area of the parallelogram with vertices
a  b  i  6  4   j  4  1  k  8  3 A 1, 2, 3 , B  5,8,1 , C  4, 2, 2  , D  0, 8, 2 
a  b  10i  3 j  11k ......(1)
Sol: we have A 1, 2, 3 , B  5,8,1 , C  4, 2, 2  , D  0, 8, 2 
i j k
AB  B  A   5,8,1  1, 2, 3
Now b  a  1 4 2
2 3 1 AB   4, 6, 4 
b  a  i  4  6   j  1  4   k  3  8  AD  D  A   0, 8, 2   1, 2, 3
b  a  10i  3 j  11k Multiply b.s by  1 AD   1, 10,1
b  a  10i  3 j  11k using eq (1) i
j k
b  a  a  b Now AB  AD  4 6 4
b).  a  b    a  b   2  a  b  1 10 1
Sol: we have a  2i  3 j  k and b  i  4 j  2k  i  6  40   j  4  4   k  40  6 
a  b   2i  3 j  k    i  4 j  2k   46i  8 j  34k

a  b  3i  j  3k AB  AD  462   8   34 

2 2

a  b   2i  3 j  k    i  4 j  2k   2116  64  1156  3336 square units

ab  i7 j k
Q9. A force F  i  2 j  3k is applied at P  1, 2,3 . Find
i j k
its moment about A  1,1,1 . What is magnitude of this
Taking RHS a  b  2 3 1
moment?
1 4 2
Sol: Since F  i  2 j  3k P  1, 2,3 & A  1,1,1
a  b  i  6  4   j  4  1  k  8  3
a  b  10i  3 j  11k ......(1) r  AP  P  A  1, 2,3  1,1,1
i j k r   0,1, 2 
Taking LHS  a  b    a  b   3 1 3 Moment M  r  F
1 7 1 i j k
 i 1  21  j  3  3  k  21  1 M  0 1 2
1 2 3
 20i  6 j  22k
M  i  3  4   j  0  2   k  0  1
 a  b    a  b   2 10i  3 j  11k 
M  7i  2 j  k
 a  b    a  b   2  a  b 
Magnitude of the Moment
Q6. Find the area of a triangle ABC whose vertices
M  r  F  49  4  1  54
are A  0,0,0  , B 1,1,1 , C  0, 2,3

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.6 47
Q10. Find area of parallelogram whose diagonals are 1 2 1
i). a  4i  j  2k and b  2i  3 j  4k b.c  a  0 1 4
Sol: Area of parallelogram 3 0 2

1 1
i j k  1 2  0   2  0  12   1 0  3
 a  b   4 1 2  2  24  3  25...........(2)
2 2
2 3 4
0 1 4
 12 i  4  6   j 16  4   k 12  2  
a.b  c  3 0 2
 12 10i  12 j  14k 
1 2 1
 5i  6 j  7k
 0  0  4   1 3  2   4  6  0 
ab
 25  36  49  110  0  1  24  25...........(3)
2
From equations (1), (2) and (3) we get
ii). a  3i  2 j  2k and b  i  3 j  4k a.b  c  b.c  a  c.a  b
Sol: we have a  3i  2 j  2k and b  i  3 j  4k Now to show that a.b  c  c  b.a
1 1
i j k LHS a.b  c  b  c.a using dot is commutative
a  b  3 2 2 a.b  b.a
2 2
1 3 4 a.b  c  c  b.a Using b  c  c  b
 12 i  8  6   j 12  2   k  9  2  
Q4. Verify that the triple product of a  i  j, b  j  k
 12  2i  14 j  11k 
and c  k  i is zero
 i  7 j  5.5k
Sol: we have a  i  j, b  j  k and c  k  i
ab
 1  49  30.25  80.25 1 1 0
2
a.b  c  0 1 1
Exercise 3.6 1 0 1
Q1 Prove theorem 3 of section 3.27  11  0   1 0  1  0  0  1
i.e., Let i,j and k be the unit vectors.
 11 0  0
Prove that
Q5. Find the value of c so that the vectors
a). i. j  k  j.k  i  k .i  j  1
Sol: we have to prove i. j  k  j.k  i  k .i  j  1 a  ci  j  k , b  i  cj  k , c  i  j  ck are coplanar.
i. j  k  i.i  1 using j  k  i Sol: If the points are coplanar then a.b  c  0
j.k  i  j. j  1 using k  i  j c 1 1
k .i  j  k .k  1 using i  j  k a.b  c  1 c 1  0
1 1 c
b). i.k  j  j.i  k  k . j  i  1
Sol: we have to prove i.k  j  j.i  k  k . j  i  1 c  c 2  1  1 c  1  11  c   0
i.k  j  i.  i   1 using k  j  i c  c 2  1  1 c  1  1 c  1  0
j.i  k  j.   j   1 using i  k   j c  c  1 c  1  1 c  1  1 c  1  0
k. j  i  k.  k   1 using j  i  k  c  1 c  c  1  1  1  0
Q2. Find the volume of the parallelepiped whose edges  c  1 c 2  c  2  0
are represented by
a  3i  j  k , b  2i  3 j  k , c  i  3 j  4k  c  1  c 2  2c  c  2   0
Sol: volume of the parallelepiped  c  1  c  c  2   1 c  2    0
3 1 1
 c  1 c  1 c  2   0
a.b  c  2 3 1
Either or
1 3 4
c 1  0 c20
 3 12  3  1 8  1  1 6  3
c 1 c  2
 45  9  3  57
Be the required values of c.
Q3. For the vectors
Q6. Let a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k Find
a  3i  2k , b  i  2 j  k , c   j  4k
a  b and prove that
Verify that a.b  c  b.c  a  c.a  b but a.b  c  c  b.a
Sol: we have a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k
Sol: we have a  3i  2k , b  i  2 j  k , c   j  4k
i j k
3 0 2 Now a  b  a1 a2 a3
a.b  c  1 2 1 b1 b2 b3
0 1 4
 i  a2b3  a3b2   j  a1b3  a3b1   k  a1b2  a2b1 
 3  8  1  0  4  0   2  1  0 
i). a  b is orthogonal to both a and b (use dot
 27  0  2  25...........(1) product)
Sol: we have a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org

Chapter 3 Exercise 3.6 48
a  b  i  a2b3  a3b2   j  a1b3  a3b1   k  a1b2  a2b1  Sol: if u,v,w are coplanar then u.v  w  0
Now 1 2 3
a.  a  b   a1  a2b3  a3b2   a2  a1b3  a3b1   a3  a1b2  a2b1  u.v  w  2 3 4 0
3 1 c
 a1a2 b3  a1a3b2  a2 a1b3  a2 a3b1  a3 a1b2  a3 a2b1
 1 3c  4   2  2c  12   3  2  9   0
 a1a2 b3  a2 a1b3  a1a3b2  a3 a1b2  a2 a3b1  a3 a2b1  0
 3c  4  4c  24  33  0
So a is orthogonal to a  b Now  53  7c  0
b.  a  b   b1  a2b3  a3b2   b2  a1b3  a3b1   b3  a1b2  a2b1  c 53
7
 b1a2 b3  b1a3b2  b2 a1b3  b2 a3b1  b3 a1b2  b3 a2b1 ii). u  i  j  k , v  i  2 j  k , w  ci  j  ck
 b1a2 b3  b3 a2b1  b1a3b2  b2 a3b1  b2 a1b3  b3 a1b2  0
Sol: if u,v,w are coplanar then u.v  w  0
So b is orthogonal to a  b 1 1 1
ii). Find a  b
2
u.v  w  1 2 1 0
c 1 c
Sol: we have a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k
 1 2c  1  1 c  c   11  2c   0
a  b  i  a2b3  a3b2   j  a1b3  a3b1   k  a1b2  a2b1 
 2c  1  2c  1  2c  0
a  b   a2 b3  a3b2    a1b3  a3b1    a1b2  a2 b1 
2 2 2 2
 2c  2  0
a  b  a22 b32  a32b22  2a2b3 a3b2  a12b32  a32b12
2  c 1
iii). u  i  j  2k , v  2i  3 j  k , w  ci  2 j  6k
2a1b3 a3b1  a12 b22  a22b12  2a1b2 a2 b1
2 2 2
Sol: if u,v,w are coplanar then u.v  w  0
iii). Find a.b , a , b 1 1 2
Sol: we have a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k u.v  w  2 3 1  0
a.b  a1b1  a2b2  a3b3 c 2 6
a.b   a1b1  a2b2  a3b3 
2 2  118  2   112  c   2  4  3c   0
 16  12  c  8  6c  0
a  a12  a22  a32 b  b12  b22  b32
2 2
and  12  5c  0
iv). Show that a  b   a.a  b.b    a.b   c  125
2 2

Sol: we have a  a1i  a2 j  a3 k and b  b1i  b2 j  b3 k Q9. Find the value of tetrahedron with the following.
a). Vectors as coterminous edges
taking RHS  a.a  b.b    a.b 
2

Sol: a  i  2 j  3k , b  4i  5 j  6k , c  7 j  8k
  a12  a22  a32  b12  b22  b32    a1b1  a2b2  a3b3 
Volume of tetrahedron= 16  a.b  c 
2

 a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 1 3 1 1 2 2 2 3 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 1 2 3
a12 b12  a22 b22  a32 b32  2a1b1a2 b2  2a2 b2 a3b3  2a1b1a3b3 
1
4 5 6
6
 a22 b12  a32 b12  a12 b22  a32 b22  a12b32  a22b32 0 7 8
2a1b1a2 b2  2a2b2 a3b3  2a1b1a3b3 .............(1)  16 1 40  42   2  32  0   3  28  0  
Now taking LHS  16 1 2   2  32   3  28  
a  b  i  a2b3  a3b2   j  a1b3  a3b1   k  a1b2  a2b1 
 1
6  2  64  84  186  3
a  b   a2 b3  a3b2    a1b3  a3b1    a1b2  a2 b1 
2 2 2 2
b). Points A(2,3,1), B(-1,-2,0) C(0,2,-5), D(0,1,-2) as vertices
a  b  a b  a b  2a2b3 a3b2  a b  a b
2 2 2
2 3
2 2
3 2
2 2
1 3
2 2
3 1
Sol: Let A(2,3,1), B(-1,-2,0) C(0,2,-5), D(0,1,-2)
2a1b3 a3b1  a12 b22  a22b12  2a1b2 a2 b1 ..........(2) a  AB  B  A   1, 2, 0    2,3,1   3, 5, 1

From (1) and (2) we get the required result. b  AC  C  A   0, 2,5    2,3,1   2, 1, 6 
Q7 Do points (4,-2,1), (5,1,6), (2,2,-5) and (3,5,0) lie in a plane? c  AD  D  A   0,1, 2    2,3,1   2, 2, 3
Sol: Let A(4,-2,1), B(5,1,6), C(2,2,-5) and D(3,5,0)
Volume of tetrahedron= 16  a.b  c 
a  AB  B  A   5,1, 6    4, 2,1  1,3,5 
3 5 1
b  AC  C  A   2, 2, 5    4, 2,1   2, 4, 6  1
 2 1 6
c  AD  D  A   3,5, 0    4, 2,1   1, 7, 1 6
2 2 3
If the points are coplanar then a.b  c  0
1 3 5
 16  3  3  12   5  6  12   1 4  2  
a.b  c  2 4 6  16  3  9   5  6   1 2  
1 7 1  1
6  27  30  2  65
 1 4  42   3  2  6   5  14  4  Volume can not be negative so
 38  12  50 Volume of tetrahedron= 56 cubic units
 50  50  0
so all the points are coplanar.
Q8. For what values of c the following vectors are coplanar?
i). u  i  2 j  3k , v  2i  3 j  4k , w  3i  j  ck

Khalid Mehmood Lecturer GDC Bilot Sharif D.I.Khan available at http://www.mathcity.org