ITEM DESCRIPTION THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES

NO.
01 ➤ CONCEPTUALIZED BY GARDEN CITIES THIS THEORY IS HOWARD'S ➤ EMPHASIZES THE ➤ LOW-DENSITY
EBENEZER HOWARD IN 1898 SOLUTION TO THE RELATED INCORPORATION OF DESIGN GARDEN
PROBLEMS OF RURAL GREEN SPACES THAT CITIES CAN LEAD TO A
➤ NEW CITIES BUILT IN THE DEPOPULATION AND THE PROMOTES A NEED FOR MORE LAND
COUNTRYSIDE WITH RAIL RUNAWAY GROWTH OF HEALTHIER AND A TO ACCOMMODATE
ACCESS TO THE ORIGINAL GREAT TOWNS AND CITIES. MORE AESTHETICALLY THE SAME
CITY THE IDEA IS TO COMBINE PLEASING POPULATION
THE BEST OF RURAL AND ENVIRONMENT
URBAN LIVING, WITH A ➤ CAN BE
➤ A CENTRAL CITY (OPTIMUM
FOCUS ON SUSTAINABILITY, ➤ AIMS TO CONTROL IMPRACTICAL IN
SIZE OF 58,000 TO 65,000 IN 6,000
SOCIAL EQUITY, AND A URBAN SPRAWL BY REGIONS WITH
ACRES OF LAND
HIGH QUALITY OF LIFE ESTABLISHING A CLEAR LIMITED AVAILABLE
THROUGH THE CREATION BOUNDARY AND LIMIT SPACE
➤ WITH SATELLITE CITIES OF SMALL, SELF-
ALSO CONNECTED BY RAIL TO CITY GROWTH
CONTAINED COMMUNITIES
(OPTIMUM SIZE OF 30,000 TO ➤ STRICT ZONING
SURROUNDED BY LARGE
32,000 PERSONS) ➤ CAN HELP PREVENT REGULATIONS AND
GREENBELTS OF
SURROUNDED BY LARGE UNCONTROLLED GREENBELT
AGRICULTURAL LAND.
GREENBELTS OF EXPANSION BOUNDARIES CANR
AGRICULTURAL LAND RESTRICT HOUSING
➤ THE EMPHASIS ON SUPPLY, POTENTIALLY
➤ LETCHWORTH, THE FIRST NATURE, ACCESS TO LEADING TO HIGHER
GARDEN CITY STARTED IN FRESH AIR, AND PROPERTY PRICES
1902, DESIGNED BY RAYMOND REDUCED CONGESTION AND HOUSING
UNWIN & BARRY PARKER CAN CONTRIBUTE TO AN SHORTAGES
WITH A TOTAL AREA OF 4,500 IMPROVED QUALITY OF
ACRES (3,000 FOR LIFE FOR RESIDENTS
AGRICULTURAL; 1,500 FOR
CITY PROPER)
02 ➤ FREDRICK LAW OLMSTED, PARKS THIS THEORY'S SPATIAL ➤ PUBLIC PARKS ➤ CREATING AND
“FATHER OF LANDSCAPE TECHNIQUES, DERIVED PROVIDE MAINTAINING LARGE,
MOVEMENT FROM OLMSTED'S WORK,
ARCHITECTURE”, DESIGNED A OPPORTUNITIES FOR WELL-DESIGNED
SUCCESSION OF OUTSTANDING CHALLENGE ACCOUNTS IN RELAXATION, PARKS CAN BE
PUBLIC PARKS, BEGINNING POLITICAL THEORY AND RECREATION, AND EXPENSIVE; THIS MAY
WITH CENTRAL PARK IN NEW URBAN PLANNING THAT CONTACT WITH REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT
YORK CITY CONTEND FREE MOVEMENT NATURE, CONTRIBUTING FINANCIAL
THROUGH CITIES TO AN IMPROVED RESOURCES AND
ENCOURAGES TOLERANCE QUALITY OF LIFE ONGOING
AND FLUID IDENTITIES AND

ITEM DESCRIPTION
NO.
➤ EMPHASIZES INTEGRATON
OF GREEN SPACES, PARKS,
AND NATURAL ELEMENTS
INTO URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
➤ FOCUSES ON LANSCAPE AS
A CENTRAL ELEMENT IN THE
DESIGN AND PLANNING OF
CITIES
PROMOTES WALKABLE
➤ NEIGHBORHOODS, MIXED
LAND USES, AND THE
PRESERVATIO OF OPEN SPACES
03 ➤ INFLUENCED BY THE
WORLD FAIRS OF THE LATE
19TH CENTURY, LIKE THE 1891
COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION IN
CHICAGO
➤ EMPHASIS ON GRAND
FORMAL DESIGN
➤ CITY WAS A TOTALLY
DESIGNED SYSTEM OF MAIN
CIRCULATION ARTERIES
INSTEAD CONTENDS THAT INVESTMENTS IN
STRUCTURED, MAINTENANCE AND
SECURITY
THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES
MEDIATING SPATIAL ➤ INTEGRATION OF ➤ DEVELOPMENT OF
STRUCTURES MIGHT BE GREEN SPACES INTO PARKS CAN
NECESSARY TO FACILITATE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS SOMETIMES LEAD TO
THE CULTIVATION OF SUCH CAN HELP MITIGATE GENTRIFICATION,
CHARACTERISTICS. THE URBAN HEAT WHERE THE COST OF
ISLAND EFFECT, LIVING IN NEARBY
IMPROVE AIR QUALITY, NEIGHBORHOODS
AND SUPPORT INCREASES,
BIODIVERSITY; COULD DISPLACING LOWER-
ACT AS NATURAL INCOME RESIDENTS
RESERVOIRS FOR
RAINWATER AND HELP ➤ URBAN LAND IS
REDUCE RUNOFF AND OFTEN LIMITED AND
FLOODING IN HIGH DEMAND;
ALLOCATING LAND
FOR PARKS MAY
COMPETE WITH OTHER
USES LIKE HOUSING
OR COMMERCIAL
DEVELOPMENT
CITY THIS THEORY ADVOCATES ➤ CONTRIBUTES TO A ➤ CRITICS ARGUE
THE IDEA THAT MORE BEAUTIFUL AND THAT THE MOVEMENT
BEAUTIFUL BEAUTIFYING THE CITY IS
HARMONIOUS URBAN OFTEN PRIORITIZED
MOVEMENT BENEFICIAL, WHERE IT IS ENVIRONMENT AESTHETICS OVER THE
BELIEVED THAT PRACTICAL NEEDS OF
BEAUTIFICATION COULD ➤ CREATION OF ICONIC THE CITY; THIS COULD
PROVIDE HARMONIOUS BUILDINGS AND SPACES LEAD TO INEFFICIENT
SOCIAL ORDER THAT OFTEN FOSTERS A SENSE LAND USE AND
WOULD INCREASE THE OF CIVIC PRIDE AND INFRASTRUCTURE
QUALITY OF LIFE AND HELP PLANNING
IDENTITY AMONG
REMOVE SOCIAL ILLS. RESIDENTS
➤ FOCUS ON
➤ BEAUTIFICATION CREATING
 ➤ A NETWORK OF PARKS AND
CLUSTERS OR FOCAL
BUILDINGS OR BUILDING
BLOCKS OF CIVIC CENTERS,
INCLUDING THE CITY HALL,
COURTHOUSE, LIBRARY,
OPERA HOUSE, MUSEUM, AND
PLAZA
ITEM DESCRIPTION
NO.
➤ TOTAL CONCENTRATION ON
THE MONUMENTAL AND ON
THE SUPERFICIAL
➤ PLANNING WAS INTENDED
TO IMPRESS OR FOR DISPLAY
04 ➤ BRASILIA, THE NEW
CAPITAL OF BRAZIL, AN
EXAMPLE OF THIS THEORY;
DESIGNED BY LUCIO COSTA
WITH A LOT OF INFLUENCE
FROM LE CORBUSIER
➤ SEPARATE CENTERS FOR
GOVERNMENT, COMMERCE,
AND ENTERTAINMENT ARE
LOCATED ALONG ONE AXIS,
AND THE RESIDENTIAL
DISTRICTS ARE DISTRIBUTED
ABOUT THE OTHER
➤ CANBERRA, AUSTRALIA’S
DESIGN REFLECTED THE
PRINCIPLES OF THE CITY
BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT WITH
A TRIANGULAR FORMATION
OF (3) IMPORTANT BUILDINGS:
COURT OF JUSTICE,
EFFORTS CAN ATTRACT MONUMENTAL,
TOURISTS AND STATIC STRUCTURES
INVESTMENT, COULD MAKE IT
CONTRIBUTING TO DIFFICULT TO ADAPT
LOCAL ECONOMIC TO CHANGING URBAN
DEVELOPMENT NEEDS AND TRENDS,
LEADING TO
INFLEXIBLE URBAN
ENVIRONMENTS
THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES
NEW CAPITALS THIS THEORY IS A CONCEPT ➤ NEW CAPITALS CAN ➤ ESTABLISHING A
THAT REVOLVES AROUND HELP DECENTRALIZE NEW CAPITAL IS A
THE IDEA OF GOVERNMENT AND MASSIVE
INTENTIONALLY CREATING ADMINISTRATIVE UNDERTAKING THAT
NEW CAPITAL CITIES OR FUNCTIONS, REDUCING REQUIRES
ADMINISTRATIVE CENTERS, THE CONCENTRATION SIGNIFICANT
PARTICULARY RELEVANT IN OF POWER AND FINANCIAL
THE CONTEXT OF NATIONS RESOURCES IN A SINGLE RESOURCES
OR REGIONS LOOKING TO CITY. THIS CAN LEAD TO
DECENTRALIZE POWER AND MORE BALANCED ➤ THE LONG-TERM
RESOURCES AWAY FROM REGIONAL SUCCESS OF A NEW
EXISTING CAPITAL CITIES, DEVELOPMENT CAPITAL CAN BE
WHICH MAY HAVE BECOME UNCERTAIN; IT MAY
OVERCROWDED OR ➤ OFFERS THE FACE CHALLENGES IN
INEFFICIENT. OPPORTUNITY TO TERMS OF
DESIGN AND BUILD SUSTAINABILITY,
MODERN ECONOMIC STABILITY,
INFRASTRUCTURE FROM AND MAINTAINING A
THE GROUND UP, WHICH SUITABLE STANDARD
CAN LEAD TO MORE OF LIVING
EFFICIENT
TRANSPORTATION,
UTILITIES, AND PUBLIC
 PARLIAMENT HOUSE, AND
CAPITOL BUILDING; WITH
EACH APEX POINTING TO
ANOTHER IMPORTANT
BUILDING OR MONUMENT
➤ CHANDIGARH, PUNJAB,
INDIA’S MASTER PLAN WITH A
RECTANGULAR GRID OF
MAJOR ROADS SURROUNDING
RESIDENTIAL SUPERBLOCKS
OR SECTIONS EACH BASED ON
THE RECTANGLE, AND
MEASURING 800 X 1,200
METERS
ITEM DESCRIPTION
NO.
05 ➤ FIRST CONCEPTUALIZED BY
LE CORBUSIER IN “THE CITIES
OF TOMORROW”
➤ CLEAR SEPARATION OF
URBAN FUNCTIONS, WHERE
DIFFERENT ZONES ARE
DESIGNATED FOR SPECIFIC
PURPOSES
➤ DISTINCT ZONES FOR
HOUSING, WORK,
RECREATION, AND
TRANSPORTATION; AIMED TO
REDUCE CONGESTION AND
IMPROVE EFFICIENCY
➤ USE OF HIGH-RISE
BUILDINGS TO MAXIMIZE THE
EFFICIENT USE OF SPACE AND
CREATE MORE GREEN AREAS
ON THE GROUND; WHERE LE
SERVICES
THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES
CITY OF THIS THEORY IS A PART OF ➤ PROMOTES HIGH- ➤ CRITICS ARGUE
A MOVEMENT THAT DENSITY URBAN THAT THE CITY OF
TOWERS SOUGHT TO MODERNIZE
DEVELOPMENT, WHICH TOWERS THEORY CAN
CITIES THROUGH A CAN LEAD TO MORE LEAD TO INHUMANE
RATIONAL EFFICIENT LAND USE LIVING CONDITIONS,
REORGANIZATION OF THE AS IT PRIORITIZES
URBAN FORM, WHERE IT ➤ SUGGESTS ZONING EFFICIENCY AND
EMPHASIZES DEVELOPMENT DIFFERENT URBAN AESTHETICS OVER THE
OF SEPARATION OF USES FUNCTIONS, SUCH AS WELL-BEING OF
AND ACCESS TO RESIDENTIAL, RESIDENTS; THE HIGH-
COMMUNAL GREEN SPACE RISE, HIGH-DENSITY
COMMERCIAL, AND
AND AMENITIES. INDUSTRIAL, INTO DESIGN MAY LACK
SEPARATE ZONES; THIS THE HUMAN SCALE
CAN HELP TO REDUCE AND VARIETY THAT
CONFLICTS BETWEEN TRADITIONAL CITIES
INCOMPATIBLE LAND OFFER
USES
➤ EXTENSIVE USE OF
➤ PLAN OFTEN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS
INCLUDES A FOCUS ON CAN HAVE
INFRASTRUCTURE ENVIRONMENTAL
DEVELOPMENT, SUCH AS IMPLICATIONS,
EFFICIENT INCLUDING
 CORBUSIER SAW TRANSPORTATION INCREASED ENERGY
SKYSCRAPERS AS A SOLUTION SYSTEMS AND CONSUMPTION FOR
TO THE PROBLEM OF LIMITED UTILITIES, WHICH CAN HEATING, COOLING,
SPACE IN DENSELY ENHANCE THE OVERALL AND
POPULATED URBAN AREAS QUALITY OF LIFE IN THE TRANSPORTATION, AS
CITY WELL AS THE
DESTRUCTION OF
NATURAL
LANDSCAPES IN THE
PROCESS

➤ EMPHASIS ON
SEPARATING
FUNCTIONS INTO
DISTINCT ZONES CAN
RESULT IN HEAVY
TRAFFIC CONGESTION
AS PEOPLE NEED TO
COMMUTE BETWEEN
DIFFERENT AREAS FOR
WORK, SHOPPING, AND
LEISURE ACTIVITIES

ITEM DESCRIPTION THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES

NO.
06 ➤ PROPOSED THE CONCEPT FRANK LLOYD THIS THEORY'S CORE IS ➤ COULD REDUCE ➤ EXPANDING INTO
“BROADACRE” IN 1932; EVERY SIMPLE, IF RADICAL: CONGESTION AND THE COUNTRYSIDE
WRIGHT COMPLETELY DISPERSE THE
FAMILY IN THE U.S. LIVE IN OVERCROWDING IN COULD HAVE
ONE ACRE OF LAND MODERN CITY AND TO GIVE TRADITIONAL CITIES ADVERSE
EACH FAMILY ATLEAST AN ENVIRONMENTAL
➤ ESSENTIALLY A ACRE OF LAND; A NEW TYPE ➤ ENVISIONED AN IMPACTS, INCLUDING
DECENTRALIZED, CAR- OF CITY THAT WOULD FLOW ADVANCED HABITAT
ORIENTED, AND LOW-DENSITY ACROSS THE LANDSCAPE TRANSPORTATION DESTRUCTION,
VISION OF URBAN PLANNING CHANGING WITH THE SYSTEM, INCLUDING INCREASED RESOURCE
TERRAIN AND NEEDS OF PERSONAL AIR TRAVEL, CONSUMPTION, AND
THE INDIVIDUAL CITIZEN. POLLUTION FROM
➤ DESIGNED TO WHICH COULD
ACCOMMODATE THE POTENTIALLY REDUCE INCREASED
WIDESPREAD USE OF CARS, CONGESTION AND TRANSPORTATION
WITH A NETWORK OF POLLUTION IN URBAN
HIGHWAYS AND STREETS AREAS ➤ MAY NOT BE A
CONNECTING DIFFERENT PRACTICAL SOLUTION
 PARTS OF THE CITY FOR MANY REGIONS,
AND THE
➤ INTENDED TO HAVE A MIX IMPLEMENTATION
OF LAND USES, INCLUDING WOULD BE
RESIDENTIAL, COMMERCIAL, CHALLENGING,
AND AGRICULTURAL AREAS, ESPECIALLY IN
ALL INTEGRATED INTO THE DENSELY POPULATED
BROADER LANDSCAPE; IT WAS AREAS WITH EXISTING
ENVISIONED AS A SELF- INFRASTRUCTURE
SUSTAINING COMMUNITY
07 ➤ EMPHASIZES MIXED LAND NON- THIS THEORY AIMS AN ➤ MANY NON- ➤ NON-
USES, WALKABILITY, AND APPROACH THAT CONVENTIONAL IDEAS CONVENTIONAL IDEAS
CONVENTIONAL CHALLENGES TRADITIONAL
TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD PRIORITIZE OFTEN INVOLVE
DESIGN IDEAS OR MAINSTREAM CONCEPTS SUSTAINABILITY AND UNTESTED OR
AND PRACTICES IN CITY ENVIRONMENTAL UNCONVENTIONAL
➤ CHALLENGES THE AND REGIONAL PLANNING. CONSIDERATIONS; THEY APPROACHES, WHICH
CONVENTINAL SUBURBAN IT ENCOURAGES THE CAN PROMOTE GREEN CAN CARRY RISKS
SPRAWL MODEL BY EXPLORATION OF INFRASTRUCTURE, AND UNCERTAINTIES;
PROMOTING MORE COMPACT INNOVATIVE, OFTEN ENERGY EFFICIENCY, IT MAY BE
AND PEDESTRIEAN-FRIENDLY UNCONVENTIONAL, AND AND REDUCED CHALLENGING TO
COMMUNITIES. CREATIVE SOLUTIONS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICT THEIR LONG-
PROMOTES MIZED-USE ADDRESS THE COMPLEX IMPACT, WHICH ARE TERM IMPACTS
ZONING, WHERE DIFFERENT CHALLENGES THAT URAN CRUCIAL IN THE FACE
TYPES OF LAND USES ARE AREAS FACE. OF CLIMATE CHANGE
INTEGRATED WITHIN THE
SAME AREA

ITEM DESCRIPTION THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES

NO.
➤ INTEGRATION OF GREEN ➤ OFTEN EMPHASIZE ➤ NON-
SPACES, PARK, AND URBAN FLEXIBILITY AND CONVENTIONAL IDEAS
AGRICULTURE INTO THE ADAPTABILITY IN THAT WORK WELL IN
URBAN FABRIC URBAN PLANNING ONE CONTEXT MAY
NOT BE SUITABLE FOR
➤ CAN FOSTER ALL URBAN
GREATER COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENTS;
INVOLVEMENT IN THE IMPLEMENTING IDEAS
PLANNING PROCESS; THAT DON'T CONSIDER
THIS CAN LEAD TO LOCAL CONDITIONS
 MORE INCLUSIVE AND AND CULTURAL
DEMOCRATIC DECISION- NORMS CAN LEAD TO
MAKING, ULTIMATELY UNSUITABLE
RESULTING IN URBAN OUTCOMES
SPACES THAT BETTER
MEET THE NEEDS OF
THE RESIDENTS
08 ➤ THE EXPRESSION OF NEIGHBORHOO THIS THEORY IS A ➤ PROMOTES ➤ CRITICS ARGUE
“NEIGHBORHOOD UNIT” WAS TEMPLATE FOR NEW WALKABLE THAT NEIGHBORHOOD
D UNIT NEIGHBORHOODS WITH THE
COINED BY CLARENCE A. COMMUNITIES WHERE UNIT THEORY CAN
PERRY IN 1929 AND WAS MAIN OBJECTIVE OF BEING RESIDENTS CAN EASILY LEAD TO A LACK OF
CONEPTUALIZED BY HIM AND SELF-SUSTAINABLE OF ACCESS LOCAL DIVERSITY IN TERMS
CLARENCE STEIN SMALLER UNITS, WHERE IT AMENITIES, SCHOOLS, OF LAND USE AND
IS DEFINED AS A PHYSICAL PARKS, AND OTHER HOUSING TYPES, AS IT
➤ INTENDED TO NOT ENVIRONMENT WHEREIN ESSENTIAL SERVICES ON OFTEN PROMOTES A
SEGREGATE ANYBODY BY SOCIAL, CULTURAL, FOOT SINGLE TYPE OF
RACE, RELIGION, OR INCOME EDUCATIONAL, AND DEVELOPMENT; THIS
COMERCIAL ARE WITHIN ➤ BY CONCENTRATING CAN RESULT IN
EASY REACH OF EACH LIMITED HOUSING
➤ THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL AMENITIES AND
OTHER. SERVICES WITHIN OPTIONS AND MAY
AS THE CENTER OF
DEVELOPMENT, DETERMINES NEIGHBORHOOD UNITS, EXCLUDE
THE SIZE OF THE LAND CAN BE USED AFFORDABLE
NEIGHBORHOOD MORE EFFICIENTLY, HOUSING
POTENTIALLY LEADING
TO A REDUCTION IN ➤ WHILE IT
URBAN SPRAWL AND ENCOURAGES
THE PRESERVATION OF WALKING, IT MAY NOT
GREEN SPACES ADEQUATELY
ADDRESS THE NEEDS
OF INDIVIDUALS WHO
REQUIRE PUBLIC
TRANSPORTATION OR
HAVE MOBILITY
ISSUES

ITEM DESCRIPTION THEORIES DEFINITION ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES IMAGES

NO.
09 ➤ “MEGALOPOLIS” CONCEPT CONTEMPORAR THIS THEORY IS COINED BY ➤ CONCENTRATED ➤ URBAN GROWTH
COINED BY JEAN GOTTMANN JEAN GOTTMANN FOR POPULATIONS IN CITIES CAN OUTSTRIP THE
Y URBAN COMPLEXES IN THE
IN 1961 OFFER A MARKET FOR ABILITY TO DEVELOP
URBANIZATION NORTHEASTERN UNITED BUSINESSES AND AND MAINTAIN
➤ A CONTINUOUS AND STATES, WHERE THE PROMOTE INFRASTRUCTURE,
INTERCONNECTED URBANIZED CONCEPT AND TERM ENTREPRENEURSHIP LEADING TO ISSUES
AREA THAT EXTENDS OVER A "MEGALOPOLIS" IS LIKE TRAFFIC
VAST GEOGRAPHIC EXPANSE, INTRODUCED FOR LARGE ➤ ARE BETTER CONGESTION,
WHERE CITIES AND SUBURBS URBAN CONFIGURATIONS. EQUIPPED TO SUPPORT INADEQUATE PUBLIC
MERGE INTO A SINGLE, DIVERSE AND EFFICIENT TRANSPORTATION,
MASSIVE URBAN REGION TRANSPORTATION AND INADEQUATE
SYSTEMS, MAKING IT PUBLIC SERVICES
➤ THIS IDEA WAS A EASIER FOR RESIDENTS
SIGNIFICANT CONTRIBUTION TO COMMUTE AND ➤ CAN HAVE A
TO URBAN PLANNING AND THE ACCESS OPPORTUNITIES NEGATIVE IMPACT ON
UNDERSTANDING OF THE THE ENVIRONMENT,
DEVELOPMENT OF LARGE ➤ GREATER NEED FOR LEADING TO
METROPOLITAN AREAS INFRASTRUCTURE LIKE POLLUTION,
TRANSPORTATION, DEFORESTATION, AND
HOUSING, AND THE LOSS OF GREEN
UTILITIES; THIS CAN SPACES; IT CAN
LEAD TO IMPROVED CONTRIBUTE TO
PUBLIC SERVICES AND CLIMATE CHANGE
INCREASED ACCESS TO AND STRAIN NATURAL
ESSENTIAL AMENITIES RESOURCES

➤ INCREASED
COMPETITION FOR
LAND IN URBAN
AREAS CAN RESULT IN
CONFLICTS OVER
LAND USE, SUCH AS
HOUSING
DEVELOPMENT VS.
GREEN SPACES OR
INDUSTRIAL VS.
RESIDENTIAL AREAS