Prof Murd

Umg Mahine Model:

betmught of as uule ertol
tuing machine an
onnectad9 R uad numbw ofells
divdad
int a
s
Jape nohush chue
Llhgesn

3t Aas ont
of turg ma
bauC mdil
dugram ea
T s block
petni
blo
a odivnded i n tcel
RLadl wnte
ape
hed

Frricle tortal

Tu
o u Kead/ut
Kead/ut
wndu
tsprbe/
s prbel
ymbei
Or ymbel
uH paiuerd
piserd
ull stres only exqnunes
to
detexmiee

Eeah automatn
maun
move fhe Aali
u
Ome ,

puet
amd ntte eell
Labntte-tape

o bewittev on otpe
a a neuw syvnbel
wmcleRw head tiu tape: eike
Rouad along
ef #o right(p)
gre cell
mDuement

et(L)
head movei en l l
audvmalon
tu next Atal e t

heties to Aalt a not

 A a
lury mochu -tuble
M=(,2,1, 8 ,Ve b, F)
stuti.
m i non-emty aet of
s ouh m-emly sed ofsyubese te
Be u to blank md zc

on-empty Ae of tnput Aymubols

2 1
dumiin matpirg
s h e tudhon
S
( . z ) ,.D) simmbelto be read
Cs inpud
wha,
bewitter
mbol to
pe Letor
1
D o l i e d ü o no fm v e m e u t

ho intalskat
statas
.

o e offral
ha
FCQ
from
fponn He
devicled byo PLRachabilkl7Aallad
Aalld
is
of sruinyAtilh. stalu
ave
^o Ana
aceptabilta
NOTTh
N.
Atte t o i a l
ntial
acupting Atats
elment
for ome of
dkinad
not be
may
x
TD)
lestuipuo (Tm)
Tutanttavs Ous mathn

csUedhon by s n t a n i t a r u g u s
dexophin ef tuwnry
9s
Hu
terms of entre
entire
inpt stoy
ID
isoymed
inrtemsof
Trm
f
TD
uwnmd stpt
wnol Hu
 TM s a S e
Ar TD o{
slat
wh asx y
pAKlnl
p is split P'res e n t

tonuct
stning
pokent Right
zatRi stale eqjuonte
symbof eff
ost sequna Cbin
f u l symbol

Symbel
TDs s vesy much
of
mS by stins .

Note Ta duutiom r a m 7 qinpit

to «psecesl Ma
ueful.

TM Kpeseunlatiin b instanlaneous descrupuon

by twmuon able

bey-trat tion duagtamn

Conlkuehon

Desgnung
1 Comusting
TM Ap Uoguize
all strirys
mathine

a tuving
esio
QuAs
eem
numbes of 1s
-b bblank
b. F
M ( , T, 8,%r -1,b ape Symb
Vo-inidealstala
Tramunqkaph
F

wit B(blanle)
for e o h 1
L8.8st Tranastiomn
Tabe
1,B,R Hape symbo
amd Ahmnyt L

,R
2R
 x wnp obtuin H aorputatiom &«quenu of 1111.

9o1011b9,1lFbb4,1 bbb bbbb9o

Timal stale
TLe stoiv 1 s acceptkd

TM hat arcots a
palundhomo f a's amd b's.)
esiom a tho occwea a

a,a,R lo byrass all end

a's md b'S tiOHL
a Cun
R b,bR
Come aR
BBlamk

hCo
Cone

Ato uapAIseut
a,a,R
lank syonbol b b,R uboAmuut
stnagstaiud
e n d

h o

(1w a

4,a,k
b e

b, bR b y p a s s

W a ' s o n d

a,a, Onnd
g ofto

b,b,L storti
T o sywnbo u

ebsfring
Ja,a,R stard o b
bbR

aAf bypaa/ng
bib,R cll al'sandb'

4,4,L
b

/a,a,R Fro anoko

bibR
 Now daude ths accepting stato even ongth pauindrcome

odd unfh palundi.om

even Len
a,R
bb,R

a,a
o Acpt
b

Ua,a,R
brbiR

ocld Runt BBlnk

a,a,K

b , b , R

BB
,L s
a,A,L
bb, L
( % ) b B r ( 7

b
aaR
b. bR B,B,R

TI
For palvindhome roinak
bR

(ro BR ALuptre L
Jaa,
BR LD bb

Oaa,R
bbR
 na TACal accois 01
cs As
etsse

a nto
cowet eah
Procs
oO,xR 00ol1A ond toTresporoj r

OXR X
xoo Y I1A

XXOYY IA
XXX y

m
C o w e u dt o
O r m O
XXX YYY A
XXYYYyA

0,0,K
R Tot ootra
a X, R.
o,0,

to lottmut gero
Xx,R ifx octuwu o

o,0,R
Go OX,R
0, 01L

nopo Jet
C
9R DRuchad
end o sfsina
Pad ol
r1Mraks
a een onlaqps
ugn o u r ma ulsns t i atupts
uu:
wsten n bunaa1 vtn
unbe encds wr# geo.

,0,K

B Ioo

,0,R

C,A

a twingmothu
to arupt language a"b'c"|,mt
Ouson
a,a, R
Y,,R Y,4,L
a,x,R a, a, L
bY,L

Y,R x,x,R

C,e,R

CecR
QuAuir a T to aceht Ljarn>=o?
n9,,R Y,Y,
YY,R
I]a,0, LL

Y,,
B Amh

,Y,R
L u a lun'ny MaLhuve -for ab'"
ena
ous ma»k,"as as X
el a alalblb]blelelc mak b as y
mark c as z.

Z, Z,R
bbR Y.Y,
a,x,K b,Y,R

,R
X,x,R
final
Y,R B8, stale
Z,z,R
n= a°6 >aafk
AeAn a T -o
L-3a1no n-2 ab aadkK
Tavo more a's han ocuRen es of b's
C o n s u n et u o

//1,R
AX.R R R
,R s
B,8,R)

a,aR
YYR b,Y,R QQu x,xR
 Frofunakehi
Vaaiaik o Tuing Machivnes mathine
Aalled
stamdand tuing
mauhune ab. of Tm
A normal tuing variamb of TM
un madhtut,
Ahaning teatues ofsfardand
By
m bematad
.TMoth daionayhaad

Mulhtple hauk-TmË
Tuvo way inknli Tate
Multipe Tpe Tm
.Non-deteininisthe Tm
wtStaionary aadl
Uinammbun moveme,
head Aan be otat A
no Readfhile ead
ealus.allous

dami cel S Statiomasg

(0xbx (R, L,s)
Tramiton &Cxa)
andard lumg makint
as
t as same feuwer
tsachs
mathann with mutiple Faatku
G7g odeiided
into multiple
s
Fealuus-
inpud +ape
kmall sartiton.
mlosnally
oatks
Alamdasd Tm
same deuwe aa
t hao
bead betause
a &irigk nput täpe
Only Aunye
k Tacka atonu step.
Sndle aad A0ads k synbols Rom
Tronitionfurem 8( [a,2 --4)-(. [b,ba,-b, YR
wo way inon Tape Tuing Machne
SnTwo-way i turn Tope tusing mauhune, Jte mtmai op
wwkwwndad n Loth duations bkt onduga
wo voar i n tae TM a be Aiwmlalld by
one- inla ape TM
Cladatd Tm).
 maLhime
Mauls ble tabe T
whrs
eath lape
muliplo
tapes
' dhas nl lood hoad.
seuati ott
actopSed by a
indopendently
efo
moe
head
au blmk
canm

Each aud ottrd

on-tapc| t i &ead
is mdu
inpat Aymbels
Trutially and
e a c h tepe
Aonsculive

leads on
machue Aymnbal
The

ints a
m dh a TM
moves a Aeads

Head

Txümaugnfumtión
6:(0x xk (&, X, 1 Left, Rijht, shstionxy?
ha Aame owe a sandard Tm

Nbn-datexmunisl lunng Mahume

non-dolusmini hie TM, for eey atat mnd symbal tou ane
mo Rawone moves pessibke era 9Roup of acion Tm Ca
ame
Tramsitions k n doumunishe

6: (8x X) P( Gxxx LR3).

Dvaset
 Multidimminuiona unn9 mahae
=k-deminsioral unpeat tope
input tope
k-dlemension
onsini ofkolumenLional
Snhis TM, hu inbut tope
n a dituckions.
avray fcolls ainfinite tandad TM.
t a s Ame panren as

Mushika- head Tunns Maine indepemdent R/uw heads

sitb multiple
sunle impettape

heady head2

tandard kurung maehiine

ume touwer as

Mahun
|OFP- n e Tuning
TMh
i a muttitape nla
nuk kungth ungth.
th
amd with
w
is eacdornly intu
Snput tape nnuh tope
tope
at
wo-oay
T Aemainirg tapes

muuns fr wl
Aturing
ot um mudurd

Unavessal luaun maun

*a
Hatam amulale
Vnivessa TM iu a kuing mathuue
mahin
behioui a y otal uin Aimulali amu
mahune hal Lm
AUTMn s a Xuning w
malhunel on nbrteany n
0tbrtaly Tmig
A wnivessal TM i am oulomalon wen an put as the
dasoution f Tm , sbung w, Ln imulsi he
Lompulaum o m enw
Algo ty ota, a wen TM wlarcapt|raptto m nput
 Simulawm lndudes

TM ntodur°fTM as a proram)
Desubhiom of
prosam
Exeutiom of aboe

Moalof UTM\
Finule
Conhol

Tae Tabe 2
ape3
Desuutiono conlnt of TntenalAtnli
m tn Ta M 0tape2 fm ontape3

Enoing Soheme daknad as et m= (8,2,8,o, B, F) ke a

Unaky rapiuenlaion Tuung mnachne

EnCode statis

fhw
t 8(q)= (2ag, L
emtodad as

kimilasly al
=11

Mbving Auuchions UTM fxt Soeks ad tabe 2 amd tope3

thon chutk ou decuuion To be
R-II
madi M tabe7.
Note o(Tu) ca beued|
Qb Aeborto
 lame
wtve
Enumoxable
,able amnua
0tUKAIw n
fexemue b deidable. Jarmguag
Accaplable Tunng
Tieno17 existsatunY
RaccAA7iVe
s asiad
s id fo
to
be
be
ve
tecunsive
semsi if Theve

dm and uuyect a0d

ALamguage
L
wolll actupf au te trivgs m
a mm
n m.
.

mathnsohiih L. u m e qn
md qune
gin
an9
not m
ha
a llt
t e n ym e
evey

he sbin:
will
will
mathi md ewyinpud
The luuing eath

Aaieded)fo* paus a
(accestdl ps ofohuw ifwe
lanquage8,
will
accept Aha,
accoptLa
ashose mathme
maune
sewusive
Kanguaga
vnaubune,
he g and HRal svip
R a t sh
Th amd
t e Ito.ing languag
sting
into
belörge to
to kat chit
i t will pejert oill
olshuz

Hastin Kanguage w i n lho

,

to R
lnnuaee
he
WLiVe wvta
dos not belong oiln o l qo
nol
a lume o pabuneoill
zpahune
tsna m
he
means
h e JuAng
alt at

datt
Acu
tunal
a
=s Pojet
TO7 stna Aalts in unal stali
TM non
en
e w e L
aks ma
alls
Tm
Rin

w4
languagR
Kitoguizablb
P r e c w s i r e y e n u m e r a b l lmgia
lomuagd
.Tung èmumvabl

cavguag2
t r u m E r a b l e

F u c u k i d y
(amd
accelpt (amd
pLwsvy be
a ohuh will accelpt
L i s said to wheh

in L
atuain *wimmathine mahine anu

A Smgu
A
Jomguagp
erisk
a
sbung
ohuih

4hu he inpet
vL.
halt) for all sAbun
nat
hunts he
halt f o all
not
o may
But
may tunalate
a
in
alts
slato o r
hen T a non-final
eL

Tm
Aalts im
Dops-forenel
R
L
 Deilalblo lamquaq vs loiially Deudabl. lamauoqs vs.

Vndecidable. lamquoga

Deudable, kmguo
A lavnguage s loeiolable qitia scuwsie Jmguage.
mauhune
A gRunLIne lamguag0 s w lnguage to uwuth Jwurg
will alwaus halt ( accaplad-balt etLalt).
as rotunaive
qud all eursive
All d ciclabla lamguages
Kamguags aNe deuidabk

Paxtualy duidablo kamguage

A Janquago as a hostally deuidablk 4 tis Jomguage as
Alnsi enumelalbb Xanguage
otokich
Auwusive enumeLabk lomguage s H lamgunge
not hal
Hine mathue sommiimis alt e Romene may

Wndeudable kamguage
A lavnguagt s unceudable. 4 it ià not deidable.
6omilnmes be partally decidas
A anauaat as m
A kmguage 701 een fatially duidablk, BRn r e
(wndaidaba),
exists no uung omaehint for #at lamgunge
.

Rounsive domguages Tm oill always halt

Ruwnive Enumenabl TM maH A may nat
KWuages halt
Kuuhe Kamguagts
Aeudablu
dwnguags
Paraally lecidable Lamquase RussAve Enumoxable
Undeudoablu Janguagos No Tuivg Mathune
prfhar amull
 Haltoslop as temunal

Mame
Halking lroblem b Tuig aguvem prozsa
mochne u hak "Frt s h e t h v u a
a l i n Y problevtn
of uruing detemuiu #hat
4ti ot possiblo to
algouthm,
o
talt pa nat
oill e amd
Juiymathune atept ut will
rtain unput imto
m o
man Hat pogtam- m
machut will not go
Halting amd halt. TLe turing
halt s sajict
it

intnuh Loop detesmne a t h quen

will
Aae am alaonithm Hat mauine, will
So c a n we otaing
balk a nt, un tesms parliul
o sa oill uring mathiut
oma
wih kome

whn kun
teminati

geninpul sing nof ke destgwd

an
Ha gmraiznd
algoulhm
dseen oill
weTaanonb a T gen rogram
elclemine atbrebiately
at sm

ev halt t net
umteudlable buause
etusing machine is
oo Aalking praklem uohe dtexmms Hat hs
shontRm cam nol edaignad not n a qmvralized way
wilhalt o
en uning machine

Tle best posyble soluion is

t u n a prgsam uniny maine
amd ahk ushetno. at halts ne
0

Dndacidabilu oHalling Problomy

A Tuving mauhiimt omd inpul stump w.

nput;
Tuing mathunt milh Aop gof tung
Prooem dau
w im a m umbu eeb staps
om e dsign a mathine 4 ohut i qwen a

ll always halt on not halt ona

satiulat Inu
 dosým
as8ume
eAM
M
kotus Yes (H balton
irpt w)
H(P,T inpui Haltir
mhime
Nof o u not
Halt Stn ntt on inpuf
natHalt w)
I.
a n d nput
a rogsm
9anm takes
input halt
A not
i t a kalt on dou
and 9wes Outbut
wmlo am
will
New we
angthaa profaw Halting m a h u n t
inlinele
Loop
TCCX)
FCH(X,x)== Halt) M Ye
pep foreve i
inputHaltiny
(Ri
machin No
plue stoivg
w

i l u s YEs Hn loop
Hee suun C[C) H
forev
R n Half
riluns No,
if H
anel s pomubuua
Fwthu. a (Hm), which irput
onaubuint
as ollous;
inpd,
fhun deep preven
M) Lalk on

ele halt problem u

hena tau halting
contadiion ,
He ue qot a
undeciclable
 Ma kah
Post Covestondunce roblam
introeluced by Emil Post un 946
Conides two l i t n) of nom-eme
BmaB ow am aphabet . T PCP to l e m u n whetes
not ttoe ex ists , la --im wre
---.
1 s 4_h suuh
tat
Xu Xi2---- Xim =
Y Hi,* Jim
»
im
The imdeees naed mot Le ditinct (anbe uaed pealia)
Omd m may be reatei ann.
Aso,i Rre exists a soluuim to PcP., There exís
infnitey mmny
Arlutons.

X =
[b, ba, ba)
Y (. ba, a)

ominos; w e nled to frnda sequonLe.

b babbbba of dominos Auch tBat
bbb ba
Ra topond bottom iue
an use daanD Omy
Solwuon 3 he
b b baelonnim m umnbe o
bbb ins
ba bbb bbb a Auwauy u t wtth t comin
Shu
M onth fert supbo
on Ra top w Aawnt as
Soiwm 213 Hes Lost Lnbel on tRe
bOtom.Veg hoe he
fi
 0uus Kists A=2 b,a, ca,abc 3
B Co ab, a ,c C.o
Fimd satutuom ubns PcP.

ADUutiom
abc
ca
ca ab
euone 213 24
a
abc
Shimg ab ca

Quss ist A=fab, ba,b, abb,a ?

aba, abb, ab, b, babj
B-
a
ba a bb
bab
ah labb ab b

Solulin G abb
a bb
abb
ab
b b
ob
ab b
aba bob abb

quene 1523H43 y

b abb
SBung: aba ba babbabb

OLE5 Usimg PCP x=je lo,o11,1l Y= 1ol, 11 ,o!13

avie souon
DI
oll
 O beeauue oAfspmbol
olution we can staut omly wilh
4op a imilarUto
hs
fost Aprubel obotom Y
rocuCA exra one
Cr

Lam-Jake
His etfe
he
APt
agaun t produt extsa 1

oll

whatevec indey we hoose to lontunu, tore will be

moe One I3 Ru suhg combuuid

Tu tu tuwe std cam not be equal

does not hone s0luion

Y=fol , 1, i l
Mocli ticect PcP (MPCP)

Oed ost evestomolonte problu As smme a PCPexupf

at e shecipy 'bath +to liuts Xamd Y amd abo a speual
The matcbs for. MPCP
tle( donmino o subsfna).
hae o Atst olth t apeial tile (B domino t AuhS
is e X, onnd . Y,
Auppose Apeual ile sub shinp
or Amdex

Te
7Te tist substiinp uned in fCP oill alusag e Xamd y,
hn he. PCP is knuon as modhied fCP
 0s Chwnch Tusing Thesis
Chuch Thesis
a for solving mattonmatical
uule a

Loha i algoutthm f steks.

ovbemn mltnumbu
calulaton
Prows or Aulu-ps
w prmalges
ormalges
whih
Lamda Caleulus
devisec
e
Choth
lamso
algothams as funton Aalkad tuinre
nouo
machue
abstrat
am
dovised
Alan Tuvima. algorcthms
2aprunt
mauhume o otoune

h n c h Turiny Theses and

amd only 4 tt
A0ved bey algarthm
gthm
aan
be
A0lved
bj
mahme

a roblom
Tuing
be
kowed by a
n solrecl
beSolbved
ky
by Tm.
TM.
c
coam
n be
robloms
problavms
algorthmisally
sowablo )
aud only4
opalabla
AL
uiumbe
as
naural
on

A dumution a TM.
be
Bolved b aan
olved
it An Ampee
a degilhl
be Sowed by
a d con
amthung
b u t no one e
Augqestd
by TM molals n are
matkemalical

Tm
sowerul tam
Mmang

me
Them ohi.
daugmad
*o ply Pree
machunes a9u ce
ring
A s accesling
devites sorkamguages. a pariuular
&pasenls
funetion > ftmio

Hs a computa o
amouage
Xaneuaqe
emumexalos of
&tongs a a
a Janga
Jangunge
P , am a t outpuli a hirgs
lopic
Lnitg Machune ns Conputek f1nfeqe tunduns
S
oputia funtions wth tuaing machines Demuun D Kugon
A fumction Aas domatin md rugion fto)
LOED
A fundiom a y a Mmy paramctes es
Addlion 47-ftz)-*

Tnteg omaim paammis ae intnae

tsqen rebkese+iatio Beinay arseunlatiom Lnay Keprueation
CDeimal 5

sd bedause, t s easiegto
Unay keprasontalzn s
0 mackiinu.
mawibulato wih Zuung

nitiom A funton s Aomptible " au s a

aing mahine M uh Lucff
iniual comkiqusaton fma corigwaion

oinikial stath) (fimal stala)

tor allw¬D

Xable Tunng maihn for adduluon of tworuumbers

 mahian
a tunny
Qus: estgn
Addilon okoo numbels Aymbof *
+ k e p s u m i n l i i n (
only one
Corwut1

m umåry inti n
4AO C o w e

it intoA

m-14
n 2 1
1,R ,1,R
11, R R
(
two mb
Aubtration of
uring m a thine fos
lugn a

11

=2
1,1,
L1,R
1,1,
R

L1,L

BBlank R
uuwbek
us uim 0 onng ra thut or multipu'catuon o twe

LI,L
LLR
R R

IR B
YR

X,X,R **, L
1,1,
(A
 Kiniar Bomdod Automata
mockel ofPeesing
A enea loundad automata is fhe sestictod
mahine mavine with finiti
utihead wing
4t a 0n-detesmtriistic,

langtofpe t e bouncled tabe

estaictid
s
Sn LBA, Hte rompulauon
mOne 0uteide Hho auailabla. tabe
aFea,The tape ead can not
impudshrina
LBA AchAuend by 8-tuple

G,T, , ,1,5,B mave Ymove

Finul
2 inpid althabef Covkel

taje alhabet
oinilal Atat model of LBA
t end mwkes.
LB accepts contaxt semitine
J ught end moku Lguages.
STrmuonsunhuivn LBA i MORe pawesdul and NPDA
Aet of fina Abh bu less pwerkal Ran Tm.
F
Exle LBA atupb lunguap
Auuhas Laen>=1}
 e w s e hwnctuom
Toy
Tntial Funttons Zerofmniuon
imilial fmtions- Succesko funuom
Thee ans r e e
Propchion tundion
zevo Funmtion itis doined a 2c)=o, e Z[5)=°
Zl5)=o

Suxcessor Funhon t i s e m d as S( ctl.

Z80)=o
s ) = 6H = 7

S(3o)= go+| =
8|

Projectron Funtion it a dntd as

P ( , 2 --Cn)= *i

(,7,8,9) 3
P3,7,8,) = *

15,18,8)= t5
R 2,6, 12,

Cornposihiom e kunlii s substtuluim inb

whon one unin
untuon à olymed
A comboso
Lo0
hen9c)= {(a+5) =E 3(z+)+2
wnotheu 4untuon
) = 3xt2 3t|/7
g) zt5

9(ft)= z(31+2)+5
3t2tS
amd
Kecunsive humeluon A unctuon Kat selpeai sbe again
agaun

Jumutuim called pimative sunndion

imitive Kouunve Fumdion A

Anbe oblauned hom initial

wnbaothrough i h numbei l ompailion and sewsuon op