𝐸𝐸 = ℎ𝜈𝜈 𝑐𝑐 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 ____________________________________________

2𝜋𝜋2 𝑍𝑍 2 𝐾𝐾 2 𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑒 4
𝐸𝐸 = − 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝑛𝑛2 ℎ2 𝑉𝑉 𝑁𝑁 = − 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
𝑍𝑍𝑍𝑍 𝐶𝐶𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑟𝑟(𝑟𝑟+1)ℏ2 1
E𝑅𝑅 = 𝐸𝐸𝑉𝑉 = ℏ𝑤𝑤 �𝑣𝑣 + �
2𝐼𝐼 2
𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 = 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 =
𝐼𝐼
𝐴𝐴 = − log10 ( ) = 𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖𝜖 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 𝑃𝑃𝐾𝐾+ [𝐾𝐾 + ]𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁+ [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 + ]𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − ]𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐼𝐼0 = ln
𝐹𝐹 𝑃𝑃𝐾𝐾+ [𝐾𝐾 + ]𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑃𝑃𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁+ [𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁+ ]𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 + 𝑃𝑃𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − [𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 − ]𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
2𝜋𝜋𝑐𝑐 2 ℎ
𝑊𝑊(𝜆𝜆, 𝑇𝑇) = ℎ𝑐𝑐 𝑊𝑊𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝜎𝜎𝑆𝑆𝑆𝑆 (𝑇𝑇 4 − 𝑇𝑇𝑠𝑠4 )
𝜆𝜆5 (𝑒𝑒 𝜆𝜆𝐾𝐾𝐵𝐵 𝑇𝑇 −1)
Δ𝐺𝐺 = 𝑛𝑛Δ𝜇𝜇 = 𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛(𝑉𝑉𝑚𝑚 − 𝑉𝑉 𝑁𝑁 )

𝜔𝜔0 = 𝛾𝛾𝛾𝛾 𝐸𝐸 = −𝛾𝛾ℏ𝐵𝐵 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝜏𝜏 = 𝜅𝜅𝜖𝜖0 𝜌𝜌𝑚𝑚 𝜆𝜆 = � 𝜌𝜌 =
2𝜌𝜌𝑎𝑎 𝐿𝐿
____________________________________________
𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 𝑐𝑐 2 + (𝐴𝐴 − 𝑍𝑍)𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐 2 - 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝑐𝑐 2 ____________________________________________
Δ𝑀𝑀 = 𝑍𝑍𝑚𝑚𝑝𝑝 + (𝐴𝐴 − 𝑍𝑍)𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 − 𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝜕𝜕2 𝜉𝜉 1 𝜕𝜕2 𝜉𝜉 𝐸𝐸 1
= 𝑐𝑐 = � (solid) 𝑐𝑐 = � (fluid)
𝜕𝜕𝑥𝑥 2 𝑐𝑐 2 𝜕𝜕𝑡𝑡 2 𝜌𝜌 𝜅𝜅𝜅𝜅
−𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙2
𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇1/2 =
𝜆𝜆
𝐼𝐼𝑟𝑟 𝑍𝑍2 −𝑍𝑍1 2 𝐼𝐼𝑡𝑡 4𝑍𝑍1 𝑍𝑍2
𝑡𝑡2 Z = 𝜌𝜌𝜌𝜌 𝑅𝑅 = =� � T= = (𝑍𝑍
𝐴𝐴 = 𝜆𝜆𝜆𝜆 𝐴𝐴̃(𝑡𝑡1 , 𝑡𝑡2 ) = ∫𝑡𝑡 𝐴𝐴(𝑡𝑡)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝑍𝑍2 +𝑍𝑍1 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 1 +𝑍𝑍2 )
2
1

𝐼𝐼
1 1 1 𝛽𝛽 = 10 log10 ( ) I0=10-12 W/m2
= + 𝐼𝐼0
𝑇𝑇𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑇𝑇1/2 𝑇𝑇1/2𝑗𝑗

𝑁𝑁 = 𝑁𝑁0 𝑒𝑒 −𝜇𝜇𝜇𝜇 𝐷𝐷𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = 𝐷𝐷 ∙ 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 ____________________________________________

____________________________________________ n1 n2 𝒏𝒏𝟐𝟐 −𝒏𝒏𝟏𝟏

+ =P 𝑷𝑷 =
s1 s2 𝑹𝑹
ΔU = Q + W U = 3/2 n R T

H=U+PV 1 1.33
𝑑𝑑𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = Prest = (emmetropic)
ΔH = Q + Wuseful
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃
d
1 1
ΔHº = ΣΔHfº(Pi) -ΣΔHfº(Ri) 𝑑𝑑𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 1 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = − (myopic)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃+ 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹

PV = nRT 1
𝑑𝑑𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑃𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎 (hypermetropic)
𝑃𝑃𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝑃𝑎𝑎
(dQ/dt)sweat = 580 kcal/kg x r
Useful constants and conversions
(dQ/dt)breathing = 9 kcal/h

(dQ/dt)rad ≈ 5.6 kcal / (h·m2·K) A ΔT Avogadro number: NA = 6.022 x 1023

Planck constant: h = 6.626 x 10-34 J.s
dQ/dt)conv = h A ΔT Reduced planck constant: ℏ=h/(2π)= 1.05 x 10-34 J.s
S = kB log M ΔStotal ≥ 0 ΔS ≥ Q / T Speed of light: c = 3 x 108 m/s
1 J = 0.24 cal
G = H – TS ΔGsyst ≤ 0 1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J
[𝐶𝐶]𝑐𝑐 [𝐷𝐷]𝑑𝑑 Gas constant: R=8.31 J.K-1.mol-1
𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 + 𝑏𝑏𝑏𝑏 ↔ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 + 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 Δ𝐺𝐺 = ΔG0 + 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 [𝐴𝐴]𝑎𝑎[𝐵𝐵]𝑏𝑏
Boltzmann constant: KB=1.38 x 10-23 J/K
[𝐶𝐶]𝑐𝑐 [𝐷𝐷]𝑑𝑑 Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ=5.67 x 10-8 W m-2 K-4
ΔGº = - RT ln Keq 𝐾𝐾𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 = [𝐴𝐴]𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑎𝑎 [𝐵𝐵]𝑏𝑏
𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 Absolute 0 temperature = 0K = -273.15 ºC
____________________________________________ Ground energy level of hydrogen: -13.6 eV
Electron charge: 1.6 x 10-19 C
𝑑𝑑 2 = 6𝐷𝐷Δ𝑡𝑡 Electron mass: 9.1 x 10-31 kg
𝐷𝐷𝑚𝑚 𝑘𝑘 Φ𝐷𝐷 Vacuum permittivity: ε0 = 8.85 × 10−12 C2N−1m−2
𝑃𝑃 = 𝑃𝑃 = K = 1/(4πε0)= 8.99 x 109 C-2N1m2
𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥 𝛥𝛥𝛥𝛥

Unified mass unit 𝑢𝑢 = 1.6605 × 10−27 Kg

j=PΔC jF=LΔP 𝜋𝜋 = 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
Faraday constant F= 96485 C/mol