Mini Study on

Interior in

Civil

Engineering
Page | 1
1 Index
Sl.No: Particulars Pg.No:

01 Index 02

02 Interior 03

03 Types of Interior 04

04 Major Units in Residential Interior 06

05 Items Used in Residential Interior 08

06 Major Units in Commercial Interior 11

07 Items Used in Commercial Interior 12

08 Triple Constraint 15

09 Process in Interior Firm 16

10 Raw Material used in Interior 17

11 Types of Board Used in Interior 19

12 Types of Kitchen 21

13 Types of Bed 23

14 Positions Available in Interior Field 24

Page | 2
2 Interior
In civil engineering, the term "interior" typically refers to the inner or inside aspects of a
structure, building, or infrastructure project. It encompasses the design, layout, and functional
aspects of the interior spaces of a building or structure. This is an important consideration in
civil engineering and architecture, as the interior design and layout can greatly impact the
functionality, safety, and usability of the structure.

2.1 Necessity of Interior in Civil Engineering

2.1.1 Space Planning
Engineers and architects work on space planning to optimize the use of interior spaces. This
involves determining how rooms or areas will be arranged, their size, and how they will be
interconnected to serve their intended purposes efficiently.

2.1.2 Interior Layout

The layout of rooms, corridors, staircases, and other interior elements must conform to
building codes and safety standards. Engineers and architects ensure that the interior layout is
conducive to the building's function and occupants' needs.

2.1.3 Structural Considerations

The interior design must also take into account the structural elements of the building, such
as load-bearing walls, columns, and beams. These structural elements influence the
placement of walls, openings, and interior features.

2.1.4 Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing (MEP) Systems

The placement and integration of MEP systems like heating, ventilation, air conditioning,
electrical wiring, plumbing, and fire protection systems are vital aspects of the interior
design. Engineers must ensure that these systems are designed and installed to meet the
building's requirements and codes.

2.1.5 Safety and Accessibility

Ensuring the safety of building occupants and providing accessibility for people with
disabilities are crucial interior considerations. This includes aspects such as fire safety,
emergency exits, handrails, and ramps.

Page | 3
2.1.6 Aesthetics and Finishes
Interior design in civil engineering also involves selecting materials, finishes, colors, and
furnishings that contribute to the overall aesthetics and functionality of the interior spaces.

2.1.7 User Comfort

Interior design should take into account the comfort of the occupants, including factors like
lighting, acoustics, and ergonomic considerations.

In summary, in civil engineering, the term "interior" relates to the planning, design, and
implementation of the inner spaces of a building or structure, with a focus on functionality,
safety, and aesthetics. Engineers and architects work together to ensure that these interior
aspects are well-integrated with the overall design of the project and meet the needs of the
intended users.

2.2 Types of Interiors

In civil engineering and architecture, different types of interiors are designed to meet specific
functional requirements and aesthetic preferences. The type of interior design chosen for a
project depends on factors such as the building's purpose, the needs of the occupants, and the
desired style. Here are some common types of interior spaces in civil engineering,

2.2.1 Residential Interiors

These are interiors within houses, apartments, and other residential buildings. They are
designed for comfortable and functional living and can vary widely in style, from traditional
to modern.

2.2.2 Commercial Interiors

Commercial interiors are found in offices, retail stores, restaurants, and other businesses.
These spaces are designed with a focus on productivity, branding, and customer experience.

2.2.3 Hospitality Interiors

Hospitality interiors include hotels, resorts, and other accommodations. They emphasize
guest comfort and often feature luxurious or themed designs.

2.2.4 Healthcare Interiors

Healthcare interiors are found in hospitals, clinics, and medical facilities. They are designed
to prioritize patient well-being, sanitation, and the needs of medical staff.

Page | 4
2.2.5 Educational Interiors
Educational interiors can be found in schools, colleges, and universities. They are designed
to support learning and may include classrooms, libraries, and common areas.

2.2.6 Industrial Interiors

These interiors are often found in factories, warehouses, and manufacturing facilities. They
are designed for efficiency, safety, and functionality.

2.2.7 Institutional Interiors

Institutional interiors are found in government buildings, prisons, and other public
institutions. They are designed to meet specific regulations and security requirements.

2.2.8 Cultural and Entertainment Interiors

These spaces include theaters, museums, art galleries, and performance venues. They are
designed to enhance the visitor's experience and often incorporate unique architectural
features.

2.2.9 Public Spaces

Public interiors encompass areas like transportation hubs (airports, train stations), lobbies,
and other common spaces that serve the general public.

2.2.10 Sports and Recreation Interiors

These interiors are found in sports facilities, gyms, and recreational centers. They are
designed to accommodate physical activity and often feature specialized equipment and
materials.

2.2.11 Specialized Interiors

Specialized interiors can include spaces like laboratories, clean rooms, data centers, and
other environments with specific technical requirements.

2.2.12 Sustainable Interiors

Sustainable or "green" interiors focus on environmentally friendly design and materials,
energy efficiency, and sustainable practices. This can apply to various types of interior
spaces.

Page | 5
2.2.13 Adaptive Reuse Interiors
In adaptive reuse projects, existing structures are repurposed for new uses. The interior
design often needs to balance the building's historic character with the requirements of the
new purpose.

2.2.14 Mixed-Use Interiors

In mixed-use developments, different types of interiors are integrated into a single building
or complex. This can include a combination of residential, commercial, and recreational
spaces.

2.2.15 Custom Interiors

Custom interiors are uniquely designed for a specific client or project, considering their
individual needs, preferences, and functional requirements.

These are just a few examples of the types of interior spaces in civil engineering and
architecture. Each type requires careful planning, design, and consideration of the specific
needs and goals of the space and its occupants.

Here we are going to see about Residential & Commercial Interiors.

2.3 Major Units in Residential Interior

2.3.1 Wardrobe Unit
A wardrobe unit, also known as a closet or armoire, is a furniture piece designed for the
storage of clothing, accessories, and personal items. It offers organized storage, often with
shelves, drawers, and hanging space, contributing to an organized and clutter-free living
space. Wardrobe units come in various styles and finishes, providing both functionality and
aesthetic appeal. They are a key element in residential interior design, especially in
bedrooms, helping to create an orderly and personalized storage solution. 2-Door Wardrobe
is a basic and compact wardrobe typically measuring around 3 to 4 feet in width, 6 to 7 feet
in height, and 2 to 2.5 feet in depth. It provides hanging space and a few shelves or drawers.

2.3.2 Living Unit

A living unit in interior design refers to the central communal area within a home, typically
known as the living room. This space is designed for relaxation, socializing, and
entertainment. It features furniture like sofas, chairs, coffee tables, and lighting fixtures to
create a welcoming and comfortable atmosphere. The living unit serves as the hub of a
Page | 6
 household, accommodating various activities, from family gatherings to movie nights. It is a
key component of residential interior design, where aesthetics and functionality converge to
create a versatile and inviting space.

2.3.3 Modular Kitchen Unit

A modular kitchen unit in interior design is a versatile and space-efficient kitchen setup that
combines pre-fabricated cabinets, countertops, and storage components. These units are
designed for ease of installation and customization, making them a popular choice in modern
homes. Modular kitchens come in various styles and configurations to suit different needs
and design preferences. They offer efficient organization, easy maintenance, and the
flexibility to adapt to changing culinary requirements. As a key element of interior design,
modular kitchens emphasize functionality and aesthetics, enhancing the overall look and
usability of the home's culinary space.

2.3.4 Pooja Unit

A pooja unit in interior design is a dedicated space or area within a home designed for
religious or spiritual practices, such as prayer, meditation, or worship. It typically includes an
altar or shrine where religious idols, images, or symbols are placed. The design of a pooja
unit often incorporates sacred and decorative elements, with provisions for lighting, incense,
and offerings. Pooja units are intended to create a serene and peaceful atmosphere for
spiritual rituals and are an integral part of many Indian homes, reflecting the religious and
cultural beliefs of the residents. They serve both a functional and aesthetic purpose,
contributing to the overall interior design of the home.

2.3.5 Crockery Unit

A crockery unit in interior design is a dedicated piece of furniture designed for the storage
and display of dinnerware, glassware, and other dining-related items. It serves both
functional and aesthetic purposes within a home. Crockery units typically feature shelves,
cabinets, and glass doors, providing a stylish and organized solution for keeping dining
essentials. They come in various styles and materials, allowing homeowners to choose a
design that complements their interior decor. Crockery units not only offer practical storage

Page | 7
 but also enhance the overall aesthetics of a dining area, making them an important element in
residential interior design.

2.3.6 Shoe Rack Unit

A shoe rack unit in interior design is a specialized piece of furniture or storage solution
designed to neatly organize and store footwear. It is primarily functional, keeping shoes
organized and preventing clutter in living spaces. Shoe rack units come in various styles and
sizes, ranging from simple open racks to enclosed cabinets with multiple shelves or
compartments. They help homeowners maintain a tidy and orderly home by providing a
dedicated space for shoes, ensuring they are easily accessible and well-organized. While
primarily functional, some shoe rack units also contribute to the overall aesthetics of an
interior space, blending both practicality and style.

2.3.7 Foyer Unit

A foyer unit in interior design refers to the dedicated area just inside the entrance of a home,
commonly known as the foyer or entryway. It serves as the first impression of the interior
space and plays a crucial role in welcoming and organizing incoming and outgoing traffic.
Foyer units often include functional elements like coat racks, shoe storage, and console
tables, providing a convenient space for residents and guests to leave outerwear, bags, and
personal items. These units can also incorporate decorative elements, such as mirrors,
artwork, or lighting fixtures, to enhance the aesthetic appeal of the entryway. In residential
interior design, the foyer unit is vital for creating an organized and inviting transition space
between the outside world and the home's interior.

2.4 Item used in Residential Interiors

In residential interior design, numerous items are used to create a functional and aesthetically
pleasing living space. These items range from furniture to decor and are crucial in shaping
the atmosphere and character of a home. Here's a list of important items used in residential
interior design as follows,

Page | 8
2.4.1 Furniture
Essential pieces like sofas, chairs, tables, beds, and storage units provide both functionality
and style.

2.4.2 Lighting Fixtures

Ceiling lights, floor lamps, table lamps, and wall sconces create ambient, task, and accent
lighting.

2.4.3 Window Treatments

Curtains, blinds, shades, and drapes offer privacy and control over natural light.

2.4.4 Area Rugs and Carpets

These add warmth, texture, and color to floors and can define different areas within a room.

2.4.5 Wall Art

Paintings, prints, photographs, and sculptures adorn walls and express the homeowner's
personality.

2.4.6 Mirrors
Mirrors not only reflect light but also make rooms appear larger and add a decorative touch.

2.4.7 Decorative Accessories

Items such as vases, bowls, candles, and other decor pieces enhance the overall aesthetics.

2.4.8 Throw Pillows and Cushions

These add comfort and color to sofas and chairs.

2.4.9 Candles and Candle Holders

Candles create a cozy ambiance, and decorative holders can enhance the decor.

2.4.10 Tableware and Dining Accessories

Items like placemats, table runners, and centerpieces are used in dining rooms.

2.4.11 Shelving and Bookcases

These provide display space for books, collectibles, and decorative items.

2.4.12 Clocks
Wall clocks and desk clocks serve functional and decorative purposes.

2.4.13 Photo Frames

Frames for displaying family photos and artwork.

Page | 9
2.4.14 Cushioned Bench or Ottoman
These serve as additional seating and decorative accents.

2.4.15 Plants and Floral Arrangements

Houseplants and flowers bring nature into the interior and offer a fresh touch.

2.4.16 Textiles
Decorative textiles like cushions, curtains, and tablecloths add softness and color to the
space.

2.4.17 Vases and Flower Pots

Containers for displaying fresh or artificial flowers and greenery.

2.4.18 Corkboards and Bulletin Boards

These can be used to display notes, photos, and artwork.

2.4.19 Decorative Hardware

Stylish knobs, handles, and pulls for cabinets and doors.

2.4.20 Artificial Fruit and Bowl

A decorative arrangement for kitchen and dining areas.

2.4.21 Wallpapers and Wall Coverings

Textured and patterned wallpapers can be used as decorative elements.

2.4.22 Accent Paint and Color Schemes

The choice of paint colors and color schemes can significantly impact the decor.

2.4.23 Throw Blankets and Bedding

Throws and blankets add warmth and style to beds and sofas.

2.4.24 Wardrobes and Armoire

Storage furniture for clothing and personal items.

2.4.25 Vanity and Makeup Area

A dedicated space for personal grooming and beauty.

2.4.26 Headboards and Bed Frames

These can be decorative and add character to the bedroom.

Page | 10
2.4.27 Sculptures and Figurines
Small decorative items placed on shelves and tables.

2.4.28 Coasters and Trays

These are used to protect surfaces and organize items.

2.4.29 Technology and Entertainment

Audiovisual equipment, home theaters, and smart home automation.

2.4.30 Personal Collections

Collectibles, art, and unique items that reflect the homeowner's interests.

The combination and arrangement of these items, along with careful consideration of colors,
textures, and styles, contribute to the overall interior design of a residence. Homeowners and
interior designers work together to create a space that suits individual tastes and needs while
achieving a harmonious and visually appealing living environment.

2.5 Major Units in Commercial Interior

2.5.1 False Ceiling Unit
A false ceiling in commercial interior design is a suspended secondary ceiling installed
beneath the main structural ceiling. It enhances aesthetics, provides acoustic control,
integrates lighting, and conceals utility systems, contributing to a more functional and
visually appealing workspace.

2.5.2 Flooring
Flooring in commercial interior design refers to the selection and installation of materials for
the floor surface. It plays a pivotal role in creating a visually appealing, durable, and
functional space, with options ranging from carpet, hardwood, and tile to specialized
materials for various commercial settings. The choice of flooring impacts the overall
aesthetics, acoustics, maintenance, and safety of the commercial interior.

2.5.3 Partition
Partitions in commercial interior design refer to walls or dividers used to separate and define
spaces within a commercial setting. They serve functional and aesthetic purposes, providing
privacy, organization, and a cohesive design in offices, retail spaces, and other commercial
environments. The choice of materials, layout, and design of partitions can greatly influence
the overall look and functionality of the space.
Page | 11
2.5.4 Wall Finishes
Wall finishes in commercial interior design refer to the treatment and materials used on
interior walls. These finishes, such as paint, wallpaper, wood paneling, or specialized wall
coverings, serve to enhance aesthetics, define the style, and contribute to the overall visual
appeal of commercial spaces while also providing practical protection and easy maintenance.

2.5.5 Furniture
Furniture in commercial interior design encompasses the selection and arrangement of
functional and aesthetically pleasing furnishings in commercial spaces. It plays a vital role in
creating a comfortable, productive, and visually appealing environment for employees and
visitors, addressing both practical and design requirements in offices, retail establishments,
restaurants, and other commercial settings.

2.5.6 Plants
Plants in commercial interior design refer to the inclusion of greenery, such as indoor plants
and living walls, to enhance the aesthetic appeal and air quality of a workspace. They
contribute to a healthier, more vibrant, and visually appealing commercial environment,
promoting well-being and productivity among employees and creating an inviting
atmosphere for clients and customers.

2.6 Items Used in Commercial Interior

In commercial interior design, various items and elements are used to create functional and
visually appealing spaces that serve business needs. Here are important items commonly
used in commercial interiors:

2.6.1 Furniture
Desks, chairs, conference tables, and seating for office spaces, as well as furnishings for
waiting areas, restaurants, and retail establishments.

2.6.2 Lighting Fixtures

Lighting plays a critical role in commercial interiors, with a range of fixtures like task
lighting, chandeliers, and track lighting used to set the right ambiance.

2.6.3 Flooring
Options include carpeting, hardwood, tile, vinyl, and other materials, chosen for durability,
aesthetics, and maintenance considerations.

Page | 12
2.6.4 Wall Finishes
Paint, wallpaper, wall coverings, and decorative finishes that contribute to the overall look
and branding of the space.

2.6.5 Ceilings
Ceiling design, including drop ceilings, exposed ceilings, and acoustic treatments, can impact
both aesthetics and acoustics.

2.6.6 Window Treatments

Blinds, curtains, and shades for privacy, light control, and aesthetics.

2.6.7 Signage and Graphics

Custom signage, wayfinding signs, and branded graphics to convey information and
reinforce branding.

2.6.8 Technology and AV Equipment

Audiovisual equipment, screens, projectors, and communication systems for meeting rooms
and presentation areas.

2.6.9 Office Equipment

Photocopiers, printers, and other office equipment are essential for productivity in
commercial settings.

2.6.10 Storage Solutions

Cabinets, shelves, filing systems, and storage furniture for maintaining an organized
workspace.

2.6.11 Art and Décor

Artwork, sculptures, and decor elements that reflect the company's brand and add personality
to the space.

2.6.12 Reception and Waiting Area Furniture

Comfortable seating, reception desks, and decor to create a welcoming first impression.

2.6.13 Partition Systems

Partitions and dividers to create separate workspaces and maintain a sense of privacy in open
office layouts.

Page | 13
2.6.14 Cafeteria and Breakroom Furniture
Tables, chairs, and amenities for employee relaxation and dining spaces.

2.6.15 Retail Displays

Retail interiors feature display cases, shelving, and fixtures for showcasing products.

2.6.16 Bar and Restaurant Equipment

In the foodservice industry, items such as kitchen equipment, bar stools, and dining tables are
essential.

2.6.17 Sustainable Design Elements

Eco-friendly features like energy-efficient lighting, recycled materials, and green building
practices are increasingly important.

2.6.18 Acoustic Solutions

Panels, baffles, and materials designed to control sound and create a comfortable acoustic
environment.

2.6.19 Brand-Specific Elements

Unique elements, colors, and materials that reinforce the brand's identity and message.

2.6.20 Custom Millwork

Custom-made cabinetry, counters, and fixtures that align with the design concept and
branding.

2.6.21 Safety and Security Features

Security cameras, access control systems, and safety equipment to protect people and assets.

2.6.22 HVAC Systems

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems to ensure comfort and air quality.

2.6.23 Medical Equipment

In healthcare facilities, specialized equipment for patient care and diagnostics.

2.6.24 Educational Furniture

In schools and educational institutions, items like desks, chairs, and classroom equipment.

These items are carefully selected and arranged to create functional, efficient, and visually
appealing commercial interiors that cater to the specific needs and objectives of businesses
and organizations.

Page | 14
2.7 Triple Constraint
The triple constraint is a concept used in project management and interior design to describe
the interplay between three key factors: time, cost, and scope (sometimes referred to as
quality). This concept is applicable in the context of interior design to understand the
challenges and trade-offs involved in completing interior design projects successfully. Here's
a brief explanation of the triple constraint in interior design:

2.7.1 Time
Time represents the schedule or timeline for completing an interior design project. It includes
deadlines, milestones, and the overall duration of the project. Delays in the schedule can
impact other aspects of the project, including costs and the final scope.

2.7.2 Cost
Cost relates to the budget allocated for the interior design project. This budget covers
expenses for materials, labor, furnishings, and other resources required to complete the
design. Staying within budget is crucial, as overspending can lead to financial constraints and
potentially compromise the project's quality.

2.7.3 Scope (Quality)

Scope in interior design refers to the extent and quality of work that the project aims to
achieve. It encompasses the design elements, finishes, furnishings, and functionality of the
space. Altering the scope can have implications for both time and cost. For example, adding
high-end finishes or custom features may increase costs and extend the timeline.

In interior design projects, there is often a delicate balance between these three constraints.
Changes to one of them can affect the other two. For example, if a client requests a high-
quality finish (expanding the scope), it may increase the cost and time required to complete
the project. Conversely, if there's a strict budget and timeline, it may lead to adjustments in
the scope to keep the project within those constraints.

Successful interior design projects involve effective management of the triple constraint,
with designers, clients, and project managers working together to make informed decisions
that align with project goals and constraints.

Page | 15
2.8 Process in Interior Firm
The process in an interior design firm involves stages such as client consultation, project
assessment, concept development, design refinement, budgeting, procurement, project
management, construction oversight, installation, and final inspection. The goal is to create
aesthetically pleasing and functional interiors that meet the client's requirements while
staying within budget and timeline constraints.

Project Life Cycle in Interior

Page | 16
2.9 Raw Materials Used in Interior
The selection of raw materials for interior work depends on the specific design, style, and
functionality of the project. However, common raw materials used in interior work include:

2.9.1 Lumber and Plywood

These materials are used for framing, wall panels, and furniture construction.

2.9.2 Drywall
Used for creating interior walls and ceilings, it provides a smooth surface for finishes like
paint or wallpaper.

2.9.3 Flooring Materials

Options include hardwood, laminate, tile, vinyl, carpet, and natural stone for various flooring
needs.

2.9.4 Paints and Finishes

Different types of paints, stains, and sealants are used to protect and enhance surfaces.

2.9.5 Glass
Used for windows, doors, partitions, and decorative elements like mirrors.

2.9.6 Metals
For fixtures, hardware, and structural elements, metals like steel, aluminum, and brass are
common.

2.9.7 Ceramic and Porcelain Tiles

Used in kitchens and bathrooms for walls and floors.

2.9.8 Natural Stone

Marble, granite, and other natural stones are used for countertops, backsplashes, and
flooring.

2.9.9 Plumbing Fixtures

Includes sinks, faucets, toilets, and showers, often made from porcelain, stainless steel, or
brass.

2.9.10 Electrical Components

Wiring, outlets, switches, and lighting fixtures are essential for electrical installations.

Page | 17
2.9.11 Insulation
Materials like fiberglass, foam board, or spray foam are used for energy efficiency and
soundproofing.

2.9.12 Textiles
Fabrics like upholstery, curtains, and drapes for soft furnishings and decor.

2.9.13 Wallcoverings
Wallpaper, wall panels, and decorative materials for interior walls.

2.9.14 Adhesives and Fasteners

Glues, nails, screws, and adhesives for construction and installation.

2.9.15 Countertop Materials

Materials such as granite, quartz, and laminate for kitchen and bathroom countertops.

2.9.16 Cabinetry Materials

Wood, plywood, or engineered wood for kitchen and bathroom cabinets.

2.9.17 Ceiling Materials

Options include ceiling tiles, wood paneling, and acoustic materials for different aesthetic
and functional requirements.

2.9.18 Plaster and Mortar

For wall finishes, decorative details, and exterior work.

2.9.19 Cement and Concrete

Used for flooring, countertops, and architectural elements.

2.9.20 Resins and Polymers

Used for creating custom elements, such as epoxy countertops or decorative pieces.

The choice of materials depends on the design concept, budget, and the intended function of
the interior space. Interior designers work closely with clients to select the most suitable
materials to achieve the desired look and performance for a project.

Page | 18
2.10 Types of Board used in Interior
Various types of boards are used in interior design and construction for different purposes.
Here are some common types of boards used in interior work:

2.10.1 Plywood
Plywood is a versatile engineered wood product made by layering and gluing thin sheets of
wood (plies) together. It is used for a wide range of applications, including cabinetry,
subflooring, and furniture construction.

Standard Size – 4’ X 8’

Thickness – 4mm , 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 17mm, 18mm.

If we need beyond this thick they will provide the requirement by clubbing two or more
boards using veneer.

2.10.2 Medium-Density Fiberboard (MDF)

MDF is made from wood fibers, wax, and resin, and it's used for cabinetry, shelving, and
furniture. It has a smooth and consistent surface that's ideal for painting and veneering.

Standard Size – 4’ X 8’

Thickness – 4mm , 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 17mm, 18mm.

If we need beyond this thick they will provide the requirement by clubbing two or more
boards using veneer.

2.10.3 Particleboard
Particleboard consists of wood particles bonded together with adhesive. It's used for
shelving, inexpensive furniture, and cabinet boxes.

Standard Size – 4’ X 8’

Thickness – 4mm , 6mm, 8mm, 10mm, 12mm, 16mm, 17mm, 18mm.

If we need beyond this thick they will provide the requirement by clubbing two or more
boards using veneer.

Page | 19
2.10.4 Block board
Block board is an engineered wood product used in interior design, featuring a core of wood
strips or blocks sandwiched between plywood or veneer layers. It's known for its stability and
is commonly used for furniture, doors, cabinets, and other interior applications, offering a
smooth, even surface.

Standard Size – 4’ X 8’

Thickness –standard 20mm, but available in 15mm to 25mm.

2.10.5 Oriented Strand Board (OSB)

OSB is made from compressed strands of wood with adhesives. It's used for sheathing walls
and roofs, subflooring, and as a structural board.

2.10.6 Gypsum Board (Drywall)

Gypsum board, commonly known as drywall or plasterboard, is used for interior walls and
ceilings. It provides a smooth surface for painting and other finishes.

2.10.7 Hardboard
Hardboard is a dense and smooth panel made from compressed wood fibers. It's used for
decorative wall paneling, cabinet backing, and furniture components.

2.10.8 Fiber Cement Board

Fiber cement board is a durable material made from cement, sand, and cellulose fibers. It's
used as an exterior cladding material, particularly for siding, and can also be used in interior
wet areas.

2.10.9 Cement Backer Board

This type of board is specifically designed for use as a substrate for tile and stone
installations in areas like bathrooms and kitchens.

2.10.10 Melamine Board

Melamine boards are particleboards or MDF boards covered with a melamine finish, making
them suitable for use in cabinets, shelving, and furniture.

2.10.11 Cementitious Board

Cementitious boards are moisture-resistant and often used as a backer board for wet areas,
like bathrooms and kitchens.

Page | 20
2.10.12 Acoustic Panels
These boards are designed to absorb sound and reduce noise in interior spaces. They are used
for acoustic treatment and soundproofing.

The choice of board depends on factors such as the intended use, the desired finish, and the
environment in which it will be installed. Interior designers and contractors select the
appropriate type of board based on the project's specific requirements.

2.11 Types of Kitchen

In interior design, kitchens can be categorized into different types based on their layout and
style. Here are some common types of kitchens in interior design:

2.11.1 Open Kitchen

Open kitchens are integrated with the living or dining area without physical barriers. They
promote social interaction and a sense of spaciousness.

2.11.2 Galley Kitchen / Parallel Kitchen

Galley kitchens have two parallel counters or cabinets facing each other, making efficient
use of space, often found in smaller homes or apartments.

2.11.3 L-Shaped Kitchen

L-shaped kitchens feature counters and cabinets along two adjacent walls, forming an "L"
shape. They offer good workspace and storage options.

2.11.4 U-Shaped Kitchen

U-shaped kitchens have counters and cabinets along three walls, forming a "U" shape. They
provide plenty of storage and workspace.

2.11.5 Island Kitchen

Island kitchens include a freestanding island in the center of the room, which can be used for
additional workspace, storage, and seating.

2.11.6 Peninsula Kitchen

Peninsula kitchens are similar to island kitchens but are connected to one wall or the main
cabinets, forming a "peninsula." They offer added workspace and seating.

Page | 21
2.11.7 Single-Wall Kitchen / Straight Kitchen
Single-wall kitchens feature all cabinets and appliances aligned along a single wall, making
them suitable for smaller spaces.

2.11.8 Farmhouse Kitchen

Farmhouse kitchens have a rustic and cozy look, often incorporating natural materials and
open shelving for a warm and welcoming atmosphere.

2.11.9 Traditional Kitchen

Traditional kitchens feature classic design elements, such as ornate cabinetry, crown
molding, and decorative details, conveying a timeless and elegant aesthetic.

2.11.10 Contemporary Kitchen

Contemporary kitchens emphasize clean lines and minimalism, with a focus on modern
materials and a sleek, uncluttered design.

2.11.11 Modern Kitchen

Modern kitchens prioritize simplicity, minimalism, and functionality, often featuring flat-
panel cabinets, stainless steel appliances, and a streamlined appearance.

2.11.12 Cottage Kitchen

Cottage kitchens have a cozy and charming feel, often incorporating beadboard cabinets,
open shelving, and a welcoming atmosphere.

2.11.13 Industrial Kitchen

Industrial kitchens have a raw and utilitarian look with features like exposed brick, metal
surfaces, and concrete floors.

2.11.14 Eclectic Kitchen

Eclectic kitchens combine elements from various design styles, resulting in a unique and
personalized space with a mix of colors, textures, and materials.

2.11.15 Minimalist Kitchen

Minimalist kitchens emphasize simplicity, with clean lines and a focus on essential design
elements. Clutter is minimized, and functionality is key.

Page | 22
 The choice of kitchen type depends on the available space, homeowner's lifestyle, design
preferences, and intended use. Interior designers work with homeowners to select the most
suitable kitchen type for their needs and style.

In India most commonly used 4 types of kitchens are as follows,

 Island Kitchen
 C/L Type Kitchen
 Parallel Kitchen
 Straight Kitchen

2.12 Types of Bed Sizes available in India

In India, bed sizes can vary based on regional preferences and individual needs. The most
common bed sizes available in India include:

2.12.1 Single Bed

A single bed, also known as a twin bed, typically measures 36 inches in width and 75 inches
in length. It is suitable for one person and is commonly used in children's bedrooms, guest
rooms, and smaller bedrooms.

2.12.2 Double Bed

A double bed is designed for two people and is the most popular bed size in India. It usually
measures 54 inches in width and 75 inches in length, providing more space for couples or
individuals who prefer extra room.

2.12.3 Queen Bed

Queen-size beds offer additional space compared to double beds. They are typically 60
inches in width and 78 inches in length. Queen beds are popular for couples who want more
room to sleep comfortably.

2.12.4 King Bed

King-size beds are the largest standard bed size in India, providing ample space for couples
and families. They usually measure 72 inches in width and 78 inches in length, offering
maximum sleeping comfort.

Page | 23
2.12.5 Super King Bed
Super king beds are even larger than king-size beds, with dimensions that can vary but are
typically around 78 inches in width and 78 inches in length. These beds provide the most
generous sleeping space.

2.12.6 Customized Beds

Some manufacturers and carpenters offer customized bed sizes to meet specific needs or fit
unique room dimensions. Customized beds can vary in size and design.

It's important to note that bed sizes can vary slightly based on the manufacturer and specific
design. When selecting a bed, consider the room's available space, the number of people who
will be using it, and personal preferences for comfort. Additionally, mattress sizes should
align with the bed frame size to ensure a proper fit.

2.13 Positions Available in Interior Field

The field of interior design offers a wide range of positions and job opportunities, each with
its own specific roles and responsibilities. Here are some of the positions and jobs available
in the field of interior design as follows,

2.13.1 Interior Designer

An interior designer is a professional who plans and designs functional, visually appealing
interior spaces, considering aesthetics, functionality, and the client's needs, while ensuring
safety and compliance with industry standards. They select materials, furniture, colors, and
layouts to create harmonious and well-designed environments.

2.13.2 Site Inspector / Supervisor

A site inspector in interior projects is responsible for quality control, safety compliance, and
ensuring that construction work aligns with design plans and local regulations. They play a
vital role in maintaining project integrity and safety.

2.13.3 QA / QC
Quality Assurance (QA) in interior design focuses on preventing issues through systematic
planning, while Quality Control (QC) involves inspecting and testing to identify and correct
defects during the project, ensuring the final result meets quality and safety standards. Both
processes are critical for a successful interior project.

Page | 24
2.13.4 Resource Manager

A resource manager in interior design is responsible for efficiently allocating and managing
the various resources needed for interior projects. This includes coordinating labor, materials,
equipment, and other project resources to ensure the project progresses smoothly, stays
within budget, and meets quality and timeline goals. They play a crucial role in resource
planning, procurement, and scheduling to optimize project outcomes.

2.13.5 Measurement / Survey Team

A measurement or survey team in interior design is responsible for accurately measuring and
assessing interior spaces, collecting data on room dimensions and conditions, and creating
detailed documentation to inform the design and construction processes, ensuring accuracy
and precision in interior projects.

2.13.6 Project Managers

Project managers in interior design oversee and coordinate all project phases, from planning
to completion. They manage budgets, schedules, teams, and client communication to ensure
successful and on-time project delivery.

2.13.7 Planners
Planners in interior design optimize interior spaces for functionality and aesthetics, arranging
furniture and fixtures to ensure efficient traffic flow and meet client requirements. They play
a crucial role in creating well-organized and visually appealing interiors.

Page | 25