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HSE Hydrology L1
HSE Hydrology L1
https://bildungsportal.sachsen.de/opal
lecture notes
exercises
literature, glossary
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 2
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Access
PW:
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 3
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
HSE Hydrology - Course Outline
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 4
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Course Outline
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 5
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Course Outline
Rainfall [mm]
2) Competences
basic hydrological engineering
tasks, e.g. for design and Duration [h]
operation of reservoirs:
Catchment delineation
Areal precipitation
Storm rainfall estimation
p [-]
(DDF)
Flood frequency estimation
(design floods) Q [m³/s]
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 6
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Course Outline
3) Presentations
Own experience
Topical issues
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 7
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Course Outline - Contents
1. Introduction
2. The global hydrological cycle
3. The water balance equation (HW)
4. The catchment (E1)
5. Description of hydrological processes
(processes, modelling concepts, scales)
6. Precipitation
(formation, measurement, analysis & correction, areal estimation (E2),
extremes (E3), snow & snowmelt)
7. Runoff
(measurement, hydrograph analysis (E4), floods & droughts, components (E5)
8. Evapotranspiration
(evaporation, transpiration, interception, measurement & estimation)
Books:
Brutsaert W. (2005/23): Hydrology – An Introduction,
Cambridge University Press.
Dingman S. L., (2008/2014): Physical Hydrology,
Waveland Press.
Herschy R. W. (1999): Hydrometry Principles and
Practices, Wiley & Sons.
Maidment D. R. (1992): Handbook of Hydrology,
McGraw- Hill.
Online Sources:
Shaw (1994): Hydrology in Practice
Chow et al. (1988): Applied Hydrology
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 9
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
Hydrology
thinglink.com
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 10
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
2000 UN Millenium Summit, New York: Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Target 7.C:
Halve, by 2015, the proportion of the
population without sustainable access to safe
drinking water & basic sanitation (1990)
Target 6.1
By 2030, achieve universal and
equitable access to safe and
affordable drinking water for all
Target 6.2
By 2030, achieve access to
adequate and equitable sanitation
and hygiene for all
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
(source: UN)
(source: Statistica)
772 million people around the world still lack even basic access
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
(source: UN)
(source: Statistica)
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
Food security
earthtimes.org
Grist.org
act-global.org
trust.org
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
Flood protection
wikipedia
wordpress.com reddit.com
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
ufz.de
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
population
12%
19%
69%
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
1. Introduction
Poor water quality and lack of sanitation are among the primary
causes of death and disease
Social and economic development, human health,
global food security and the environment are impaired by:
Scarcity of water
Floods and droughts
Poverty
Pollution
Inadequate treatment of waste
Lack of infrastructure
Conservation of energy
These laws together with other laws and/ or empirical
relationships form the basis for hydrological models
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Work Areas of Hydrology
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Linkages:
hydrological cycle is closely linked to the heat balance of the planet
Dynamics:
Hydrological processes are highly variable in space and time
Source: PhysicalGeography.net
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
2022
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 27
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Significance of global
considerations
Analysis and assessment of
human activities on a global
scale, e. g. impacts of climate primary
change, land cover change, … Example: forest
changes from pristine
ecosystems to
Natural pollution control intensive land use
Transport of nutrients and
contaminants by water
Distillation in the atmosphere
pastures
Physical filtering, chemical and
biological transformation
crops
processes in soils and surface
waters
(modified from Buringh & Dudal )
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Global water resources
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Global water resources
Total volume:
= 1368 x 106 km³
liquid: ca. 98.233%
solid: ca. 1.766%
vapour: ca. 0.001%
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Water reservoirs: residence times
Atmosphere
9?d
Glaciers &
ice caps
?5 a
~ 10
Soils Surface
water
~ 1/2
? a 0.3 - 80 a
Oceans
3 200
? a
Groundwater
100 -10
? 000 a
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
1 Introduction 2 Global Hydrologic Cycle 3 Water Balance 4 Catchment 5 Description of Hydrological Processes 32
6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
Mechanisms linking water and energy cycles
Damping of temperature
variations by freezing and
melting of ice
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
The global ocean conveyer belt
Origin: North Atlantic,
near the pole
Low temperature
Density increases:
water gets saltier (sea
ice formation)
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
The global ocean conveyer belt
Deep water moves
south
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
The global ocean conveyer belt
2 sections split off and
move north:
Indian Ocean
Pacific
Water warms up, gets
less dense & raises to
the surface (upwelling)
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
The global ocean conveyer belt
Warm currents loop
back southward and
westward
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
2. The global hydrological cycle
The global ocean conveyer belt
Warm surface water
continue to circulate
the globe
https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology
Summary
1. Introduction
water related to solving main challenges of humanity
Outlook
3. The water balance equation
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6 Precipitation 7 Runoff 8 Evapotranspiration 9 Regional Aspects of Hydrology