Lecture 3

Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)

AC Analysis

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BJT AC Analysis Introduction

Amplifier
Output
BJT in active sinusoidal
Input
sinusoidal
region signal
signal

the ac response of the BJT amplifier

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
Voltage gain 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 =
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖

𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 Current gain 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 =
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖

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 BJT AC Analysis Introduction

 DC and AC Analysis -- Application of Superposition

1. DC analysis
o Coupling and bypass capacitors → open-circuit (O.C.)
o Calculate Q-point and check active mode operation
2. Calculate small signal parameters 𝑟𝑟e,𝑟𝑟 𝑜𝑜
3. Draw the small signal equivalent circuit
o DC voltage source →short-circuit (S.C.)
o DC current source → open-circuit (O.C)
o Coupling and bypass capacitors → short-circuit (S.C.)
4. Determine the amplifier parameters
o Input Impedance and output Impedance
o Voltage gain and current gain

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BJT AC Analysis BJT Transistor Modeling

• A model is an equivalent circuit that represents the AC characteristics of the transistor.

• A model uses circuit elements that approximate the behavior of the transistor.

• There are two models commonly used in small signal AC analysis of a transistor:
re model
Hybrid equivalent model

The re Transistor Model

• BJTs are basically current-controlled devices; therefore the re model uses a diode and a
current source to duplicate the behavior of the transistor.

• One disadvantage to this model is its sensitivity to the DC level. This model is designed
for specific circuit conditions.

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BJT AC Analysis THE re TRANSISTOR MODEL

Common-Emitter Configuration

BJT equivalent circuit

BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Configuration

Important parameters
Zi & Zo & Ii & Io & Vi & Vo & Av & Ai

𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜
Zi = Vi / Ii & Zo = Vo / Io & 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = & 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 =
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖

BJT equivalent circuit

𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 = 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 ⁄𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑜

re model for
the common-emitter transistor configuration
BJT AC Analysis Common-Base Configuration

Common-Base Configuration

Common-base BJT transistor equivalent circuit for Common-base BJT

Common base re equivalent circuit.

BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

•
1 •
replacing C1 and C2 by short-circuit
removing the dc effects of VCC

Note that
• The input signal Vi is applied to the base of
the transistor.
• The output Vo is off the collector.
• The input current Ii is not the base current,
but the source current.
• The output current Io is the collector current.
 Remember

DC Analysis of
Common Emitter Fixed-bias circuit.

Common Emitter Fixed-bias circuit.

BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

2 DC Analysis:

3 Substituting the re model into the network

4 Calculating re & ro

ro is obtained from the specification sheet.

BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

5 Calculating Zi & Zo

The output impedance of any system is defined as the impedance Zo determined when:
Vi = 0 , when Vi = 0, Ii = Ib = 0,
resulting in an open circuit equivalence for the current source.

Determining Zo for the network

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BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

6 Calculating voltage gain (Av ) & current gain (Ai )

voltage gain (Av )

BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

6 Calculating voltage gain (Av ) & current gain (Ai )

current gain (Ai )

𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖

𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = = � = � = −𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝑍𝑍𝑜𝑜 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

Example
For the common-emitter fixed-bias network shown
in figure:
a. Determine re .
b. Find Zi (with ro = ∞ Ω).
c. Calculate Zo (with ro = ∞ Ω).
d. Determine Av (with ro = ∞ Ω).
e. Find Ai (with ro = ∞ Ω).

Solution

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BJT AC Analysis Common-Emitter Fixed-Bias Configuration

1069
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 280.11 = 99.81253
3000
BJT AC Analysis Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

ro is obtained from the specification sheet.

Zi Zo Av Ai

Electronic Circuits Dr. Adel Soliman

 Remember

re

DC Analysis of
Voltage-divider bias
BJT AC Analysis Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

Example
For the Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration network shown in figure, determine:
(a) re. (b) Zi. (c) Zo (ro = ∞ Ω ). (d) Av (ro = ∞ Ω). (e) Ai (ro = ∞ Ω).
Solution
BJT AC Analysis Voltage-Divider Bias Configuration

𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽 = 90

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = −𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶
1350
𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 368.76 = 73.209
6800
BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Unbypassed
Emitter-Bias

Bypassed
Emitter-Bias
BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Unbypassed

Zb Zi & Zo Av Ai

&
 Remember

re

Emitter bias
BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Example
For the CE emitter-bias configuration network shown in the figure, determine:
(a) re . (b) Zi . (c) Zo . (d) Av . (e) Ai.
Solution

(b) Zi

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BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Solution
(d) Av .

∵ 2.2
𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = − = − 3.929
0.56

(e) Ai .

∵ and ∵ 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 67.92 𝑘𝑘Ω

120 (470 ∗ 103 )

𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = = 104.85
470 ∗ 103 + (67.92 ∗ 103 )

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BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Bypassed

Zi Zo Av Ai
BJT AC Analysis CE EMITTER-BIAS CONFIGURATION

Example
For the Bypassed CE emitter-bias configuration network shown in the figure, determine:
(a) re . (b) Zi . (c) Zo . (d) Av . (e) Ai.
Solution

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 = 120 5.99 = 718.8 Ω

𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = 𝛽𝛽 = 120
BJT AC Analysis Emitter-follower Configuration

Zi Zo Av Ai
 Remember

re

Emitter-follower
BJT AC Analysis Emitter-follower Configuration

Example
For the emitter-follower network shown in the figure, determine:
(a) re . (b) Zi . (c) Zo . (d) Av . (e) Ai.
Solution

(b) 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 = 𝛽𝛽 𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 = 100 3.3 𝑘𝑘Ω = 330 𝑘𝑘Ω

𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 220 𝑘𝑘Ω 330 𝑘𝑘Ω
𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 = =
𝑅𝑅𝐵𝐵 + 𝑍𝑍𝑏𝑏 220 𝑘𝑘Ω + 330 𝑘𝑘Ω

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 =132 𝑘𝑘Ω

BJT AC Analysis Emitter-follower Configuration

Solution

(c) 𝑍𝑍𝑂𝑂 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 12.61 Ω

(d) 𝐴𝐴𝑣𝑣 = 1
BJT AC Analysis Common-Base Configuration

Zi Zo Av Ai

𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴𝑖𝑖 = −𝛼𝛼 = −1

BJT AC Analysis Common-Base Configuration

Example
For the Common-Base Configuration
network shown in the figure, determine:

(a) re . (b) Zi . (c) Zo . (d) Av . (e) Ai.

Solution

(b) 𝑍𝑍𝑖𝑖 = 𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑒 = 20 Ω

 Summary

Electronic Circuits Dr. Adel Soliman