I.

Extraction des idées d'un document scientifique (2 séances)

A- HOW TO WRITE AN ABSTRACT?

I- What is an abstract?
An abstract is a concise summary of a completed research project or paper. A well written
abstract will make the reader want to learn more about your research, read your paper, or attend
your presentation. Abstracts also serve as a summary of the research so the paper can be
categorized and searched by subject and keywords.
II- How long is an abstract?
Generally, abstracts are limited to 200 to 300 words, but the exact word limit will be stated by
the publication, conference, or organization requesting the abstract.
III- Components of an abstract
1. Motivation or Statement of Problem: Why do we care about the problem? What practical,
theoretical, scientific, or artistic gap is your research filling?
2. Methods or Approach: What did you actually do to get your results? Did you analyze three
plays, interview 125 students, write a memoir, invent a more powerful photovoltaic cell, or
translate a book? Did you approach your subject using a specific theoretical framework,
technical procedure, or methodology?
3. Results or Product: As a result of completing the above procedure or investigation, what
did you learn, create, or invent?
4. Conclusions or Implications: What are the larger implications of your findings, especially
for the problem or gap identified in Step 1?
There is no single format for writing a successful abstract!
The emphasis placed on each component will depend on your field or discipline. In some, cases,
the methods will require more emphasis and explanation, while in other cases, the results and
implications will require more explanation and emphasis. You are not required to follow the
order of the four components above.
IV- Tips for writing an abstract
1. It takes lots of revision to write a good abstract! Expect to spend some time preparing your
abstract before submitting it.
2. Find the main point of your paper or research and phrase it in a way that can be understood
by an educated non-expert.
3. You may repeat sentences from your paper in your abstract. In some cases, your paper's
introductory paragraph may be suitable for the abstract, but they will have to be condensed and
rewritten to fit the purposes of the abstract.
4. Remember to use keywords important to your field of research or to use words that indicate
your field (biochemical engineering, for example, or the history of Byzantine art).
5. Your abstract should not be so detailed that it requires quotations, citations, or footnotes.
Remember, it's a summary!
6. If you are finding it difficult to summarize your paper or research concisely, write several
paragraphs initially then cut and condense it to one paragraph.
7. If you are finding it difficult to meet the word limit, seek the help of an outsider reader (a
friend or writing tutor) to help you cut excess words.

Extraction d'idées:
1. Read the text give new title to every paragraph.
2. Choose a reassearch topic and write its abstract
a. Write the paragraph concerning the motivation or the statement of problematic
b. Write the paragraph concerning the Methods or Approach
c. Write the paragraph concerning the Results or Product
d. Write the paragraph concerning the Conclusions or Implications

B- Internal combustion engine

Lire le texte suivant et extraire les idées de chaque paragraphe

Résumer chaque paragraphe

Chapter 5
Internal combustion engine
An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the combustion of a fuel
occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of
the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine the expansion of the
high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force
to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine
blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming
chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful
internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir around 1859 and the first
modern internal combustion engine was created in 1864 by Siegfried Marcus.

The term internal combustion engine usually refers to an engine in which combustion is
intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along
with variants, such as the six-stroke piston engine and the Wankel rotary engine. A
second class of internal combustion engines use continuous combustion: gas turbines,
jet engines and most rocket engines, each of which are internal combustion engines on
the same principle as previously described. Firearms are also a form of internal
combustion engine.

Internal combustion engines are quite different from external combustion engines, such
as steam or Stirling engines, in which the energy is delivered to a working fluid not
consisting of, mixed with, or contaminated by combustion products. Working fluids can
be air, hot water, pressurized water or even liquid sodium, heated in a boiler. ICEs are
usually powered by energy-dense fuels such as gasoline or diesel, liquids derived from
fossil fuels. While there are many stationary applications, most ICEs are used in mobile

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applications and are the dominant power supply for vehicles such as cars, aircraft, and
boats.

Typically an ICE is fed with fossil fuels like natural gas or petroleum products such as
gasoline, diesel fuel or fuel oil. There's a growing usage of renewable fuels like biodiesel
for compression ignition engines and bio-ethanol or methanol for spark ignition engines.
Hydrogen is sometimes used, and can be made from either fossil fuels or renewable
energy. Figure 5 shows a schematic for a four-stroke gasoline engine.

Fig. 5: a schematic for a four-stroke gasoline engine.

4-stroke engines
The top dead center (TDC) of a piston is the position where it is nearest to the valves;
bottom dead center (BDC) is the opposite position where it is furthest from them. A
stroke is the movement of a piston from TDC to BDC or vice versa together with the
associated process. While an engine is in operation the crankshaft rotates continuously
at a nearly constant speed. In a 4-stroke ICE each piston experiences 2 strokes per
crankshaft revolution in the following order. Starting the description at TDC, these are:

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1. Intake, induction or suction: The intake valves are open as a result of the cam lobe
pressing down on the valve stem. The piston moves downward increasing the volume of
the combustion chamber and allowing air to enter in the case of a CI engine or an air
fuel mix in the case of SI engines that do not use direct injection. The air or air-fuel
mixture is called the charge in any case.

Fig. 6: Intake stroke

2. Compression: In this stroke, both valves are closed and the piston moves upward
reducing the combustion chamber volume which reaches its minimum when the piston
is at TDC. The piston performs work on the charge as it is being compressed; as a result
its pressure, temperature and density increase; an approximation to this behavior is
provided by the ideal gas law. Just before the piston reaches TDC, ignition begins. In the
case of a SI engine, the spark plug receives a high voltage pulse that generates the spark
which gives it its name and ignites the charge. In the case of a CI engine the fuel injector
quickly injects fuel into the combustion chamber as a spray; the fuel ignites due to the
high temperature.

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 Fig. 7: compression stroke

3. Power or working stroke: The pressure of the combustion gases pushes the piston
downward, generating more work than it required to compress the charge.
Complementary to the compression stroke, the combustion gases expand and as a
result their temperature, pressure and density decreases. When the piston is near to
BDC the exhaust valve opens. The combustion gases expand irreversibly due to the
leftover pressure—in excess of back pressure, the gauge pressure on the exhaust port—
; this is called the blowdown 1.

Fig. 8: working stroke

1. The removal of solids or liquids from a container or pipe using pressure.

17
4. Exhaust: The exhaust valve remains open while the piston moves upward expelling
the combustion gases. For naturally aspirated engines a small part of the combustion
gases may remain in the cylinder during normal operation because the piston does not
close the combustion chamber completely; these gases dissolve in the next charge. At
the end of this stroke, the exhaust valve closes, the intake valve opens, and the
sequence repeats in the next cycle. The intake valve may open before the exhaust valve
closes to allow better scavenging.

Fig. 9: Exhaust stroke

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 II. Ecriture d'un message scientifique (1 séance)
Détermination du thème ou de l'objectif du message
Choix des verbe (d'action) à utiliser
Réduire le message au maximum
Formuler des idées courtes et cohérentes

II. Echange d'information par écrit (1 séance)

L'échange se fait par messages contenant des informations sur un thème bien
déterminer.
Rédiger des messages d'échange d'information sur l'un des thèmes suivants:
TIC.
Polymers.
Stainless steel

III. Rédaction de CV (1 séance)

A cv is a document used when applying for jobs. It allows you to summarize your
education, skill and experience enabling you to successfully sell your abilities to
potential employers.
Content of a cv:
Contact details:
Full name, home address, mobile number and email address and date birth.
Education
List and date all previous education including professional qualifications
Work experience
List your work experience in inverse date order (job title, name of the company, how
long you were with the organization and key responsibilities).
Skills and achievements:
Foreign languages, more….
Interests:
Hobbies and interests…
Example of a CV
Travail demandé ;
Chaque étudient est appelé à rédiger son CV pour un job bien déterminer qu'il faut
préciser.
Example de format de CV
PERSONAL DATA:

LAST NAME: (ALL CAPS) Name as it appears on your passport:

First Name: Middle Name / Other Names:

Physical Street Address for courier delivery (NOT A POSTAL BOX):

Telephone Home:

Telephone Mobile:

Telephone Office:

Email 1: Email 2:

Marital Status:

Date of Birth: DAY/MONTH/YEAR Example: 25/December/1968

Gender:

Country of Origin:

Present Nationality:

Languages and Fluency Level:

EDUCATION:

Degree Earned, Institution Name, Address, Start and End Date

Example:

MSc, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London

WC1E 7HT, UK, 08/1996 to 06/1998.

 List only higher education certificates, degrees and diplomas. Primary, secondary
or high school is not necessary

WORK HISTORY:

Job Title, Organization, Address, Start and End Date (Mo/Year), Name of Supervisor

 Duties and accomplishments

Example:
Medical Officer, National Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria, 02/1999-Present, Supervisor: Dr. Chikwe

Adatsi

 Bullet list the duties associated with your position and your main accomplishments

 Begin with the most recent position and work backwards. List all subsequent
entries in the same manner and include bullet points for main duties, activities and
accomplishments.

TRAINING AND PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT:

Course Name, Venue (Institution, Address), Date

Example:

Epidemiology for Public Health Professionals, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia,

USA, 09/25/2006 – 10/27/2006.

 It is not necessary to list publications or presentations on your CV for STOP

purposes.

 Photos on the CV are not necessary

IV. Rédaction lettre de demande de stage (1 séance)
Contenu de la lettre
 Formule de politesse
(Dear hiring manager, HR manager, Sir or Madam, ….).
 Présentation du demandeur
 Présentation De son niveau d'étude
 Présentation Des compétences à développer par le stage
 Raison du choix de cette entreprise
 Formule de remerciement (formal closing)
(Sincerely yours, Regards or Best regards,
Chaque etudient doit rediger une letter de stage pour une entreprise bien determinée

V. Rédaction de lettre de demande d'emploi (1 séance)

Appliquer le format suivant et écrire son propre demande:
COVER LETTER TEMPLATE

Your Name
Your Address

Your Phone Number ║ Your E-Mail

(Consider using the same letterhead you created for your resume)

Current Date

Employer Name

Title Company Name

Address

Dear Mr./Ms. (Lastname): (or “Dear Campus Recruitment Representative/Hiring

Manager”) Re: Job Title and Company’s Job Number (Identify what position you are
applying for and the employers job/competition number if there is one. Bold this line
so it stands out.)

First paragraph: Briefly sum up your value to the employer by stating your interest in
the position and the organization. You should also list your relevant education in the
opening. Your goal is to capture the reader's attention and encourage them to read on!
This paragraph highlights what you will expand on and demonstrate in your resume. It
summarizes your relevant and then indicates the top two or three skills that make you
a great fit for the position. Also try demonstrating your knowledge/interest in the
organization by integrating something specific about what you know about them (i.e.,
mission/mandate, projects/activities, research interests, strategic goals) in relation to
how you can contribute or skills you offer.

Middle paragraphs: Further highlight your suitability for the position by expanding
on your skills through specific examples of your previous accomplishments (i.e., work
experience and roles, volunteer experience, and/or academic examples). Think from the
employer’s point of view as you write. In what ways are you a good fit for the
organization? Be sure to emphasize outcomes and results whenever possible. Try to
keep your paragraphs to 3-5 concise, confident statements. Remember that this letter
will serve as a writing sample so grammar/spelling is critical.

Use the closing paragraph to express your appreciation for reviewing your cover letter
and resume. This is also a great place to let them know how they can easily contact you.
Be sure to list that contacting you through the TRU Co-op program is also an option
(email/phone).

Sincerely,

Your Signature (John Henry)

Typed Name

You might want to scan your signature and insert it for emailed applications