Advanced CFD

Turbulence
Modelling
Turbulent flow is irregular flow at multiple scales
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) for transient
Navier-Stokes equations for turbulence calculations.
The entire range of spatial and temporal scales of turbulence must be
resolved simultaneously, requiring high spatial and temporal resolution.
Extremely small mesh sizes and time steps are required to resolve the detailed
structure and sharply varying temporal characteristics of turbulent flows.
DNS is computationally intensive, time-consuming, and
relies on computer memory, so it cannot be used for real
engineering calculations at present.
Large Eddy Small Eddy
larger than grid Smaller than grid
Influenced by geometry and boundaries Unaffected by geometry and boundaries
Using the N-S equation Using the turbulence model

Calculations will be simplified!

• SGS stress is an unknown quantity, and the mathematical
expression of SGS stress must be constructed with relevant
physical quantities.
• The solution of SGS stress is a key issue in LES simulation. The
earliest SGS model was proposed by Smagorinsky, and the SGS
stress is assumed to have the following form:

Subgrid-Scale Modeling
• Regions close to solid boundaries with turbulence scales smaller than the
maximum mesh size will use the RANS mode to solve the region.
• When the turbulence length scale exceeds the mesh size, the LES mode is used to
solve the domain.
• Detached-eddy simulation has lower mesh resolution and less computational cost.
Time-Average
• In RANS, the flow properties are disintegrated into their mean and fluctuating
components and integration over time (i.e. time-averaging) is performed.
• The difference between RANS and URANS is that an addition unsteady term is
present in the URANS momentum equation.
Non-Slip Wall Slip Wall
Apply RANS Equation
k-epsilon
Easy to converge, low memory occupied
Suitable for external flow problems around complex geometries
Not suitable for calculating flows with strong curvature

k-omega
Hard to converge, high memory occupied
Suitable for calculating internal flows, flows with
strong curvature, separated flows, and jet flows
Spalart-Allmaras
The model is the simplest, but can not predict:
• Shear Flows
• Flow Separation
• Decaying Turbulence