LESSON 2: MODELS OF COMMUNICATION

Today’s Lesson: Example:

I. Aristotelian Model surveillance –(Covid 19)

II. Shannon-Weaver Model
III. The Lasswell Model we are informed of the precautions our reactions are the correlation.
IV. Schramm’s Model When time comes that another pandemic occur we already know
V. Berlo’s Model (SMCR) what we will do coz these protocols have been passed on through
VI. White’s Model generation to generation.
VII. Dance Model
VIII. Symbolic Interaction Model
IX. Speech Communication Model

1. ARISTOTELIAN MODEL
 First developed among the Greeks
 Simple and basic
 it has ONLY three elements.
Ex:
Three main elements:
-speaker The BBC News Channel has telecasted news regarding the negative
-speech (message) impact of social media in spreading fake and misleading information.
- audience (listener) It also shows how social media can affect people physically and
mentally. Finally, they recommend some tips on how to stop
 speaker plays a key role in communication spreading fake and disinformation via social media.
 speaker communicates in such a way that the listeners get
influenced and respond accordingly. Who: news presenter of BBC news channel
What: people use social media to spread fake and misleading
Example: information
Channel: BBC News Channel
Classroom settings (teacher discusses the lesson --- active member; Whom: people who are watching the channel
students--- passive members) Effect: effect to people upon knowing the information.

Aristotelian Model is considered as the golden rule for public 4. SCHRAMM’S MODEL
speaking, lectures, and seminars.  Proposed by Wilbur Schramm
 People interact in a constant cyclical fashion
2. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL  Captures the notions of process and interaction

 Known as the mother of all communication models

 Originally designed for telephone communication

5. BERLO’S MODEL (SMCR)

 Proposed by David Berlo (1960)

3. LASWELL’S MODEL  Focuses on encoding and decoding processes

 Proposed by Harold Lasswell (1948)

 One of the earliest model of communication
 Verbal model
 The model is about the process of communication and its
function to society

 Surveillance- use to alert the people from the threat

 Correlation- establish connection from surveillance
(reaction of people)
 Cultural Transmission- as day passes by community
passes the norms, values, beliefs
6. WHITE’S MODEL 9. SPEECH COMMUNICATION TRANSACTION MODEL
 Implies a step-by-step sequence of events that takes place  Illustrates the process of communication
in communication.  Two-way process
 Includes feedback as an element
 Interactive model
 Collaborative exchange of messages between
communicators
 Aims for understanding
 Barriers may interfere with the flow of communication

7. DANCE MODEL
 Advanced by Frank Dance
 Represented by a spiraling figure- helix
 Communication evolves- it changes; it is dynamic not
static.

Communication moves in a cyclical fashion—moving forward but

coming back upon its self.

Remember:
“What we say now influences the future.”

8. SYMBOLIC INTERACTION MODEL

 Reflects the nature of communication as a dynamic,
systemic process in which communicators construct
personal meanings through their symbolic interactions
 A given interaction serves as a starting point for the
next and future interactions.
LESSON 3: FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF EFFECTIVE  Including hyperlinks in written content to ensure all
COMMUNICATION information is provided

Functions of Communication 7. COURTEOUS

Basically, there are five functions of communication. These are  It’s important to be polite and respectful of your audience.
control, social interaction, motivation, emotional expression, and Being friendly, considerate, and professional will make
information dissemination. your communications much more effective. You should
also be transparent, open, and honest, and be happy to
1. CONTROL – Communication functions to control behavior.
answer any questions if applicable.
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – Communication allows individuals
8. CONSIDERATION
to interact with others.
 taking into account relevant information about his/her
3. MOTIVATION – Communication motivates or encourages
receiver such as mood, background, race, preference,
people to live better.
education, status, and needs, etc.
4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – Communication facilitates
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
people’s expression of their feelings and emotions.
1. Physical Barriers
5. INFORMATION DISSEMINATION – Communication
functions to convey information.
 faulty organization structure
Features of Effective Communication  noise
 time and distance
The 8 Cs of Communication  information overload

1. CLEAR 2. Semantic Barriers

 Clarity is ensuring what you’re saying is communicated  homophones

clearly and with no room for misunderstanding. Good  homographs
advice for being clear includes:  homonyms
 Use simple language and focus on core points of your  connotations and denotations
message
 Don’t use idioms to prevent any confusion and ambiguity 3. Language Barriers
 Be clear in your mind about what you want to say and its
purpose before you say it  different languages
 no clarity in speech
2. CONCISE  use of jargons
 not being specific
 Convey your points in a succinct and concise way. Short
sentences are more likely to keep the attention of the 4. Socio-Psychological Barriers
listener, so try to use as little words as possible to
communicate your message.  inattention
 Concise communication is non-repetitive, saves time, and  close mind
is more comprehensible for the audience.  fields of experience
 group identification
3. CONCRETE  self-image
 distrust
 A concrete message is precise and backed by confidence as
 attitudes and opinions
well as the use of supporting facts and figures.
 emotions
4. CORRECT  filtering and distortion of message
 status difference
 You should use the most suitable language for your specific
message, and the best form of communication. Correctness 5. Cross-Cultural Barriers
also means keeping your language free of mistakes,
whether that’s grammatical, spelling, or other inaccuracies.  language
 values
5. COHERENT  social relations
 concept of time
 Coherent conversation makes sense and flows logically.  concept of space
Think carefully about the order of your points and how you  gestures (hand signals)
can make it come across in an easy-to-understand way. It’s
also important to be consistent with style and content when
delivering multiple forms of communications.
Lesson 4: VERBAL AND NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION
6. COMPLETE
1. Verbal Communication- refers to an interaction in which words
 Make sure nothing is missing. Complete communication are used to relay a message.
ensures the audience has all the information they need, and
are able to easily come to the desired conclusion. Good Different aspect to voice usage:
ways to be complete include:
 Providing a ‘call to action’ i.e. what you would like your  volume- refers to how loud or soft the speaker’s voice is.
audience to do after receiving the message?  Pitch- refers to high or low the voice is projected.
  Rate- how fast or slow we deliver the message.
 Quality- is the voice good enough, audible enough, or
could it be easily understood by the audience.
 Pause – short stops, use to breathe properly.
 Emphasis- highlighting certain or specific words on the
message because it is important.
 Variety- the use of volume, pitch, rate, pause, and
emphasis accordingly.

An effective voice is…

 Audible – can people at the back or from the distance able

to hear you?
 Pleasant- simply voice should be of good quality.
 Fluency- capability to use a language better without
disruption.
 Flexible- ability to adapt to different situation or
communicators.

When engaging in verbal communication, you also need to consider

these factors:

a. appropriateness – The language used should be suitable to the

environment or occasion.

b. brevity- used simple yet precise words. Avoid fillers and

insubstantial expressions.

c. clarity- clearly state the message and express the ideas.

d. ethics- words should be carefully chosen in consideration of the

gender, roles, ethnicity, preferences, and status of the people you are
talking to.

e. vividness- ability to describe and create pictures to listeners

through imagination.

f. pronunciation- the way in which a word or a language is spoken.

g. articulation- how oral facilities are used—tongue, lips, or mouth.

h. dialects- a particular form of a language which is peculiar to a

specific region or a social group.

2. Nonverbal Communication- refers to any kind of interaction

where behavior is used to convey and represent meaning.

Three (3) categories of Nonverbal Communication

1. sign language- includes all codes in which numbers, words, and

punctuations have been replaced by gestures.

2. action language- all movements that are used exclusively as

signals.

3. object language- all intentional and non-intentional display of

material things.

Other types of nonverbal communication:

 Kinesics- refers to the study of hand, arm, body, and face

movements as a form of communication; the well-known
type of nonverbal communication.
 Haptics- the study of communication through touch.
 Proxemics- the distance maintains by a person while
communicating with another.
 Chronemics- refers to the study of how time affects
communication.
 Vocalics- refers to the vocalized but not verbal aspect of
nonverbal communication.
 Locomotion- movements
 Olfactics- smell
 Oculesics- eye movements
 Paralanguage- voice qualities and manner of speaking.