TRADE PROJECT

PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF LIBRARY AT KENYA COAST

NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC.

NAME: GODDARD OTIENO

INDEX NUMBER: 1061200481

COURSE: DIPLOMA IN BUILDING TECHNOLOGY

PROJECT CODE: 2705

INSTITUTION: KENYA COAST NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC

PRESENTED TO: KENYA NATIONAL EXAMINATION COUNCIL

SERIES: NOVEMBER

i
DECLERATION

DECLARATION FORM FOR DIPLOMA TECHNICAL AND BUSINESS

EXAMINATION

NAME OF THE PROJECT :

CODE NUMBER OF THE PROJECT

THE CANDIDATE:

I GODDARD OTIENO of index number 1061200481

(i) The project named above was approved by KNEC and supervised by
…………………………………..
(ii) I personally carried out the project whose report follows after this declaration
(iii) I received no undue help from unauthorized persons other than the normal
guidance from my supervisor
(iv) The report submitted to the council is the original work

SIGNATURE………………………………..DATE…………………………………………

THE SUPERVISOR
I . ………………………………………..……….TSC NO…….…………………………

(NAME OF SUPERVISOR)

Declare that I supervised the above named candidate's project contained here in as the
genuine work of the candidate.

_____________________________ DATE _______________________________

SIGNATURE OF THE SUPERVISOR

NB: TO BE ATTACHED TO THE FACE PAGE OF THE PROJECT

ii
DEDICATION.
This book is dedicated to my cousin Mary, my Mother Karirwe my beloved brothers Karisa ,
Chaka, my favorite friend Joan for their devotion ,love and endless support towards
business.

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I sincerely give my gratitude to all those who helped me in making the project a success, The
Almighty God, my family and my supervisor.

iv
ABSTRACT

The introduction entails all what the project is about. The current situation before the
proposal and the justification of the project is explained. The objectives for the proposed
project are also laid out.
The surveying of the project is inclusive of all the necessary original surveying data that is
included in the project. The reduced levels from the temporary benchmark to the proposed
site location are also include in the earthworks.

Soil investigation involves details of samples taken on the proposed site locations and tests
carried out to classify the soils and show the strength analysis to determine the bearing
capacity.

The architectural requirements show a site plan of all the existing features of the proposed
project and the elevations, sections and foundation layouts.

Structural requirements involve the design and details for the proposed project, the type of
reinforcement and the calculations used in structural designing for the work.

The measurement of works involves taking off of quantities for the sub structure works of the
proposed parking area and the bill of quantities for items.

Estimating and costing shows the build up rates for all the measurement of works and the
pricing of all the items required for the parking area.

Site organization and management consists of a site layout plan for all the works and a
method statement for the substructure works. The detailed programme for works of the
proposed parking area and the plant schedule.
Services involving details for drainage of the parking area and the accessibility to the
completed project is shown.

v
Table of Contents
DECLRATION...........................................................................................................................i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT........................................................................................................iv

CHAPTER ONE......................................................................................................................11

Introduction..............................................................................................................................11

Background information..........................................................................................................11

Problem statement....................................................................................................................11

Justification..............................................................................................................................11

OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................................11

Major objective........................................................................................................................11

Minor objective........................................................................................................................12

CHAPTER TWO.....................................................................................................................13

1.1 SITE SURVEY..................................................................................................................13

Reconnaissance Survey............................................................................................................13

Aim of the reconnaissance survey............................................................................................13

Preliminary survey...................................................................................................................13

Detail survey.........................................................................................................................14

Importance of drainage............................................................................................................15

Actual levelling........................................................................................................................16

Instrument used in levelling.....................................................................................................16

Levelling procedure.................................................................................................................17

CHAPTER 3.............................................................................................................................21

Soil investigation..................................................................................................................21

Objectives.............................................................................................................................21

Laboratory test......................................................................................................................21

vi
 Grading test..........................................................................................................................21

2 Proctor test............................................................................................................................24

CHAPTER 4.............................................................................................................................27

Designing of library..............................................................................................................27

Excavation to reduced levels....................................................................................................27

Excavation of trenches and basement......................................................................................27

Planking and strictly.................................................................................................................28

CHAPTER 5.............................................................................................................................29

Calculation of Maximum NOTATION AND ABREVIATION..............................................29

II. MATERIAL STRENGTHS................................................................................................33

III. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS (According to BS code of Practice for structural use

of concrete 2013)................................................................................................................34

IV. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.......................................................................34

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.............................................................................35

Ref............................................................................................................................................35

Calculation...............................................................................................................................35

Output.......................................................................................................................................35

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN...............................................................................37

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.............................................................................38

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.............................................................................41

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.............................................................................42

4.2.2. STRUCTURAL PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF COLUMNS AND BEAMS.....43

4.2.3. Influence areas chart showing the beam type along c-c axis that is considered as
overloaded............................................................................................................................43

4.2.4. Calculation of areas of influence on the typical longitudinal beam along C-C axis
..............................................................................................................................................43

Summary..................................................................................................................................44

vii
4.2.5. Calculation of dead load on the typical longitudinal beam C-C axis............................44

Static calculation chart.............................................................................................................44

a) Dead load on span AB.........................................................................................................45

b) Dead load on span BC.........................................................................................................45

C. Dead load on Span CD........................................................................................................46

C. Dead load on Span DE........................................................................................................46

4.2.6. Calculations of live load on the typical longitudinal beam along C –C axis............46

4.2.7. Calculation of dead load per meter on the beam type = GK..........................................47

4.2.8. Calculations of combination of load ( Design load ) P= n = 1.40GK+1.60Qk............47

4.2.9. Calculation of bending moments and shear forces using CROSS’s moments
Distribution method (MDM).................................................................................................47

4.2.9.1. Calculation of Fixed End Moments ( FEM ).......................................................47

c) FEM for span CD and DC................................................................................................49

4.2.9.2. Calculation of Distribution Factors ( DF)......................................................50

a) DF of span BA.............................................................................................................50

b) DF of span BC...........................................................................................................50

c) DF of span BC............................................................................................................51

d) DF span CD...............................................................................................................51

e) DF of span DC...........................................................................................................51

f) DF of span DE............................................................................................................52

4.2.9.3. Calculation of distribution moment or balanced moment (...................................52

4.2.9.6. Moment Distribution Table using balanced Method..................................................52

4.2.10. Calculation of bending moments at midspan...............................................................54

4.2.11. Chart of shears force or supports reactions...........................................................55

Summary..........................................................................................................................55

a) Required steel at the top or support reinforcement......................................................56

viii
 b) Required steel at the bottom or mid span reinforcement.............................................56

Distance between stirrups ( S)......................................................................................58

SKECTH..................................................................................................................................60

4.2.15. DESIGN OF THE LINTEL BEAM.............................................................................61

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN.................................................................................62

4.3.1. Design analysis of column C22......................................................................................63

4.3.1.1. Loads on the column nº C22.......................................................................................63

4.3.2. Ground floor part of the column...................................................................................64

4.3.3. Required steel reinforcement......................................................................................64

4.3.2. Design analysis of column C2.......................................................................................72

4.3.2.1. Load Design analysis of column C2 at intersection of I-I nad 2-2 axis on.................72

4.3.2.2. Ground floor part of the column.................................................................................73

4.3.2.3. Required steel reinforcement......................................................................................73

4.5. DESIGNA OF PAD FAUNDATION FOOTING Nº2....................................................74

4.5.1. Soil bearing capacity......................................................................................................74

4.5.2. Characteristic load transmitted.......................................................................................74

4.5.3. Weight of the foundation...............................................................................................74

4.5.4. Checking of the punching shear.....................................................................................75

4.6.DESIGN OF STAIR CASE ( Reinforced concrete).........................................................78

a) Plan view..............................................................................................................................80

4.6.1 Calculation of load P......................................................................................................80

4.6.2. Calculation of load P1...................................................................................................81

4.5.3 Calculation of Maximum Bending moment for beam P1 as simply supported.............81

4.5.4. Calculation of Maximum Bending moment for beam................................................82

4.6.4. Calculation of MmaxMmax = Mmax1 + Mmax2...............................................83

4.6.5 .calculation of steel reinforcement in the stairs...............................................................83

ix
Main steel reinforcement..........................................................................................................84

Distribution steel reinforcement...............................................................................................84

4.6.6. Steel reinforcement arrangement in the stairs ..............................................................85

CHAPTER7..............................................................................................................................90

Owningcost.............................................................................................................................90

CHAPTER EIGHT.....................................................................................................................1

PREPARATION FOR THE SITE LAYOUT PLAN................................................................1

THE REQUIREMENT FOR A GOOD SITE LAYOUT PLAN...............................................1

PREPARATION FOR THE SITE LAYOUT PLAN................................................................2

FACTORS TO CONSIDER DURING PREPARATION OF SITE LAYOUT........................2

THE REQUIREMENT FOR A GOOD SITE LAYOUT PLAN...............................................2

CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS.................................................................................................3

SERVICES.................................................................................................................................1

x
CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

A library is a room or a building containing collections of books ,periodicals and

sometimes film and recorded music for use or borrowing by the public or members of
an institution .Kenya Coast national polytechnic is reputable technical training
institute in australian Kenya located in Mombasa county in which is constituency
along Tononoka Kisauni high way .The proposed for library is to be constructed in
the instute environment within the adjacent electrical laboratory .

Background information

Kenya Coast national polytechenic has a large number of students who are congested
in library more so the new intake which is done after every time has created
institution population to be so high hence the only library can't accommodate such a
large number of students this has created a challenge for students .The current
structure accommodate around 100 students .The proposed structure will
accommodate around 400 students .The main components of structure will consist
testing of material ,levelling, design and construction.The structure will consist of
ground floor and another floor .The proposed structure is designed to provide greater
strength ,servicebility,longlasting,flexibility and economy .The project shall entail
design for critical column stairs and slab.marerials which will be used include
tiles,masonary blocks,iron sheet,cement,sand,chips,steel bars,glass and paints

Problem statement

Due to big number of students in the library this has led to inconducive learning
environment as students are congested in library leading to some students carrying out
their studies under the tents .

Justification

Big enough space is available within the school compound which can accommodate
such a structure still on the same space can be used for construction of drainage
system and create a good and conducive environment more so there is availability of
facilities which can be acquired during construction and the Presence Of Services
Such As Water ,Elecricity Enhances Conducivity Of The Place

Objective

Major objective

To provide more spacious library to accommodate more students

11
Minor objective

To improve services to online and remote learners

To facilitate use of library resources to generate revenue

12
CHAPTER TWO

1.1 SITE SURVEY

The following survey procedure took place

a) Reconnaissance Survey

b) Preliminary Survey

c) Detailed Survey

Reconnaissance Survey

It was carried by the help of the following team.

i. Amos yegon - staff holder

ii. Haron mbevi - record booking
iii. Ann kinyua - surveyor

Aim of the reconnaissance survey

i. To be familiar to the site and its environment

ii. To identify site condition for example problem encountered during survey
work
iii. Locating existing feature
iv. Selecting best position for control point to be used in survey
v. Establishing future of interest and general terrain.

Preliminary survey

During the preliminary survey the following field activities took place

i. Control points were located and marked

ii. Identification of geological layout of the site
iii. The centre line of existing alignment was marked at interval line.

13
Detail survey

In this section the principle of chain surveying and levelling were applied. Chain
survey was carried for the purpose of determining the exact location in terms of
Dimension of feature and existing structure on site. The data obtained has recorded
and booked in booking sheet.

The data above was taken from administration block up to the Block B civil
engineering block where the construction end.

14
Importance of drainage

i. Help in material estimation

ii. Help in costing work
iii. Help in estimating duration of Project

The levelling was then carried to obtain vertical and horizontal profile of the proposed
for classrooms and it also involve flying of levels from survey of Kenya benchmark c
plus Buxton two proposed Project. It was carried out to find the establishment of
temporary benchmark.

The method employed during this existence was the rise and fall and detailed were
recovered and establish on table.

Transfer of benchmark.

15
Actual levelling

Instrument used in levelling

The following instruments were used during the levelling exercise.

i. Dumpy level machine

ii. Levelling staff
iii. Ranching Road
iv. Tape measure.

16
Levelling procedure

i. The dumpy level was set and level at appropriate position with respect to
benchmark of known valued level
ii. Our staff is held at the benchmark and a back sight reading is Taken
iii. The foresight has taken appropriately changing position of the machine the
necessary until a temporary benchmark is obtained on the required proposed
site.
iv. The centre line is obtained and levels are taken at Centre right and left at right
angle to centreline
v. The level of the existing sidewall is also taken and recorded
vi. The levelling procedure was repeated at interval of 10 m with the changing of
position of machine where necessary

17
18
19
20
21
CHAPTER 3

Soil investigation

Before commencement of any building construction project involving site formation

site investigation is carried out to establish the geological along the Foundation of the
building.

Very often sample are taken to lab for testing. purpose of testing the soul was to
identify and obtain the characteristics of the soil with the Foundation of the proposed
Project.

The story test was carried out accordance to the advanced Engineering build and
construction foundations. The test here informed of preliminary test on lab after a
careful extraction of undisturbed soil sample.

Objectives

1 Aid in determining the total amount of material required.

2 Determining the nature and physical properties of the soil used in design.

3 And in foresight construction hazard that may be encountered and ways of solving
them.

Laboratory test

The following tests were carried out on soil sample taken from site.

i. Grading test
ii. Proctor test
iii. Atterberg limit test

The above test was carried out in college laboratory.

Grading test

It was carried out to determine the property of different size of particles present in the
soil.

Test procedure

1 break the undisturbed soil with the Mallet.

2 mix the materials thoroughly then some divide each other by quarterly or rifting.

22
3 obtain the required sample and heights total mass.

4 arranging the series in sequence are specified put larger size on top of small size as
20, 14 10, 6.5 ,5 ,3.5, 2.01, 1.18, 0.600, 0.425, 0.300, 0.212 ,0.150 ,0. 063 mm.

5 was the material on 20 mm sieve and brush the remaining particles to remove
smaller sticking particles.

6.Sieve the retaining particles on the appropriate long-sleeve and record highest
retained on each sieve.

7 Calculation.

Typical working sheet

Project Library supervisors

Location Kenya Coast National

Polytechnic

Layer Foundation basement checked by

Material natural gravel date

Technician

Date approved by

Reg number date

Ref

23
Total weight of sample

24
2 Proctor test

It was carried out to determine the mass of the solute that can be held in a unit
volume.

Test pro colours.

1 obtain above 6 kg of air dried soil passing sieve 20 mm

2 heights the mould with basic plate and record the height m.

3 put in the soil in try and mix thoroughly with water that 20 ml of water.

4 place the mould + basic plate on solid base and fix the collar then feel and compact
the soil in the mould using T 99 23 kg.

5 compact for about 27 blues about three layers ages and high for moisture content.

6 remove the colour from the excess soil age and weigh for moisture content.

7 break the specimen mix with remain material in a train and an organ 20 ml of water.

8 makes the soil thoroughly with water and repeat step 4

9 4 time with movement of 20 ml of water each time

10 calculation

Formula

Moisture content = (mass of water x 100) ÷Mass of dry soil

Bulk density (p)= (M2- M1) ÷ Value of mould

Dry density (pd) = 100 bulk density ÷ (100 + m c)

MDO and OMC = Park of the curve (MDO)and value of the horizontal scale or OMC

25
26
Diagram 8

27
CHAPTER 4

Designing of library

This library has constructed mainly to accommodate the huge number of students
hands to create smooth learning condition within school environment more so it is
modern design.

The design was done in consideration of the following

1 climatic condition

2 availability of materials

3 lifespan and durability

4 number of users

Design procedure

It entails what is to be done for Building and construction as required standard.

Site clearance

The Dimension of proposed site is 6 m by 24 m. The site has cleared by cutting down
all bushes and shrubs and Damned away 1.5 m from the site hence the surface related
on free space. All the unwanted waste or spoil soil must be disposed on site as
directed by the engineer on site.

Excavation to reduced levels

Excavate to reduce level on both side for the trenches to be excavated.

Excavation of trenches and basement

Excavation of trenches at a level of required depth of 3 feet.

With basement of 1.5 according to the ground condition and capacity of the building
constructed it also determines the wet the ground will carry the building and is stable
from ground soil.

28
Planking and strictly

Buy planking and structuring of the formulation it protects the excavated foundation
from being disturbed by the Ground activities hands maintain the foundation level
before construction of basement and Foundation levelling

29
CHAPTER 5

Calculation of Maximum NOTATION AND ABREVIATION

IS: Indian standard

BS: British Standard

As: Cross sectional area of tensile reinforcement

As’ : Cross sectional area of compressive reinforcement

Asv: Cross sectional area of shear reinforcement in the

form of links Acr: Distance from surface of crack to print
if zero strain (crack width) b : Width of any cross section
bw: Breadth of section width of web d: Effective dept.
of section

fcu : Characteristic concrete

cube strength fs :Service
strength of steel
fy :Characteristic strength of
reinforcement

Gk: Characteristic dead load

(Permanent load) Qk: Characteristic
live load (Live load) : Imposed load
Ht : Overall dept of section in the
plane of bending :

ho: Effective depth of the beam

Le: Effective height of column:

M: Bending moment

Mu : Ultimate moment of
resistance N: Axial load n:
Total distributed load on
the slab panel n: Ultimate
30
 design load n: number of
legs ( branch ) of one
stirrup sv: Spacing links
along member V :
Ultimate shear force
v :Design shear stress vc:
Designation concrete shear
stress

Z: Lever arm

ɣm: Partial safety factor

for strength ɣf: Partial

safety factor for load

- Dead load: 𝛾𝑓 = 1.40

- Imposed ( live load) : 𝛾𝑓 = 1.60

FEM : Fixed End Moment

DF : Distribution Factor

COM : Carryover moment

TOTM: Total moment (sum of moments)

COF : Carryover Factor

Rxns : Reaction at supports

AuxV :Auxiliary shear

DiRV : Direct shear

TOT V : shear (algebraic sum of shears ie DIRV and AUXV)

Ø: Bar diameter

S = xu = Location of neutral axis

31
So: Clear span

S: distance centre to centre

between stirrups Ps: Soil
bearing capacity e: eccentricity

Qf : Punching shear force in foundation

Nf : load transmitted by the column to footing

of foundation q : balanced soil pressure

Ab : Average lateral area of the punching pyramid

Um : Average perimeter of punching pyramid

NC : Characteristic load transmitted by the column to the

foundation ξR:0.559 ρrc: Specific weight of reinforced

concrete

ρcp: Specific weight of

cement plaster ρmw:
Specific weight of
masonry wall Vmax :
Maximum shear force

GK: Dead load (permanent load to be calculated

QK: (n) : Live load = 1.5 KN/m2 for residential house

Vmax : Maximum shear

force qsw : shear carried
by stirrups φbf:
coefficient for the
ordinary concrete

HA : HR : Hot rolled high yield bar

R:
Mil
32
 d
steel
D:
Ove
rall
dept
h
bf :
Wid
th
of
flan
ge:
Dep
th
of
flan
ge

Area of

Area of

Asw: Area (cross section) of one leg of stirrup

C/c: Center-to-center

Rb: concrete compressive design strength ( = 1.40 KN/cm2)

Rbt: concrete tensile design strength ( = 0.09KN/cm2)

Rs: Steel design strength ( = 40 KN/cm2)

RSC: Design steel compressive force

Nb: Rb* Abc : Resultant compressive force carried by concrete

NS’: RSC*As’ : Resultant compressive force carried by reinforcement

33
NS: RSC * AS’ : Tensile force carried by reinforcement

Abt: concrete tensile area ( to be neglected)

Abc: Concrete compressive area

Ab: cross section area of the column

ho: Effective depth of the cross section: x: 0.8 * s =

compressive concrete depth:

S: Location of neutral axis

Qsinc : Total vertical component of the shear force carried by all inclined
bars at the distance Co = Shear force carried by bent up bars

Co : Projection of stirrups

Qsw : shear force carried by stirrups = Σ Rsw * Asw

Rsw : 0.8 Rs: Design strength of the stirrups and the inclined bars

Qb : shear force carried by concrete in the compression area

Qmax : QD : Maximum shear force in the beam

Slenderness ratio of column

φ : coefficient taking into account the slenderness ratio of column and the
construction inaccuracies

βSx : Short span coefficient in slab design

F/C : Footing under column

II. MATERIAL STRENGTHS

1. ( Cube strength of concrete (cu) = 25N/mm2

2. Density of concrete (concrete) = 24KN/m3

3. Characteristic strength of reinforcement (y) = 250N/mm2 ( Mild

steel)

34
 4. Characteristic strength of reinforcement (y) =460N/mm2 ( High yield
steel)

III. EXPOSURE CONDITIONS (According to BS code of Practice

for structural use of concrete 2013)

1. Fire resistance of 1.5hrs for all members

2. Members in contact with soil : 50mm cover for very severe

conditions 3. Members not in contact with soil : 30mm cover

for very severe conditions

4. 25mm cover for staircase members.

5. 30mm cover for the beam

6. 50mm cover for the footing of foundation

7. 25mmcover for slab

IV. REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

BS8110 4.1 DESIGN OF SLAB critical Panel nº

14
2013
Durability and fire resistance

Nominal cover for very moderate

conditions of

Exposure = 25mm
Provide nominal cover =
Nominal cover for 1.5 hours fire resistance
25mm
=20 mm

Since 25>20, provide nominal cover 25mm

Preliminary sizing of slab

35
 Taken h = 15cm Because in general
the range for the
thickness of slab ≤ ℎ
Effective depth in all direction of the
≤ 20cm; 12 cm ℎ
slab ho = 15cm – 2.5cm = 12.5cm
=15cm we take ℎ = 15
cm

ℎo=12.5 cm
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

Sketch The critical panel (p14)

The chosen is the slab with

the largest side in order to
obtain the greatest
L x: 3900
thickness of the slab ( h=
12 cm)

Ly = 5 200 The panel is determined by

Ly = 5 200 mm Lx = 3 90 0 mm simultaneous parallel
vertical axis 2-2; 4—4 and
λ= Ly/Lx= 4400/4300= 1< 2
parallel horizontal axis B-
Hence slab is designed as two ways span B; C-C.
with four edges continuous.

Loading

-Self weight of slab

1.40*0.15*1*1*24= 5.04KN/m2

-Finishes =1.40*1.5=2.1KN/m2 Total dead Load =

36
 Total dead load =5.04KN/m2 + 2.10 KN/m2 7.14KN/m2

= 7.14 KN/m2

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

Design live load for residential house = Live Load:
1.60*1.50KN/m2 = 2.40kN/m2 Imposed load
Design load (n) = 7.14KN/m2 + Qk=
2.40kN/m2=9.54KN/m2 For a 1m width, n=9.54 KN (

37
 n=Total distributed load on the slab panel) 2.40KN/m2
n=
9.54KN/m2
Bending moment in simply slab supported
slab According to the moment coefficients
BS Standard
related to the design of slabs , cfr lecturer
8110 note table page 67

λ = Ly = 4.4 = 1.33 ~ 1.30

Lx 4.3

For panel P14 with four fixed sides( continuous

edges);
Msx = sx * n Lx2
Mx- = 0.062 * 9.54 * 3.90 * 3.90 = 9.00 KNm
Mx+ = 0.027 * 9.54 * 3.90 * 3.90 = 3.92 KNm

Msy= sx * n Lx2
Mx- = 0.037 * 9.54 * 3.90 * 3.90 = 5.37 KNm
Mx+ = 0.016 * 9.54 * 3.90 * 3.90 = 2.32 KNm

Conclusion

• Negative Mmax = 9.00KN/m ( For to used in

design of the required steel reinforcement at the
top of slab
• Positive Mmax : 3.92KNm ( For to use in
design of the required steel reinforcement the
bottom of the slab)
Reinforcement Analysis
Effective depth = ho = 15cm -2,5 cm = 12.50 cm
a. Required steel at the top

∝ 𝑚= Mmax = 9.00KNm x 100 = 0.041

Rb* b * ho2 1.40*100*(12.50)2
≅ 0.039 available in the table

∝ 𝑚 = 0.0.39 ξ = 0.04; = n = 0.980

38
 ( see table of coefficients relative to the design
of members subjected to bending moment page
65) of annex
RCDI
Ās= Mmax = 9.00*100 =
1.837cm2 n * Rs * ho
0.980*40*12.5
Ās = 1.66 cm2 =2 ø 12 = 2.26 cm2( notsuffiscient)
Taken 5 ø12/m provide ø12/20cm. In general
the minimum bars required per meter the slab is
taken as
5 bars ø 12
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

b) Required Steel at the bottom

∝m = Mmax = 3.92 x 100 = 0.018

Rb* b*ho2 1.40 *100*( 12.5)2

∝ 𝑚 = 0.031 ξ = 0.03; n= 0.985 Singly reinforced section

As+ = Mmax = 3.92 * 100

=0.792 cm2 n*RS*ho
0.990*40*12.5

As+= 1.010 cm2~=2 ø 8 ( not sufficient)

Taken 5ø12/m provide ø 12/20cm ( 5 bars min / m in slab)

39
ARRANGEMENT OF STEEL REINFORCEMENT IN THE SLAB
a) Transverse cross section
Ln/3 Ln/3 Ln/3 Ln/3

5 Ø12/m

5 Ø12/m

Ln Ln

Ref Calculation Output

40
 B. Plan view cross section Ø12/20 cm x

Lx = 3.90m

Φ12/20cm
Ø12/20 cm

0,25L 025 L
Φ12/20cm

Ly = 5.20m

Ø12/20 cm Ø12/20 cm

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref 4.2. DESIGN OF TYPICAL BEAM along C- Output

C axis

41
- The total height (ht) of the beam has to be
in the range below :

ℓy<ht<ℓy =520<ht<520 = 34.67 <ht< 65 ht : 50 cm

15 8 15 8

Taken ht = 50 cm

- The Breadth of the section (bw) of the bw = 30 cm

beam has to be in the range below :

0.50 <bw< 1 = 0.50 = bw = b = 25 cm

ht 50

Taken : bw = 30 cm

bf’ = 180 cm

- The flange (bf’) of the beam has to be

the lesser of

a) ℓy = 520 = 173.33cm ~ 175cm

3 3

b) ℓx = 390 = 195 cm

2 2

c) 12hf+b = ( 12 * 15) + 25 = 205 cm

d) Taken bf’ = 175 cm

42
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

BSS8110

4.2.1. Dimensions of the beam

( T. section)

Sketch

bf
bf=175cm bw
hf
ht = 30cm hf =
15 cm ht =

bw 50cm

4.2.2. STRUCTURAL PLAN SHOWING LOCATION OF

COLUMNS AND BEAMS

4.2.3. Influence areas chart showing the beam type along c-c axis
that is considered as overloaded

43
 11111

A B C D E

4.2.4. Calculation of areas of influence on the typical longitudinal

beam along C-C axis

A1a = 1.00+4.20 x 1.70 = 4.42m2

A1b = 1.00+4.20 x 1.85 = 4.81m2

A2a = 1.00+ 5.20 x 1.00 = 3.10m2

A2b = 1.00+ 5.20 x 1.85 = 3.74m2

A3a = 100+3.20 x1.00 = 2.10m2

A3b = 3.20+1.35 = 2.16m2

A4a = 1.00 + 2.70 x 1.00 = 1.85m2

44
 2

A4b = 2.70+ 1.35 x 1.82 = 1.82m2

Summary

A1 = A1a + A1b = 4.42 m2 + 4.81 m2 = 9.23 m2

A2 = A2a + A2b = 3.10 m2 + 3.74 m2 = 6.84 m2

A3 = A3a + A3b = 2.10 m2 + 2.16

m2 = 4.26 m2 A4 = A4a + A4b = 1.85
m2 + 1.82 m2 = 3.67 m2

4.2.5. Calculation of dead load on the typical longitudinal beam C-C

axis

Static calculation chart

A L 1 B L2 C L3 D L 4 E

4.20m 5.20 m 3.20 m 2.70 m

a) Dead load on span AB

- Self-weight of slab on span AB = 9.23 m2 * 0.125m * 24KN/m3 = 27.69KN

- Finishes = 9.23m2 * 0.50KN/m2 = 4.62KN,where 0.50KN/m2 is permanent
load for finishes (Bétonarmé, guide de calcul page 25)

45
 - Maconnery wall = 0.20m * 3.00m * 3.00m * 18KN/m3 = 32.40KN
- Plaster on the wall = 0.03m * 3.00m * 3.00m * 2 * 20KN/m3 = 10.80KN
- Self-weight of beam span AB = (0.50m – 0.125m) * 4.20 m * 0.30 m *
KN/m3
= 0.375m * 4.20 * 0.30m * 24KN/m3

= 11.34KN

- Total dead load on span AB =

27.69KN+4.62KN+32.40KN+10.80KN+11.34KN
= 86.85KN

b) Dead load on span BC

- Self-weight of slab on span BC = 6.84 m2 * 0.125m * 24KN/m3 = 20.52KN

- Finishes = 6.84m2 * 0.50KN/m2 = 3.42KN
- Maconnery wall = 0.KN No wall above span BC ( beam crossing the living
room)
- Plaster on the wall = 0 KN
- Self-weight of beam span BC = (0.50m – 0.125m) * 5.20 m * 0.30 m *
24KN/m3
= 0.375m * 5.20 * 0.30m * 24KN/m3

= 14.04KN

- Total dead load on span BC = 20.52KN+3.42KN+14.04KN= 37.98KN

C. Dead load on Span CD

- Self weight of slab on span CD = 4.26m2 x 0.125m x 24KN/m3 = 12.78 KN

- Finishes = 4.26m2 x 0.5 = 2.13 KN
- Maconnery wall = 0.20m * 3.00m * 3.20m * 18KN/m3=34.56KN
- Plaster on the wall = 0.03m * 3.00m * 3.20 m * 2 * 20 KN/m3= 11.52KN
- Self weight of beam span CD = ( 0.50 – 0.125) x 3.20m x 0.30m x 24KN/m3 =
14.58 KN
= 0.375m * 3.20m * 0.30m * 24KN/m3

= 8.64 KN

46
 -Total dead load on span CD = 12.78 KN + 2.13 KN + 34.56 KN + 11.52 KN +
8.64 KN

= 69.63 KN

C. Dead load on Span DE

- Self weight of slab on span DE = 3.67m2 x 0.125 x 24KN/m3 = 11.01 KN

- Finishes = 3.67m2 x 0.50KN/m2 = 1.84 KN
- Maconnery wall = 0.20m * 2.70m * 3.00m * 18KN/m3 = 29.16KN
- Plaster on the wall = 0.03m * 2.70m * 3.00 m * 2 * 20 KN/m3= 9.72KN
- Self weight of beam span DE = ( 0.50 – 0.125) x 2.70 x 0.30m x 24KN/m3
= 0.375m * 2.70m * 0.30m * 24 KN/m3

= 7.29KN

- Total dead load on span DE = 11.01 KN + 1.84KN + 29.16KN + 9.72KN = 51.73

KN

4.2.6. Calculations of live load on the typical longitudinal

beam along C –C axis Because of the purpose of the building, ( Residential)
we assume that the live load is taken as 1.50 KN/m2 = QK

4.2.7. Calculation of dead load per meter on the beam type = GK

• Span AB= 86.85KN / 4.20m = 20.68KN/m

• Span BC= 37.98KN / 5.20m = 7.31KN/m
• Span CD= 69.63KN / 3.20m = 21.76KN/m Span DE= 51.73KN / 2.70m =
19.16KN/m

4.2.8. Calculations of combination of load ( Design load ) P= n =

1.40GK+1.60Qk

• Span AB = (1.40 x 20.68) + ( 1.60 x 1.50) = 28.96 KN /m + 2.40KN/m =

31.36KN/m

47
 • Span BC = (1.40 x 7.31) + ( 1.60 x 1.50) = 10.24 KN /m + 2.40KN/m =
12.64KN/m
• Span CD = (1.40 x 21.76) + ( 1.60 x 1.50) = 30.47 KN /m + 2.40KN/m =
32.87KN/m
• Span DE = (1.40 x 19.16) + ( 1.60 x 1.50) = 26.83 KN /m + 2.40KN/m =
29.23KN/m

4.2.9. Calculation of bending moments and shear forces using

CROSS’s moments Distribution method (MDM)

4.2.9.1. Calculation of Fixed End Moments ( FEM )

a) FEM for span AB and BA

31.36KN/m = w

Mx
Mx

- +
L1= 4.20m

Mx-= WL12 Mx-= +WL12

12 12

Mx-=-31.36 * 4.20 * 4.20 Mx+=-31.36 * 4.20 * 4.20

12 12

48
Mx-= -46.10KN.m Mx+= + 46.10KN.m

b) FEM for span BC and CB

12.64KN/m = w

Mx
Mx

- +
L2= 5.20m

Mx-= WL22 Mx-= +WL22

12 12

Mx-=-12.64 * 5.20 * 5.20 Mx+=+12.64 * 5.20 * 5.20

12 12

Mx-= -28.48KN.m Mx+= + 28.48KN.m

c) FEM for span CD and DC

32.87KN/m = w

Mx

- +
L3= 3.20m

Mx-= WL32 Mx-= +WL32

12 12

49
Mx-=-32.87 * 3.20 * 3.20 Mx+=+32.87 * 3.20 * 3.20

12 12

Mx-= - 28.05KN.m Mx+= + 28.05KN.m

d) FEM for span DE and ED

29.23KN/m = w

Mx Mx

- +
L4= 2.70m

Mx-= WL42 Mx-= +WL42

12 12

Mx-=-29.23 * 2.70 * 2.70 Mx+=+29.23 * 2.70 * 2.70

12 12

Mx-= - 17.76KN.m Mx+= + 17.76KN.m

4.2.9.2. Calculation of Distribution Factors ( DF)

Considering that :

- Joints A and E are rigid, so that moments at these points are zero
- Joints B attaching span BA and span BC
- Joints C attaching span CB and CD
- Joints D attaching span DC and span DE
According to formulas for calculation of DF and K value below:

DF= , where F is relative stiffness

K = , where I = moment of Inertia and = Length of relevant span

50
 El taken as constant therefore I =1 and K in the case of far end fixed

a) DF of span BA

l l 0.24

DF = 4.20 = 4.20 = = = 0.24 0.558

1 1 1 1 0.24 + 0.19
0.43

+ +

4.20 5.20 4.20 5.20

b) DF of span BC

DF =

l
5.20 = 0.19 = 0.19 = 0.442

1 1 0.19 + 0.24 0.49

5.20 4.20

c) DF of span BC

DF =

l
5.20 = 0.19 = 0.19 = 0.380

1 1 0.19 + 0.31 0.50

51
 5.20 3.20

d) DF span CD

DF =

l
3.20 = 0.31 = 0.31 = 0.620

1 1 0.31 + 0.19 0.50

3.20 5.20

e) DF of span DC

DF =

l
3.20 = 0.31 = 0.31 = 0.456

1 1 0.31 + 0.37 0.68

3.20 2.70

f) DF of span DE

DF =

l
2.70 = 0.37 = 0.37 = 0.544

1 1 0.37 + 0.31 0.68

2.70 3.20

52
 4.2.9.3. Calculation of distribution moment or balanced moment (
BM)andcarryover of moment (COM)

(See on Moment Distribution Table below )

4.2.9.4. Calculation of Direct Shears (DIRV) and Auxiliary Shears

( AUXV) (See on Moment Distribution Table below)

4.2.9.5. Calculation of TOT Moments ( TOTM), Total Shears ( TOTV)

and Reactions at Supports ( RXNS)

(See on Moment Distribution Table below)

4.2.9.6. Moment Distribution Table using balanced Method

SPAN AB BA BC CB CD DC DE ED

DF 1 0.558 0.442 0.380 0.620 0.456 0.544

1

FEM -46.10 +46.10 -28.48 +28.48 -28.05 +28.05 -17.76

+17.76

Bal # 1 +46.10 -9.83 -7.79 -0.16 -0.27 -4.69 -5.60

17.76

Com # 1 0 +23.05 -0.08 -3.90 -2.35 -0.14 -8.88

53
Bal # 2 0 -12.82 -10.15 +2.38 +3.88 +4.11 +4.91

Com # 2 0 0 +1.19 -5.08 +2.06 +1.94 0

Bal # 3 0 -0.66 -0.53 +1.14 +1.87 -0.88 -1.06

Com # 3 0 0 +0.57 -0.27 -0.44 +0.94 0

Bal # 4 0 -0.32 -0.25 +0.27 +0.44 -0.43 -0.51

Com # 4 0 0 +0.14 -0.13 -0.22 +0.22 0

Bal # 5 0 -0.08 -0.06 +0.13 +0.22 -0.10 -0.12

Com # 5 0 0 +0.07 -0.03 -0.05 +0.11 0

Bal # 6 0 -0.04 -0.03 +0.03 +0.05 -0.05 -0.06

Com # 6 0 0 +0.02 -0.02 -0.03 +0.03 0

TOTM 0 +45.40 -45.38 +22.84 -22.89 +29.11 -29.08

DIRV 65.86 65.86 32.86 32.86 52.59 52.59 39.46

39.46

AUX V 10.81 10.81 4.33 4.33 1.94 1.94 10.77

10.77

TOT V 55.05 76.67 37.19 28.53 50.65 54.53 50.23

28.69

RXN’S 55.05 113.86 79.18 104.76

TOTM = End moments at supports

TOT V = shear forces at support

RXN’S = reactions at support s

4.2.10. Calculation of bending moments at midspan

2
a) MAB = WL1 = 31.36 x 4.20 x 4.20 = 69.15 KN.m

54
 8 8
2
b) MBC = WL2 = 12.64 x 5.20 x 5.20 = 42.72 KN.m

8 8
2
c) MBC = WL3 = 32.87 x 3.20 x 3.20 = 42.07KN.m

8 8
2
d) MBC = WL4 = 29.23 x 2.70 x 2.70 = 26.64 KN.m

8 8

4.2.11. Chart of shears force or supports reactions

L 1 =4.20m B L 2=5.20m C L 3=3.20m L 4=2.70m

A D E

55.05 KN 28.69K
113.86KN 79.68KN 104.76KN

55
Summary

Maximum hogging moment = Maximum at support = Mmax- = 45.40 KN.m

Maximum sagging moment = Maximum at midspan = Mmax+ = 69.15 KN .m

Maximum shear force = Vmax = 76.67KN

4.2.12. Required steel reinforcement in the beam type

 Effective depth (ℎ𝑜) = 50 cm – 3.00 cm = 47.00 cm

a) Required steel at the top or support reinforcement

∝ 𝑚= Mmax- 45.40 x 100 = 0.049

Rb * b * ho2= 1.40 * 30 * 47 * 47

∝ 𝑚 = 0.049 ξ = 0.04 and ᵑ = 0.980 ξ = 0.03

< ξ R = 0.559 The T section is singly

reinforced

Thus x = ξ * ℎ𝑜 = 0.03 x 47 < 29 cm = ( ℎ𝑡 − ℎ𝑓) = 0.47- 0.15)

Where ℎ𝑓 is the thickness of the flange of the 𝑇 section. For that the compression
area is reinforced, we have :

As- = Mmax-45.40 x 100 = 2.464 cm2

𝑛x𝑅𝑆 x ℎ𝑜= 0.980 x 40 x 47

Because of the minimum bar in the beam is Ø 12, we must use Ø16

Provide = 3 Ø 16 = 6.03 cm2

56
b) Required steel at the bottom or mid span reinforcement

∝ 𝑚=Mmax+ = 69.15 * 100 = 0.079= 0.079 cm 2

𝑅𝑏 ∗ 𝑏𝑓 ∗ ℎ𝑜21.40 * 175 * 47 * 47

∝ 𝑚= 0.77 ξ = 0.08 and 𝑛 = 0.960

ξ = 0.01 < ξ R = 0.559 The T section is singly reinforced

Thus x = ξ x ℎ𝑜 = 0.01 x 47.00 < (ℎ𝑓 − ℎ𝑓 = 15 cm ) ; The compression area

is reinforced

As = 69.15 x 100 = 3.83 cm2

0.960 x 40 x 47

Taken 3 Ø 14 = 4.62 cm 2

c) Design of stirrups or shear

reinforcement Vmax

( Maximum shear force) = 76.67

KN qsw = shear force carried by

stirrups qsw = (Vmax)2

4φ𝑏𝑓 𝑥 𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑥 𝑏𝑤 𝑥 ℎ𝑜2

Where φ𝑏𝑓 = 1.50

57
 𝑅𝑏𝑡 = 0.09 KN/cm2

qsw = (76.67)2 = 5878.2889 = 0.164KN/cm2

4 * 1.50 * 0.09 * 30 * 47 * 47 35785.80

 Set us use stirrups of Ø 8 Asw = 50.3 mm2 = 0.503 cm2

Rsw = 0.8 x Rs = 0.8 x 40 KN / cm2 = 3.20 KN / cm2

Distance between stirrups ( S)

S = Rsw x Asw x n , where n = number of legs for stirrup

qsw

S = 0.8 x 40 KN/cm2 x 0.503 cm2 x 2

= 196.29 cm

0.164 KN/Cm2

Note: The distance between stirrups must be lesser than the three
following values

1) Smax = 0.75 φbf x Rbt x b x ℎo2

Vmax

= 0.75 x 1.50 x 0.09 x 30 x ( 47)2 = 6709.84 = 87.52 cm

Vmax 76.67

2) The width of the beam web = bw =30 cm

3) 30 cm
Thus S = Min 87.52cm; 30 cm; 30 cm = 30 cm Taken : Ø 8
@30 cm

58
4.2.13. Arrangement of steel reinforcement in the beam

3 Ø 16 HR

59
Note: In order to respect the homogeneity and architectural appearance, all the beam
have to maintain the same cross section like above one.

4.2.14. DESIGN OF TIE BEAM or PLINTH BEAM ( See lecturer notes)

Without doing calculation, the theory assumes that the cross section of the tie beam
(plinth beam) have to be in the following range.

a) where L = greatest span beam

b) where b= width of the tie beam
c)

a)

Taken h = 0.30m

b) b 20 cm
Taken b = 0.25

c) As = 1% * 25 cm * 30 cm = 705cm2( minimum value

As = 7.50cm2 = 4 Ø14

Provide 6 Ø 14 = 9.24 cm2

SKECTH

Ø8@20cm 6Ø12 30cm

25cm

60
 4.2.15. DESIGN OF THE LINTEL BEAM

Without calculation, the theory assumes that the cross section of the lintel beam have
to be in following range.

a) h>20cm
b) b=thickness of the wall maconery
c) As=1% of the cross section of the lintel beam.
Therefore, cross section
characteristics are: a) h=20cm

) b=20cm

c) As=1%*20cm*20cm=4cm2

SKECTH

4Ø12

20cm

20 cm

61
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN

Ref Calculation Output

4.3. COLUMN DESIGN ANALYSIS C22 ( see on structural

plan

Clear height of ground floor column = 300 cm ( see architectural

plan)

End conditions

Condition at top of the column

End of column is connected monolithically to beams on either

side and are at least as deep at the overall

Condition at bottom of the column

End of column is connected monolithically to beams or to footing

BS 8110 on either side and are at least as deep as the overall

Dimension of the column ( minimum cross section of

column AB = 25 * 25 cm a= 250 mm b = 250 mm 𝛽 =
0.7 ( braced column)

H = Total height of column

Effective height of column = ℓo = 𝛽 * H ℓo =

0.70 * 3.0m = 210 cm

λ ( slenderness ratio) : ℓo = 210 cm = 8.40≈ 8

a 25 cm

φ = 0.91 if λ = 8 ( page 25 on table of φ values in

RCDI)

62
 Hence column is to be designed as short braced axially loaded
column ( short column )

Let us do design analysis of one internal column type.

4.3.1. Design analysis of column C22

4.3.1.1. Loads on the column nº C22

a) Column loading area = (2.10 x 4.10 ) + (2.10 x 5.10 ) + (5.10 x 3.80) + (3.80 x
4.10) = 13.58m2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

b) Slab (permanent load) = 1.40 * 0.15m * 24KN/m3 * 13.58m2= 68.44KN

c) Live load from the slab = 1.50 KN / m2 x 1.60 m2 * 13.68m2= 32.59 KN
d) Load from beam 1.40*0.300* 0.375* 7.55 * 24 = 28.54KN
e) Load from the wall maconery = 1.40*0.20*3.00*5*18=75.60KN
S/total 28.54 KN + 75.60 KN = 104.14 KN

f) On floor of column = 1.40 x 0.25 x 0.25 x 3.00 x 24 = 6.30 KN

g) Load from the light roof ≅Permanent load from slab = 68.44KN = 34.22KN
2 2

4.3.2. Ground floor part of the column

N1 = ( 68.44KN + 32.59KN + 104.14KN) x 1 +(6.30KN * 2) + 34.22KN

N1 = 205.17 KN + 12.60KN+ 252.00KN

63
4.3.3. Required steel

reinforcement

ℓo = 0.7 * 3.00 = 2.10

λ = 2.10 = 8.40 ˂ 14.3 short column ( see RCDI, page 46)

0.25

If λ = 8.40 ≈ 8 φ = 0.91 (see RCDI, page 25)

1.40 * N1 -Rb * Ab 252.00KN – 625

φ 0.91
AS = =

RS
40

AS = 276.92 – 875 = - 14.95 cm2

40

Negative sign indicate that compression steel reinforcement is not required because
AS< 0

Therefore the theory assumes that the minimum percentage of steel reinforcement
must be evaluated as follows

Asmin = 0.004 Ab

Asmin = 0.004 x 25 x 25 = 2.5 cm2

Token = 4 Ø 12 = 3.14 cm2

But, because of the minimum diameter of bar in the column is assumed as Ø 12, we
must use 4 Ø12

64
Thus we arrange the same steel up to the top floor

 Smin = distance between stirrups = 1 / 4 * 12 mm = 3mm

 Smax = 12 * Ø max = 12 * 12 = 144 mm ~15 cm
 S= 300mm
Taken 15 cm

Ref Calculation Output

Token S = 15 cm

Thus we use Ø 8 @ 15 cm

CROSS SECTION OF THE COLUMN C22

25 cm

65
 6Ø12
25 c m 8 @ 15 cm

Ref Calculation Out

put

4.4.DESIGN OF PAD FOUNDATIONfooting nº 22

( see page 115 in B.S)

4.4.1. Soil bearing capacity

We assume that PS = 200 KN /m2

4.4.2. Characteristic load transmitted to the foundation

NC = 68.44 + 32.59 + 104.14 x 1 + 6.30 * 2 + 34.22

1.40 1.60 1.40 1.40 1.40

66
NC = ( 48.89 + 20.37 +74.39 ) * 1 + 24.44 + 9.00

NC = 143.65 + 24.44 +9.00

NC = 177.09KN

4.4.3. Weight of the foundation

NC = 177.09 KN = 17.71 KN

10 10

4.4.4. Foundation base dimensions

Af = Area of footing = NC + NC / 10 = 177.09 + 17.71KN

PS 200

Af = 0.974cm2 af x bf = √0 .98𝑐𝑚2

= 0.99 cm~1.00 m af = bf =0.99m

Af = 1.00m2

Because of seismic zone provide 1.20m * 1.20m

4.4.5. Checking of the punching shear

Condition of no punching shear:

Qf = Nf - ∆q ≤ Rbt X Ab

Where : Qf : Punching shear force

N1 = Nf = load transmitted by the column to the foundation

67
∆q = Balanced soil pressure

Ab = Average lateral area of the punching pyramid

Um : Average perimeter of the punching pyramid

Rbt = Concrete tensile design strength = (0,09 KN / cm2 )

P = pressure = Force = F = N1 = 252.00 KN=

Area A Af 14400 cm2

P = 0.018 KN/ cm2

af = bf = sides of footing

ac = bc = dimensions of cross section of column ℎ𝑜 =

Effective depth of footing

 Let us take ℎ𝑓 = 30 cm ℎ𝑜 = ℎ𝑓 - 5 cm( it is recommended to take

minimum value of ℎ𝑓 with respect the equilibrium of 𝑄𝐹 formula
below

ℎ𝑜 = 30 cm – 5 cm = 35 cm

𝑈𝑚 = 2 (𝑎𝑐 + 𝑏𝑐 + 2 ℎ𝑜) = 2 (25 + 25 + 2 𝑥 25)

𝑈𝑚 = 200 cm

𝐴𝑏 = 𝑈𝑚 𝑥 ℎ𝑜 = 200 cm x 25 cm = 5000 cm2

∆q = 𝑃( 𝑎𝑐 + 2 ℎ𝑜 )( 𝑏𝑐 + 2 ℎ𝑜)

∆q = 0.013 𝐾𝑁/𝑐𝑚2 (25 + 2 𝑥20) ( 25 + 2 x 25)

∆q = 0.013 𝑥 75 𝑥 75

∆q = 73.13 𝐾𝑁

68
 Thus : 𝑄𝑓 = 𝑁𝑓 − ∆q ≤ 𝑅𝑏𝑡 𝑥 𝐴𝑏

𝑄𝑓 = 252.00 𝐾𝑁 − 73.13 𝐾𝑁 ≤ 0.9 𝑥 5000

𝑄𝑓 = 178.87 𝐾𝑁 < 4500 𝐾𝑁

The condition is satisfaction ; thus No punching shear

4.4.6. Required steel reinforcement for the foundation

Where: 𝑀𝑎𝑓 : Bending moment about side 𝑎𝑓of the

Footing

𝑀𝑏𝑓 : Bending

2
Thus :

= 0.78 x 2256.25 =

As = cm2

0.

As = 1.96 cm2 because of seismic zone provide

7Ø14/m provide Ø14@ 20cm

69
70
 7Ø14

4.3.2. Design analysis of column C2

4.3.2.1. Load Design analysis of column C2 at intersection of I-I nad

2-2 axis on structural plan

a)Column loading are :

S1 = 2.10 * 1.60 = 3.36m2
S2 = 1.20 * 1.60 = 2.00m2

S/Total = 5.36m2

b) Slab( permanent load) = 1.40*15*24KN/m3 * 5.36m2 = 27.01KN

c) Live load from the slab = 1.50KN/m2 * 1.60*5.36m2= 12.86KN
d) Load from beams = 0.30*( 0.50-0.125) *4.95m*24KN/m3*1.40
= 0.30*0.375m*4.95m*24KN/m3*1.40= 18.71KN

e) Load from maconery wall = 1.40*0.20m*4.95m*3.00m*18KN/m3=

74.85KN
f) One floor of column = 1.40*0.25m*0.25m*3.00m*24KN/m3 = 6.30KN
g) Load from the light roof = permanent load from slab = 27.01KN= 13.51KN
2
2

71
4.3.2.2. Ground floor part of the column

N1=(27.01KN+12.86KN+74.85KN+18.71KN)+(6.30KN*2) + 13.51

KN N1=133.43KN+12.60KN+13.51KN=159.54KN

4.3.2.3. Required steel reinforcement

Lo = 07 * 3.00 = 2.10m

λ= 2.10m= 8.40 ˂ 14.3 short column

0.25m

If λ = 8.40 = 8 𝑄 = 0.91 (see RCDI, page 25)

N1 – Rb * Ab 159.54 – 1.40 * 625

φ 0.91 = 175.32- 875 = -17.49

AS = = =

RS 40 40

Negative sign indicates that compression steel reinforcement is not required because
AS ˂ 0. Therefore that theory assumes that the minimum percentage of steel
reinforcement must be evaluated as follows

Asmin = 0.004 * Ab

Asmin = 0.004 * 25 * 25 * = 2.5m2

Taken 6 Ø12 = 6.79cm

Thus, we arrange the same steel up to the top floor

72
 Smin = distance between stirrup = ¼ * 12mm = 3mm

Simax = 12 * Ømax = 12 * 12mm = 144mm2≈15cm

S= 300mm

We chouse S= 15cm and we use Ø 8@15cm

Cross section of the column C2 is

6Ø12
25m

25m

4.5. DESIGNA OF PAD FAUNDATION FOOTING Nº2

4.5.1. Soil bearing capacity

We assume that Ps = 200 KN/m2

4.5.2. Characteristic load transmitted

NC =

NC = 19.29 + 8.06 + 66.83 + 9 + 9.65

NC = 112.81KN

4.5.3. Weight of the foundation

= 0.62cm2

= 0.78m, taken 1.00m*1.00m

= 1.00m

73
4.5.4. Checking of the punching shear

Condition of no punching shear

Qƒ q Rbt * Ab

Where Qƒ = Punchimg shear force

Balanced soil pressure

Ab = Average lateral area of the punching pyramid

Um=Average perimeter of the

punching pyramid Rbt = Concrete
tensile design strength = 0.9KN/cm2

P= Pressure on the soil =

P= 0.016 KN/cm2

= = sides of footing

Let us take

um = 2(act+bc+2ho) = 2 (25+25+2*20)

Um = 120cm

Ab = Um *ho = 180cm* 20cm = 3600cm2

74
Thus = 𝑁𝑓 − ∆𝑞 ≤ 𝑅𝑏𝑡 ∗ 𝐴𝑏 = 159.54𝐾𝑁 − 59 .15𝐾𝑁 ≤ 0.9 ∗
𝑄𝑓 3600𝑐𝑚
= 100.39𝐾𝑁 < 3240𝐾𝑁
𝑄𝑓
The condition is satisfaction; therefore no punching shear

Required steel reinforcement for the foundation

4.5.4.

𝑀𝑎𝑓 = Bending moment about side 𝑎𝑓𝑀𝑎𝑓 = Bendingthe

of the footing
Wher
moment about side 𝑏𝑓 footing
e

Thus = 1.37cm2 Ø14@20cm

:
of sismic zone, we provide 6Ø14/m 25 cm

Cross section

Beca
use 100 cm

a f = 100 cm

bf =
Steel reinforcement arrangement

4.5.5.

75
 Stirrup = Ø

25 cm

25cm
6Ø14

100cm

76
Ref Calculation Output

4.6.DESIGN OF STAIR CASE

( Reinforced concrete)

Durability and fire resistance

BS8110 Nominal cover for very moderate condition of

exposure =
Provide
25mm
nominal
Nominal cover for 1.5 hours fire resistance
Cover=25mm
=20mm

Since 25>20,provide nominal cover =25mm

Therefore durability and fire resistance are

satisfactory R=183mm

G=278mm
Preliminary sizing of staircase members

Height from ground floor slab to first floor

slab=3000mm

Height from ground floor

landing=3000/2=1500mm

120cm

250cm

490cm

77 120cm
a) Plan view

4.6.1 Calculation of load P

- Tg∝ = H/2 = 150 = 0.600 ∝ = 30º 96 L 250

- Thickness of horizontal equivalent slab

ℎ= dℓ + 2𝐻 1 = 18 + 2 x 18.33 = 33.21 cm

Cos∝ 3 0.85749
3

78
Where dl = thickness of slab of stair case and h = waist of slab of stair case and H1 =
rise of stair

- Self load = 1.40 * 0.332m *1m * 24KN/m 3

= 11.16 KN/m

- Finishes = 1.40 * 1.50 = 2.10 KN /m

- Live load = 1.60 * 3KN/m2*1m = 4.80KN/m

 Calculation of load P = 11.16 + 2.10 + 4.8 = 18.06 KN /m

P = 18.06KN/m
P1 = 12.95KN/m
P 1= 12.95KN/m

4.6.2. Calculation of load P1

5. Self weight = 1.40 * 0.18 * 1 * 1 * 24 KN/m3 = 6.05 KN/m

6. Finishes = 1.40 x 1.50 = 2.1 KN/m
7. Live load = 1.60 x 3 = 4.80 KN/m
Total load P1 = 6.05KN/m + 2.10KN/m + 4.80 KN/m = 12.95 KN/m

4.5.3 Calculation of Maximum Bending moment for beam P1 as

simply supported

P1 = 12.95 KN/m

79
 L = 4.90m

Mmax 1 = P1L2 =12.95 * 4.90 * 4.90 = 38.87 KN.m

8
8

4.5.4. Calculation of Maximum Bending moment for beam

P2 = 18.06KN/m – 12.95KN/m= 5.11KN/m

1.20 1.20
L/2 L/2

A 2.50 B

L= 4.90 m

* RA = RB = PL = 5.11*2.50 = 6.39KN

2 2

Mx

RA

Mx – 6.39 * 0 = Mx 6.39 * in the range ( 0 ˂ X1.00)

˂

80
 Mx

RA = 6.39KN

Mx – RA *X + P2 ( X – 1.00)2

Mx = RA * X - P2 ( X – 1.00)2 in the range ( 0 ˂ X ˂ 3.10)

Mx = 6.39 X – 5.11 ( X – 1.00)2

We know that d Mx= TX( Shear force) = 6.39 – 5.11 ( X – 1.00)

dx = 6.39 – 5.11x + 5.11

Tx = 11.50 – 5.11 -5.11x +11.50

X = 11.50 = 2.25m

- 5.11

b) Mmax2 = RA *X – P2 ( X-1.00)2 = 6.39 * 2.25 – 5.11 * (2.25 – 1.00)2

2 2

Mmax2 = 14.38 – 5.11 * 0.36

Mmax2 = 14.38 – 3.22 = 11.16KN.m

81
 4.6.4.
Calculation of
MmaxMmax =
Mmax1 + Mmax2

Mmax = 38.87KN.m + 11.16 KN.m

Mmax =50.03 KN.m

4.6.5 .calculation of steel reinforcement in the stairs

Ho = h -2.5cm = 33.21cm – 2.50cm = 30.71cm

m= Total Mmax = 50.03 x100 = 0.038

Rb x b xh2o 1.40 x100 x 30.71x 30.71

From the table of coefficients related to the design of members subjected to

bending moment

m = 0.038 n = 0.980

Main steel reinforcement

AsM = Total Mmax = 50.03 x 100 =

4.16cm/m = 3Ø14 n x ho x Rs 0.980 x 30.71 x
40

Because of we have to use at least 5 Φ 14/ m in the slab, therefore we take the
minimum Provide 1 Φ14 @ 20cm as main steel reinforcement, it means 1
Ø14@20cm Distribution steel reinforcement

82
 Provide 1 Φ14@20cm as main steel reinforcement

Distribution steel reinforcement

AsD =AsM * ⅕ = 7.70cm2÷⅕ = 1.54cm2

For the same reason, we choose the minimum such as 5 Φ 12 = 5. 65

cm2, thus, Provide 1Φ12 @ 20cm as distribution steel reinforcement

4.6.6. Steel reinforcement arrangement in the stairs

1 8 . 33cm

5ø14/m

5ø12/m

1.20 2.50 1.20

83
R= Rise = 18.33cm

T= Tread = 27.78 cm

W = Waist slab = 33.21cm

Dl = Thickness of slab = 18 cm

=l-p

84
85
86
87
88
CHAPTER7

Owningcost

Hourly depreciation=purchase price -scrap value .

Economically working life × working hrs per annum

=7,750,000- 500,000= 573sh/hr

6×2250

89
 Interest on capital per hr

Insurance of excavation per hr=220,000=97.78per hr 2250

Major repairs and replacement per hr =hourly depreciation ×100%

537×30=161.10per hr

100

Licenses and taxes per hour

=30,000=13.30per hr 2250

Haulage cost per hr =50,000=22.30per hour

2250

537+656+40+97.78+161.1+13.3+22.3=1487.88

Running cost Fuel per week

working hrs per week=45 cost of fuel=104/L

No. of L per week =22.5

fuel/hr=225×104=520sh/hr

45

Oil per hr= No. of litres/week =15

cost per hr=15×120=40

45

90
 Total running cost
=520+40+125+60+50=7
95ksh total running and
operating
cost/hr=2,282ksh

Output of excavator

No. of buckets per hr= 60=40

1.5

90%efficiency=40×90%= 36 buckets

actual output of excavator in m3 per hr

= 36×0.45m3 =15.12m3

add buckling = 1.3 =15.12×1.3=19.656m3

Add 25% profits and overheads ksh=145.2KSh

Hardcore

Cost of hardcore=800sh weight=1.75t/m3

Hand operated roller=250sh Thickness 250mm

cost per
m3 =
800×1.7
5=1400
sh
(add20
%comp
actiona
nd5%w
aste)
20%

91
 of1400
=350

350+70+1400 =1820

cost per m3 = 1×1×1=1820sh

1×1×0.25=455sh

Labour

spreading =unskilled Assume

unskilled =60sh per hr 0.75m3 =60sh

0.25m3=20sh

compaction hourly =250sh Assume

50m3 hardcore=1hr

cost per m3 = 250 × 2 = 10sh per m2 50

Total cost = 455+20+10= 485sh Add 20% profits and overhead=582

Unskilled labour =50sh per hr density of murram= 1500Kg/m cost of murram=

500per tonne cost per m3= 1500× 500= 750sh

1000

Add 5%waste
and
10%compaction=
863sh 1m3 = 863

0.05= 43.15ksh

10 mins to spread

cost per hour= 10× 50=8.33

92
93
 60

Compaction Assume

15 mins to compact once per m3 twice = 15×50×2=25 60

watering per m3 say 5 ksh

Total =43+8+25+5= 81ksh

(add 20% profits n overheads)= 97.2Ksh

Sand
50 mm per m2 Assume

unskilled labour= 50sh per hr cost of sand 700 per tonne density of sand
=1500kg/m3 cost per m3 = 1500× 700=1050

1000

Add 5%waste and

10%compaction 5%of
1050=52.5+

10% of 1050= 105 =1207.5ksh

cost of 50 mm
sand 1m3 =
1207.5

94
 1 Site clearance 661.78 M2 1872 1,238,856.16

2 Top soil excavation 99.267 M2 54.6 5,419.98

3 Main excavation 165.445 M3 145.2 24,022.614

4 Hardcore 165.45 M2 582 96,262.8

5Item Murram blinding 33.089 M2 97.2 3,216.251

Description Qty Unit Rate Amount (ksh)
6 Placing sand 32.111 M2 118.06 3,791.0247

Total amount= 1,371,568.83Ksh

95
CHAPTER EIGHT

Before the start of the project the site shall be cleared t o ensure smooth progress of work.

Temporary structures to be put up to cater for the clerk office, site manage, material store
and toilets.

PREPARATION FOR THE SITE LAYOUT PLAN

FACTORS TO CONSIDER DURING PREPARATION OF SITE LAYOUT

• Immediate environment neighboring the site.

• Security within the site

• The clear observation of all the activities

• The ease of handling the materials

• Maneuverability around the site

THE REQUIREMENT FOR A GOOD SITE LAYOUT PLAN

• Water point shall be near the mixer and away from the cement store.

• The store of the ballast to be near the mixer

• Watchman room to be near the gate and material store.

Lighting around the stores

The site board positioned at the gate.

• Mixer to be close to the proposed site for the structure to avoid

dying of the cement before placing and laying.

1
 Before the start of the project the site shall be cleared t o ensure smooth progress of
work.
Temporary structures to be put up to cater for the clerk office, site manage, material
store and toilets.

PREPARATION FOR THE SITE LAYOUT PLAN

FACTORS TO CONSIDER DURING PREPARATION OF SITE

LAYOUT

• Immediate environment neighboring the site.

• Security within the site

• The clear observation of all the activities

• The ease of handling the materials

• Maneuverability around the site

THE REQUIREMENT FOR A GOOD SITE LAYOUT PLAN

• Water point shall be near the mixer and away from the cement store.

• The store of the ballast to be near the mixer

• Watchman room to be near the gate and material store.

• Lighting around the stores

• The site board positioned at the gate.

• Mixer to be close to the proposed site for the structure to avoid dying of the
cement before placing and laying.

2
 CRITICAL PATH ANALYSIS

ACTIVITY CODE DESCRIPTION DURATION

1-2 Clear the site and small 2

bushes
2-3 Remove the top 3
vegetable soil

c 2-4 Excavation of the pit 7

D 3-5 Excavation of the wall 5

trench
4-5 Pouring of plain 2
concrete
5-7 Pouring of mass 4
concrete
3-6 Laying of the 9
reinforcement bars
on the slab

3
4-8 Forming benching on 4
the pit
8-10 Fixing of steel
members 2
8-11 Rendering to the
internal wall
6-9 Formwork 3
7-9 Vibration 3

4
 9-12 Backfilling
11-12 Removal of formwork 3
o 10-12 Compaction 3

5
6
1
CHAPTER NINE

SERVICES

FIRE REPORT

The following classes of fire risks can occur at the building

1. Class A Fire: Fire caused by carbonation material such as wood, cloth or paper,
where cooling by water is most effective of reducing the temperature of the burning
materials.

2. Class B Fire: Fire caused by inflammable liquids including petroleum, grease paints,
varnishes etc. where blanketing or smothering effects of agent which exclude
oxygen is more effective.

3. Class C Fire: Includes all the risks where the problem of extinguishing the fire is
increased due to the danger of electric shock. The fire is in the presence of live
electrical equipment or wiring. A non-conducting extinguishes agent is therefore
required. In case of fire breakout, the main switch should be switched off
immediately

CONSIDERATION OF FIRE FIGHTING

1. Hinged hose reel 6mm @ nozzle fixed at them wall 1.5m above the floor level
situated into an escape corridor so that people living in the building as the first
firefighting. Hose reds will be fixed at interval of 25m apart.

2. Fire escape routes will be through stairs at the middle and the ends of the building.

3. Instruction of fire fighting incase of fire will be in posters hanged on the walls in
each floor.

4. Fire extinguishers at exits, escape routes and staircase landing on wall

2
3