Discovering Psychology 7th Edition Hockenbury Test Bank

Discovering Psychology 7th Edition
Hockenbury Test Bank

Visit to download the full and correct content document: https://testbankdeal.com/dow
nload/discovering-psychology-7th-edition-hockenbury-test-bank/
1. Memory is formally defined as:
A) the mental processes that enable us to acquire, retain, and retrieve information.
B) a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of past experience.
C) a mental category that is formed by learning the rules or features that define it.
D) the global capacity to think rationally, act purposefully, and deal effectively with
the environment.
2. We transform information into a form that can be entered and retained by the memory
system. This process is known as:
A) encoding.
B) retrieval.
C) storage.
D) prospective remembering.
3. _____ is the process of retaining information in memory so that it can be used at a later
time.
A) Feedback
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Retrieval
4. _____ involves recovering the stored information so that we are consciously aware of it.
A) Feedback
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Retrieval
5. According to the stage model of memory:

A) the capacity to remember information changes with each age and stage of the
lifespan.
B) memory consists of the stages of maintenance rehearsal, elaborative rehearsal, and
clustering.
C) memories evolve in stages from simple memories to complex memories.
D) memory involves the stages of sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term
memory.
Page 1
6. Short-term memory is often referred to as _____ memory.
A) working
B) sensory
C) episodic
D) source
7. Information is stored in short-term memory for about:

A) 2 or 3 seconds.
B) 30 minutes.
C) 20 seconds.
D) a day.
8. As you are reading this question right now, you are consciously processing the meaning
of the words in your _____ memory.
A) sensory
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) episodic
9. At age 80, Bonita recalls the wonderful summers she spent with her grandparents during
her childhood. She talks about the market in town where you could buy freshly churned
ice cream and garden vegetables, the county fair, and bonfires where her grandmother
would make s'mores for the family. Bonita's recollections are an example of _____
memory.
A) sensory
B) working
C) long-term
D) recognition
10. Psychologist George Sperling:

A) conducted research on forgetting in the late 1800s, using himself as the sole
subject.
B) spent almost 30 years studying the famous patient known as H. M.
C) is a nationally recognized expert on the memory errors that can occur with
eyewitnesses.
D) studied the characteristics of visual sensory memory.
Page 2
11. Participants in Sperling's experiment stared at a screen on which three rows of letters
were flashed for just one-twentieth of a second. If Sperling sounded a high-pitched,
medium-pitched, or low-pitched tone within _____, the person could recall the letters in
the upper, middle, or lower row.
A) 1 minute
B) 30 seconds
C) 3 seconds
D) one-third of a second
12. Sperling's classic experiment in which he briefly flashed three rows of letters on a
screen immediately followed by a tone demonstrated that:
A) subliminal perception can influence unconscious thought processes.
B) auditory sensory memory lasts for three or four seconds.
C) visual sensory memory holds a great deal of information for about a half second.
D) short-term memory can last for up to 30 seconds.
13. As James watched Haley wave the 4th of July sparkler back and forth, he noticed that
the sparkler seemed to produce a trailing afterimage that faded within a split second.
Which type of sensory memory can account for the quickly fading afterimage of the
sparkler?
A) echoic memory
B) the déjà vu experience
C) prospective memory
D) iconic memory
14. While auditory sensory memory can last for about _____, visual sensory memory lasts
for about _____.
A) 3 to 4 seconds; a half second
B) 3 to 4 minutes; a half minute
C) 30 to 40 seconds; a half second
D) a half second; 3 to 4 seconds
15. Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____.

A) short-term memory; long-term memory
B) echoic memory; iconic memory
C) iconic memory; echoic memory
D) long-term memory; short-term memory
Page 3
16. Which of the following statements about sensory memory is FALSE?
A) Memory researchers believe there is a separate sensory memory for each sense.
B) One function of sensory memory is to briefly store our sensory impressions.
C) Visual sensory memory holds information longer than auditory sensory memory.
D) Visual sensory memory only lasts for about a half second.
17. From another room, Jenny called out to Leonard to ask where he had put the car keys.
At first, Leonard thought he hadn't heard what Jenny had asked, but a few seconds later,
the question registered in his mind. He answered, "On the coffee table." Which type of
sensory memory can explain this phenomenon?
A) echoic memory
B) iconic memory
C) contextual memory
D) semantic memory
18. Which stage of memory enables us to perceive the world around us as continuous, rather
than as a series of disconnected visual images or disjointed sounds?
A) working memory
B) short-term memory
C) long-term memory
D) sensory memory
19. Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness?

A) short-term memory or working memory
B) auditory sensory memory
C) visual sensory memory
D) long-term memory
20. Working memory:

A) provides permanent storage for information.
B) refers to the active, conscious manipulation of temporarily stored information.
C) has a limited capacity of about 12 to 14 items.
D) has a relatively short duration seldom exceeding 3 or 4 seconds.
21. How can you increase the length of time that you can hold information in your
short-term memory?
A) Use maintenance rehearsal by repeating the information.
B) Use a process called clustering.
C) Move the information into sensory memory.
D) Use iconic memory to hold the memory longer.
Page 4
22. What happens to information in short-term memory that is not further processed or
rehearsed?
A) The information moves back into sensory memory.
B) The information is transferred to working memory.
C) The information is sent to long-term memory.
D) The information fades or decays.
23. Consider this sentence: "Sean was able to get the dog to come out from under the
abandoned house by shaking a bag of dog food." In order for you to consciously make
sense of the sentence, the information was processed in your _____ memory.
A) auditory sensory
B) short-term
C) visual sensory
D) long-term
24. Maintenance rehearsal:

A) keeps information in long-term memory organized.
B) helps encode information for storage in long-term memory.
C) is a common strategy for holding information in sensory memory.
D) is a common strategy for holding information in short-term memory.
25. Because she didn't have a piece of paper handy, Mary mentally repeated the
long-distance phone number over and over. Mary was trying to keep this information in
her _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) sensory
C) long-term
D) short-term
26. At an auto parts store, Adam looked up an oil filter number in the parts catalog. Adam
mentally repeated the number, PF3807A, as he searched the shelves for the correct oil
filter for his car. Adam was using _____ to keep the information in his short-term
memory.
A) maintenance rehearsal
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) distributed practice
D) source monitoring
Page 5
27. According to George Miller, the capacity of short-term memory is:
A) about 13 items at one time.
B) about seven items at one time.
C) about 11 items at one time.
D) unlimited.
28. Jamie found the ISBN of the book she wanted to order in the Books in Print Catalog. To
remember the 11-digit number, 19772552901, she thought of the number as the year her
best friend was born (1977) and her aunt's phone number (255-2901). Jamie was using
the strategy of _____ to help her remember the ISBN number.
A) source monitoring
B) distributed practice
C) clustering
D) chunking
29. In order for chunking to work:

A) information must be processed by prospective memory before being sent to
short-term memory.
B) sensory memory information must be encoded differently than other types of
information.
C) retrieval of meaningful long-term memory information is often necessary.
D) the information must be processed a bit differently, with retrieval preceding
storage.
30. What was psychologist George Miller describing in his paper entitled "The Magical
Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two"?
A) the average duration of echoic memory in seconds
B) the duration in years before most of the current information in long-term memory
is forgotten
C) the number of trials it takes a typical student to memorize a list of 13 nonsense
syllables
D) the number of items or bits of information that can be held in short-term memory at
one time
31. Not every researcher accepts that short-term memory is limited to exactly seven items,
plus or minus two. Recent research suggests that the true "magical number" is more
likely to be:
A) four, plus or minus one.
B) 10, plus or minus two.
C) no more than two items.
D) 12, plus or minus three.
Page 6
32. Mentally add 37 + 65, then subtract 11. To perform this task, the information must be
held and processed in your _____ memory.
A) long-term
B) auditory sensory
C) visual sensory
D) short-term
33. British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed:

A) an influential model of working memory.
B) an influential model of long-term memory called the semantic network model.
C) the "lost-in-the-mall" technique to investigate false memories of childhood events
that never happened.
D) research techniques for investigating the duration of visual sensory memory.
34. According to the working memory model developed by British psychologist Alan
Baddeley, the _____ is to verbal material as the _____ is to visual or spatial material.
A) central executive; phonological loop
B) phonological loop; visuospatial sketchpad
C) visuospatial sketchpad; phonological loop
D) phonological loop; central executive
35. The "phonological loop," "visuospatial sketchpad," and "central executive" are:
A) the three main components of the semantic network model.
B) three mnemonic devices that can be used to help you remember a list of unrelated
items, such as nonsense syllables.
C) three different interview strategies developed by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus to
investigate eyewitness testimony and the development of false memories.
D) the three main components in the model of working memory developed by British
psychologist Alan Baddeley.
Baddeley, the "central executive":
A) is in charge of controlling attention, integrating information, and initiating
retrieval.
B) is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C) is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D) is specialized for verbal material.
Page 7
Baddeley, the "phonological loop":
A) controls attention, integrates information, and initiates retrieval.
B) is involved in organizing information in a complex network.
C) is specialized for spatial and visual material.
D) is specialized for verbal material.
38. Merely repeating information over and over is called _____, while focusing on the
meaning of the information to help encode and transfer it to long-term memory is called
_____.
A) clustering; chunking
B) chunking; clustering
C) elaborative rehearsal; maintenance rehearsal
D) maintenance rehearsal; elaborative rehearsal
39. Rather than simply repeating key terms and concepts, Jeremy focused on the meaning of
the information in the chapter and tried to generate examples of concepts from his own
experiences. Jeremy was using _____ to help encode information into his long-term
memory.
A) contextual cues
B) elaborative rehearsal
C) the serial position effect
D) maintenance rehearsal
40. When studying for a test in his Lifespan Development class, Mario tries to apply the
information to his own life in order to better retain the material. Mario is demonstrating:
A) the self-reference effect.
B) procedural memory.
C) maintenance rehearsal.
D) episodic memory.
41. The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

A) depends on the amount of maintenance rehearsal performed on the information.
B) seems to be limitless.
C) is seven items or bits of information, plus or minus two.
D) is four items or bits of information, plus or minus one.
Page 8
42. Which of the following statements about long-term memory is FALSE?
A) Information stored in long-term memory can potentially last a lifetime.
B) The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory is limitless.
C) One effective strategy for encoding information into long-term memory is
maintenance rehearsal.
D) One category of long-term memory is semantic memory.
43. Conner vividly remembers details from earlier in the day when he was mistakenly
pulled over by a highway patrolman and briefly arrested for armed robbery. Conner's
memory of this event is stored in his _____ memory.
A) iconic
B) short-term
C) long-term
D) sensory
44. To help remember the key terms used to describe Pavlov's conditioning a dog to salivate
to the sound of a bell, Joshua vividly imagined that he was an experimental subject in
Pavlov's laboratory, and that Dr. Pavlov was conditioning him to salivate. Joshua was
using _____ to help encode the information into long-term memory.
A) the encoding specificity principle
B) state-dependent retrieval
C) visual imagery
D) maintenance rehearsal
45. Although she had not made one in years, Evelyn carefully folded the paper to make a
paper airplane for her grandson. Evelyn's ability to perform this task is an example of
which type of long-term memory?
A) semantic memory
B) procedural memory
C) episodic memory
D) prospective memory
46. Knowledge of how to perform different skills and actions is called _____ memory while
knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas is called _____ memory.
A) semantic; episodic
B) episodic; procedural
C) procedural; semantic
D) procedural; episodic
Page 9
47. Brandon vividly remembers when he had to go to the emergency room for stitches on
his left thigh. This is an example of which type of long-term memory?
A) procedural memory
B) semantic memory
C) spatial memory
D) episodic memory
48. Your general knowledge of words, facts, names, definitions, and other assorted trivia
reflects which type of long-term memory?
B) spatial memory
C) semantic memory
D) episodic memory
49. When asked for the definition of a dependent variable, Mohammed replied, "It's the
factor in an experiment that is observed and measured for change." Mohammed's answer
reflects which category of long-term memory?
B) semantic memory
C) prospective memory
D) episodic memory
50. Explicit memory:

A) is also known as nondeclarative memory.
B) is a category of long-term memory that includes memories of different skills,
operations, and actions.
C) can be defined as memory with awareness.
D) can be defined as memory without awareness.
51. Which of the following statements about long-term memory is TRUE?

A) Long-term memory is best described as a unified memory system with no
subsystems.
B) Echoic memory and iconic memory are two subsystems of long-term memory.
C) As a subsystem of long-term memory, implicit memories cannot be consciously
recalled but still affect your behavior, knowledge, or performance on some tasks.
D) Episodic and semantic information are types of information reflected in implicit
memory processes.
Page 10
52. As you are taking this exam, you are actively retrieving information that you have
learned and stored in your long-term memory. The information that you are able to
consciously recall is an example of which subsystem of long-term memory?
A) explicit memory
B) implicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) nondeclarative memory
53. Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

A) nondeclarative
B) iconic
C) declarative
D) procedural
54. Implicit memory is:

A) memory that cannot be consciously recollected.
B) a category of long-term memory that includes memories of particular events.
C) memory that can be consciously recollected.
D) a category of long-term memory that includes memories of general knowledge of
facts, names, and concepts.
55. Which of the following are thought to be subsystems of long-term memory?

A) explicit memory and implicit memory
B) iconic memory and echoic memory
C) short-term memory and working memory
D) retroactive memory and proactive memory
56. Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

A) nondeclarative memory; declarative memory
B) procedural information; episodic information
C) prospective remembering; retrospective remembering
D) declarative memory; nondeclarative memory
57. Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.

A) procedural information; episodic and semantic information
B) declarative memory; nondeclarative memory
C) memory with awareness; memory without awareness
D) episodic and semantic information; procedural memory
Page 11
58. Researchers found that for Chinese and Taiwanese respondents, early autobiographical
memories tended to focus on:
A) identifying objects with the correct words.
B) individual accomplishments and challenges.
C) discrete events and emotional reactions to them.
D) routine activities done in the company of others.
59. Researchers hypothesized that cultural differences in the characteristics of earliest

autobiographical memories might be related to cultural differences in:
A) gene expression.
B) neurotransmitters.
C) the sense of self.
D) moral development.
60. Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college

students tended to reflect a relatively _____ relationship of the self to society.
A) patriotic
B) collectivistic
C) individualistic
D) personalistic
61. The average age for the earliest autobiographical memories reported by European
American college students tended to be _____, compared to those reported by Chinese
and Taiwanese college students.
A) younger
B) older
C) about the same
D) of doubtful validity
62. Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for Chinese and Taiwanese

college students tended to reflect a relatively _____ relationship of the self to society.
A) patriotic
B) individualistic
C) collectivistic
D) personalistic
Page 12
63. Compared to Chinese and Taiwanese college students, earliest autobiographical
memories for European American students tended to concern _____ events.
A) routine
B) continuous
C) current
D) discrete
64. Compared to European American students, earliest autobiographical memories for

Chinese and Taiwanese college students were more likely to include:
A) other people.
B) animals.
C) the first use of language.
D) vivid detail.
65. Compared to Asian mothers, when engaging in shared reminiscing with their children,
Western mothers tend to emphasize the child's:
A) sense of community with others.
B) ability to use language correctly.
C) individual activities and emotional reactions.
D) relationships with other children the same age.
66. Much of your sense of self is derived from memories of your unique life experiences.
These particular kinds of memories are referred to as _____ memories.
A) implicit
B) autobiographical
C) sensory
D) semantic
67. The Culture and Human Behavior box featured a study by developmental psychologist
Qi Wang, who compared the earliest memories of European American college students
and Taiwanese and Chinese college students. Wang found that the earliest memories of
the Taiwanese and Chinese college students:
A) occurred much later than the memories of European American college students.
B) occurred at about the same age as the memories of European American college
students.
C) occurred much earlier than the memories of European American college students.
D) were almost identical in content to European American college students' memories.
Page 13
68. "My first memory? I can remember when I was almost three years old and going to my
mom's hospital room just after my little brother was born. My aunt handed me my little
brother all wrapped in a blanket and I remember just looking at him for the longest time,
and thinking how he was so little." According to the research discussed in the Culture
and Human Behavior box, memories like this one that focus on a specific event and the
person's feelings about the event were most likely to be:
A) a false memory.
B) reported by European American college students.
C) the result of imagination inflation.
D) reported by Chinese and Taiwanese college students.
69. In comparing the earliest memories of European American college students and Chinese
and Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found that the earliest memories
of certain groups tended to focus on general, routine activities involving family or
community members, such as playing in the park or eating with family members. Which
of the following is correct?
A) Neither the European American nor Chinese and Taiwanese college students had
such memories.
B) Both the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had such memories.
C) Both the European American and the Chinese and Taiwanese college students had
these types of memories.
D) The European American college students had such memories.
70. In a study investigating the earliest memories of European American and Chinese and
Taiwanese college students, psychologist Qi Wang found:
A) no cultural differences in the earliest memories of either group.
B) that the earliest memories of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to
be longer, more self-focused, and more elaborate than those of the European
American college students.
C) that the earliest memories of the European American college students tended to be
longer, more self-focused, and more elaborate than those of the Chinese and
Taiwanese college students.
D) that the European American students were more likely to develop false memories
than the Chinese and Taiwanese students.
Page 14
71. As described in the Culture and Human Behavior box, developmental psychologist Qi
Wang investigated the earliest memories of European American and Chinese and
Taiwanese college students. Which of the following statements best summarizes Wang's
findings?
A) The first memories of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tended to be
brief and focused on routine group activities, while the first memories of the
European American college students tended to be about a specific event and more
self-focused.
B) Although both the European American college students and the Chinese and
Taiwanese college students were equally confident in the accuracy of their
memories, the American college students were actually much more accurate in the
details they remembered.
C) With the exception of the Chinese and Taiwanese college students tending to have
their first memories about a year earlier than the European American college
students, there were very similar themes in the first memories reported by the two
groups.
D) The first memories of the European American college students tended to be brief
and focused on routine group activities, while the first memories of the Chinese
and Taiwanese college students tended to be about a specific event and more
self-focused.
72. After being presented with a list of 30 random words, Jennifer was asked to recall as
many words as she could. In recalling the words, Jennifer remembered groups of related
words, such as harp, flute, and piano. Jennifer's pattern of answers during recall
demonstrates:
A) the self-reference effect.
B) clustering.
C) the serial position effect.
D) autobiographical memory.
73. The semantic network model suggests that:

A) semantic information is organized in a network, but episodic information is
organized chronologically.
B) when the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of
information encoding, retrieval is more likely.
C) distortions in memory can occur when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
D) information in long-term memory is organized in a complex system of associations.
Page 15
74. You are conducting a study on the organization of information in long-term memory. In
the study, participants are told to say the first word that comes to their mind in response
to the stimulus words "day," "woods," and "time." Many participants responded "night,"
"trees," and "clock." In your write-up of the study, you note that the participants'
responses seem to support:
A) interference theory.
B) the notion of the serial position effect.
C) mood congruence.
D) the semantic network model.
75. Which model or theory describes the way that information is organized in long-term
memory?
A) the interference model
B) the serial position model
C) decay theory
D) the semantic network model
76. _____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.

A) Retrieval
B) Encoding
C) Storage
D) Consolidation
77. Brenda's Aunt Shelby got to the point where she just couldn't recall any more details.
"Honestly, that's all I can remember about being in the same first-grade class as Bruce
Springsteen. It was just too long ago," Shelby explained to her disappointed niece. That
Shelby was unable to recall her other long-term memories about attending elementary
school with Bruce Springsteen is most likely an example of:
A) absentmindedness.
B) retrieval cue failure.
C) source confusion.
D) anterograde amnesia.
78. During the short-answer essay part of the examination, Ethan was absolutely certain that
he knew the definition of "long-term potentiation" but he could not think of it. Which of
the following is the most likely explanation for Ethan's inability to retrieve the
information from his long-term memory?
A) the misinformation effect
B) prospective memory failure
C) source confusion
D) retrieval cue failure
Page 16
79. Chloe could not remember the name of the husband of a very important client. So,
Chloe began reciting the alphabet until a letter triggered her memory, and she could
remember the name. The letter of the alphabet:
A) served as a retrieval cue.
B) served as a prospective memory cue.
C) triggered a déjà vu experience.
D) triggered long-term potentiation.
80. Which of the following statements about the effectiveness of retrieval cues is TRUE?
A) Retrieval cues work better with procedural memories than with semantic long-term
memories.
B) Short-term memory is usually nondeclarative unless prompted by retrieval cues.
C) Short-term memory is no different than long-term memory except in the types of
retrieval cues.
D) With the right retrieval cue, people can often access stored information that seemed
to be inaccessible.
81. The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of:

A) the misinformation effect.
B) the serial position effect.
C) encoding failure.
D) retrieval failure.
82. The "tip-of-the-fingers" phenomenon might occur when a person using American Sign
Language has difficulty remembering a particular word needed in conversation, and can
remember only the:
A) initial phoneme.
B) initial hand shape.
C) final phoneme.
D) final hand shape.
83. During a Trivial Pursuit game, Seth was trying to think of the name of John Lennon's
wife. "Yanni? Yo-yo? No, that's not it. I'm sure I'll think of …. Wait, I remember! It was
Yoko Ono! That was John Lennon's wife!" This example illustrates:
A) the misinformation effect.
B) the déjà vu experience.
C) a TOT (tip-of-the-tongue) experience.
D) the experience of a flashbulb memory.
Page 17
84. Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) experiences:
A) are not universal and occur in only a relatively few cultures.
B) tend to be more common among older adults than younger adults.
C) clearly illustrate the point that memory retrieval is an all-or-nothing process.
D) are frustrating for most people who experience them because only about 10 percent
of TOT experiences are resolved.
85. Users of American Sign Language sometimes experience the phenomenon of not being
able to retrieve a particular sign when they feel sure that they know the sign. This
phenomenon is called:
A) source confusion.
B) retrograde amnesia.
C) the tip-of-the-fingers phenomenon.
D) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
86. Janette was absolutely certain that she knew the name of the fundamentalist religious
group that was involved in the standoff with the FBI in Waco, Texas, almost two
decades ago, but she could not think of the name of the group. This is an example of:
A) a tip-of-the-tongue experience.
B) the misinformation effect.
D) imagination inflation.
87. Tip-of-the-tongue experiences underscore the fact that:

A) retrieving information from long-term memory is an all-or-nothing process.
B) once a memory becomes blocked, it is impossible to retrieve it.
C) once a memory has decayed over time, it is impossible to retrieve it.
D) information in long-term memory is organized and connected in relatively logical
ways.
88. Which of the following is NOT a common strategy used to test for recall of information
from long-term memory?
A) recognition
B) source monitoring
C) free recall
D) cued recall
Page 18
89. Essay tests are to _____ as matching tests are to _____.
A) recognition; free recall
B) encoding failure; retrieval cue failure
C) free recall; cued recall
D) cued recall; free recall
90. This multiple-choice test question is a good example of using _____ to test long-term
memory.
A) recognition
B) free recall
C) cued recall
D) chunking
91. While Aaron was waiting for a prescription to be filled, he called Kate to see if she
wanted him to pick up anything while he was at the grocery store. To his surprise, Kate
rattled off 10 different items she wanted him to buy. Aaron forgot two items in the
middle of the list. Aaron's pattern of forgetting illustrates:
A) absentmindedness.
B) the tip-of-the-tongue experience.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) the serial position effect.
92. Although Morgan had practiced her speech several times, she had trouble remembering
the middle part of the speech when she gave it in speech class. This pattern of forgetting
illustrates:
A) the serial position effect.
B) prospective memory failure.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) proactive interference.
93. While trying to recall a list of items in correct order, the tendency to remember the first
items in the list is called _____ while the tendency to remember the last items in the list
is called _____.
A) source monitoring; source confusion
B) the primacy effect; the recency effect
C) proactive recall; retroactive recall
D) the recency effect; the primacy effect
Page 19
94. "Okay, your recital is next Saturday night," Candy reminded her piano student. "You're
doing great but for the next couple of days, I want you to practice by starting with the
middle third of the piece until you've got it down perfectly." As a piano teacher, Candy
is trying to help her student counteract which of the following memory tendencies?
A) imagination inflation
B) source confusion
C) proactive interference
D) the serial position effect
95. The _____ is especially prominent when you have to engage in a serial recall task, such
as remembering a list of items in their original order.
A) context effect
B) misinformation effect
C) primacy effect
D) recency effect
96. Tara is giving Patrick directions to her house so he can come to the party being held
there tonight. Patrick's ability to recall the directions in the proper order is an example
of:
A) serial recall.
B) the primacy effect.
C) the recency effect.
97. When the conditions of information retrieval are similar to the conditions of information
encoding, memory retrieval is more likely to be successful. This statement reflects the
basic idea of:
A) source monitoring.
B) prospective memory.
C) memory consolidation.
D) the encoding specificity principle.
98. The critical factor in the context effect is the influence of:
A) distributed memory traces.
B) imagination inflation.
C) external environmental cues.
D) schemas versus scripts.
Page 20
99. When she studies for her humanities tests, Kelly always goes to the classroom where the
humanities class is held. By studying in the same setting where she'll take the test, Kelly
is trying to use _____ to her advantage.
A) the context effect
B) déjà vu
C) implicit memory
D) mood congruence
100. After living in Canada for many years, Shu Fang returned for a visit to Seoul, Korea. As
she walked through the neighborhood in which she had grown up, her mind was flooded
with memories of her childhood. The environmental cues that helped trigger Shu Fang's
memories illustrate:
A) prospective memory.
B) the context effect.
C) imagination inflation.
D) mood congruence.
101. Which of the following is an example of the encoding specificity principle?

A) mood congruence
B) imagination inflation
C) long-term potentiation
D) source confusion
102. Jean was extremely happy after she finally passed the CPA exam and had landed a great
job with a big accounting firm. As she was celebrating with family and friends, Jean
recalled several other happy memories in her life. Jean's recall of other happy memories
is an example of:
A) serial recall.
C) proactive memory.
D) mood congruence.
103. Following the death of his father, Scott was extremely despondent for several weeks.
During this time, Scott seemed to dwell on other unpleasant memories and other sad
experiences in his life. Scott's recall of other sad memories is an example of:
A) mood congruence.
B) implicit memory.
C) the context effect.
D) memory consolidation.
Page 21
104. When Madeline is feeling blue or unhappy she is more likely to recall negative or
unpleasant memories. This is an encoding specificity phenomenon called:
A) mood congruence.
D) flashbulb memory.
105. Exactly three years ago today, Denise was eating lunch with two friends at a restaurant
when a very confused man came into the restaurant and began firing a gun at the
pictures hanging on the walls. Denise remembers many details of that day, including the
clothes she was wearing and what she ate for lunch. Denise has such clear memories of
that day partly because those memories are characterized by a high degree of:
A) mood congruence.
B) distinctiveness.
C) semantic information.
D) state-dependent retrieval.
106. Richard can recall very specific and vivid details of the day his son was born. Richard's
memory of this very emotional, personal event in his life is an example of what is called
_____ memory.
A) an implicit
B) prospective
C) a flashbulb
D) iconic
107. How are flashbulb memories different from ordinary memories?

A) Flashbulb memories are immune to interference from other memories, while
ordinary memories are susceptible to being distorted by misinformation.
B) Although people have about the same degree of confidence in the accuracy of
flashbulb and ordinary memories, flashbulb memories are much more accurate and
reliable than ordinary memories.
C) People have a higher degree of confidence in the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
D) Unlike memories of ordinary events, flashbulb memories of extraordinary events
don't decay over time.
Page 22
108. Research on flashbulb memories shows that:
A) the details of such memories are much more accurate over long periods of time
than ordinary memories.
B) such memories are completely resistant to distortions and interference from other
memories.
C) people are less confident in the accuracy of flashbulb memories.
D) flashbulb memories function just like ordinary memories; we remember some
details, forget some details, and think we remember some details.
109. Identify the psychologist who is credited with originating the scientific study of
forgetting.
A) Hermann Ebbinghaus
B) Elizabeth Loftus
C) George Sperling
D) Karl Lashley
110. The inability to recall information that was previously available to memory is called:
A) encoding failure.
B) forgetting.
C) the misinformation effect.
D) source confusion.
111. Hermann Ebbinghaus:

A) was both the experimenter and the only participant in his pioneering research on
forgetting.
B) was the psychologist who discovered that the duration of short-term memory was
seven items, plus or minus two.
C) received the Nobel Prize for his landmark studies describing how the structure and
function of neurons change when new memories are formed.
D) was the physiological psychologist who attempted to find the specific brain
location of particular memories.
112. Why were nonsense syllables used in the earliest studies of forgetting?
A) so that the stimulus materials were simple enough that even children could read
and remember them
B) so that cross-cultural comparisons of memory could be investigated using speakers
of different languages
C) so that the material did not have preexisting associations in memory
D) to reduce retroactive interference
Page 23
113. The Ebbinghaus forgetting curve shows that:
A) almost everything we learn is eventually forgotten.
B) there is not much forgetting soon after learning.
C) much of what we learn is forgotten very quickly.
D) there is a linear relationship between time and forgetting.
114. The graphic representation of the results of Ebbinghaus's research is called the:
A) memory curve.
B) retroactive interference effect.
C) misinformation effect.
D) forgetting curve.
115. According to Ebbinghaus's research:

A) encoding failure is the chief cause of most forgetting.
B) all new information will eventually be forgotten.
C) the most rapid forgetting of new material occurs relatively soon after the material is
originally learned.
D) memories are distributed throughout the brain.
116. Based on his research, Ebbinghaus found that:

A) about 80 percent of new information is retained in memory and stable over time.
B) the amount of forgetting eventually levels off, and the memories that remain are
stable over time.
C) massed practice is better than distributed practice for long-term retention.
D) the primary cause of forgetting is repression.
117. Mike began studying for his exam the night before the test, reading his textbook chapter
for the first time. Ebbinghaus would predict that:
A) Mike would rapidly forget most of the material that he read.
B) Mike would remember most of the new material for several months, then rapidly
forget most of it.
C) Mike would gradually forget the new material over a period of several months.
D) Mike's memory of the new material would remain remarkably stable for a lengthy
period of time.
118. One effective method to enhance long-term retention is to:

A) repeat the information over and over in your mind.
B) maintain a strong intention to remember the information.
C) daydream when the information is first presented.
D) repeatedly test yourself for recall of the information.
Page 24
119. What principle is depicted in the graph?
A) the Sperling decay of sensory memory curve

B) Baddeley's working memory curve
C) Kandel's long-term potentiation curve
D) the Ebbinghaus forgetting curve
120. Researchers William Marmie and Alice Healy (2004) asked participants to study an
unfamiliar coin for short periods of time, ranging from 15 seconds to 60 seconds. What
did the study find?
A) Even after studying the unfamiliar coin for 60 seconds, participants were no better
at remembering the details of the unfamiliar coin than they were at remembering
the details of a U.S. penny.
B) Even after studying the unfamiliar coin for 60 seconds, participants were still better
at remembering the details of a U.S. penny.
C) Even after only 15 seconds of studying the unfamiliar coin, participants were able
to select the same coin out of a collection of 20 coins from different countries
around the world.
D) Even after studying the unfamiliar coin for only 15 seconds, participants were
much better at remembering the details of the unfamiliar coin than they were at
remembering the details of a U.S. penny.
Page 25
121. Researchers William Marmie and Alice Healy (2004) asked participants to study an
unfamiliar coin for short periods of time, ranging from 15 seconds to 60 seconds. The
results showed that participants were better able to remember details of the unfamiliar
coin than the familiar U.S. penny. This finding confirmed that one of the most common
reasons for forgetting is:
A) retrieval failure.
B) retroactive interference.
D) proactive interference.
122. On a visit to his mother's home, Steve's mother introduced him to her new next-door
neighbor. After chatting with the neighbor for a few minutes, Steve realized that he
could not remember the new neighbor's name. The MOST likely explanation for Steve's
forgetting the neighbor's name is:
A) prospective memory failure.
D) decay.
123. Which is the BEST explanation for encoding failure?

A) The information was not processed beyond the sensory memory stage.
B) Old information interferes with one's ability to process novel information.
C) The information enters one's short-term memory, but it is never encoded into
long-term memory.
D) The information was stored in working memory, but it was then repressed in
long-term memory.
124. Forgetting that is caused by "encoding failure" means that the information:
A) has been replaced or interfered with by a previous memory.
B) has been destroyed through the misinformation effect.
C) cannot be retrieved because it has undergone the process of decay.
D) cannot be retrieved because it was never encoded into long-term memory in the
first place.
125. If you cannot remember which United States president is pictured on a $5 bill, the
reason is MOST likely:
A) interference.
B) encoding failure.
C) decay.
D) motivated forgetting.
Page 26
126. "I could have sworn that I parked my Subaru in this row," Jenna said with
embarrassment as the airport parking van driver drove down yet another row of parked
cars. "It's okay, miss," the van driver reassured her, then added, "This happens all the
time when people are rushing to catch a plane and they don't pay attention to the row
signs." This is an everyday example of _____ due to _____.
A) absentmindedness; encoding failure
B) suppression; interference
C) absentmindedness; repression
D) a déjà vu experience; inattentional blindness
127. Connor is in a hurry to drive to his college calculus class, but he can't find his car keys.
The MOST likely explanation for Steve's inability to remember where he left his car
keys is:
A) imagination inflation.
D) absentmindedness.
128. "Can you believe it? Another cellphone, and this one looks expensive!" the cosmetics
salesperson laughed as she waved the cell phone that the customer had left behind.
"Well, put it in the drawer with the others," her co-worker said. "They'll probably come
back for this one." Such everyday instances of absentmindedness are usually caused by:
A) retrieval failure.
B) prospective memory failure.
D) source confusion.
129. Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of forgetting described in your
textbook?
A) consolidation
B) decay
C) encoding failure
D) interference
130. Prospective memory:

A) was first studied by Karl Lashley, the famous American psychologist.
B) refers to remembering to do something in the future.
C) is very susceptible to distortion by imagination inflation.
D) usually occurs in response to the use of hypnosis or guided imagery.
Page 27
131. "What is that noise?" Jennifer asked. Her roommate Brooke explained, "That's my timer
going off. I set it to remind myself to call my instructor as soon as her office hours
begin." Brooke is using one of the strategies suggested in your psychology text to:
A) improve her prospective memory.
B) counteract memory consolidation.
C) enhance source monitoring.
D) avoid imagination inflation.
132. Which of the following is an example of prospective memory?

A) remembering the names of the two football teams that played in the last Super
Bowl
B) reciting the rhyme you learned as a child to help remember the number of days in
each month (i.e., "Thirty days hath September, April, June, and November…")
C) remembering the details of a common object, such as a U.S. penny
D) remembering the appointment you have at 10:30 AM next Saturday morning
133. When prospective memory fails, it is almost always because of:

A) retrieval cue failure.
134. According to _____ theory, we forget memories because we don't use them and they
simply fade away over time as a matter of normal brain processes.
A) decay
B) interference
C) semantic network
D) psychoanalytic
135. The decay theory of forgetting:

A) has more research supporting it than the other theories of forgetting.
B) is contradicted by the fact that a retrieval cue can trigger the recall of events
experienced long ago.
C) has proven useful in explaining how anterograde amnesia occurs.
D) has proven useful in understanding why long-term potentiation occurs.
Page 28
136. Which of the following studies clearly contradicts the decay theory of forgetting?
A) the Ebbinghaus studies on forgetting
B) the Sperling study of sensory memory
C) the Loftus studies of the misinformation effect
D) the Lashley studies of localization of memories in the cortex
137. When old memories interfere with a new memory, _____ is said to have occurred.
A) proactive interference
B) retroactive interference
C) encoding failure
D) long-term potentiation
138. When a new memory interferes with an old memory, _____ is said to have occurred.
A) proactive interference
B) retroactive interference
C) encoding failure
D) suppression
139. After switching departments at work and getting a new phone number, Anne found that
it was harder to remember her previous department's phone number. Anne was
experiencing _____, which occurs when forming a new memory makes it harder to
recall a previous memory.
A) retroactive interference
B) encoding failure
C) proactive interference
D) long-term potentiation failure
140. As Rick was filling out the loan application, he couldn't remember his previous address
even though he had lived there for five years. Rick's memory of his current address was
interfering with his memory of his old address, which is an example of:
C) proactive interference.
D) retroactive interference.
Page 29
141. Whenever Yvonne tried to recall her new cell phone number, she kept getting it mixed
up with an old phone number. Yvonne's failure to remember her new phone number is
probably due to:
D) retroactive interference.
142. At a loud party, Kimberly met many new people. When she ran into one of her new
acquaintances on campus the next day she was unable to remember his name. The
MOST likely explanation for her forgetting the name of her new acquaintance is:
B) interference.
C) mood congruence.
D) source amnesia.
143. Of the following factors, which is the MOST likely to cause the greatest interference?
A) amount of information
B) environmental conditions in which the information was memorized
C) when different information is memorized within 90 minutes or less
D) similarity of information
144. The more _____ information is in two memories, the more likely it is that _____ will
occur.
A) similar; repression
B) dissimilar; repression
C) dissimilar; interference
D) similar; interference
145. Motivated forgetting of a painful or embarrassing memory because we don't want to

consciously remember the information is called:
A) suppression.
C) repression.
Page 30
146. _____ is due to conscious deliberate forgetting as _____ is due to unconscious
forgetting.
A) Proactive interference; retroactive interference
B) Suppression; repression
C) Repression; suppression
D) Retroactive interference; proactive interference
147. Suppression is to _____ as repression is to _____.

A) retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia
B) motivated forgetting that occurs consciously; motivated forgetting that occurs
unconsciously
C) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
D) motivated forgetting that occurs unconsciously; motivated forgetting that occurs
consciously
148. Eric couldn't remember anything from his childhood until he went for psychotherapy to
treat his anxiety disorder. After just a few sessions, Eric started remembering painful
incidents in his childhood during which he was beaten and made to feel ashamed. Eric's
difficulty in remembering his childhood was probably because of:
A) retroactive interference.
B) proactive interference.
C) motivated forgetting.
D) encoding failure.
149. Because it was too painful to think about how his marriage had fallen apart due to his
wife's infidelity, Russell decided that he was not going to remember anything about his
marriage. Russell is trying to use _____, a form of motivated forgetting, to help ease his
pain.
A) suppression
B) repression
C) decay
D) inattentional blindness
Page 31
150. Ned's parents got divorced when he was 7 years old. Ned's older sister vividly
remembers the frequent, loud screaming matches between her mother and father in the
weeks prior to the divorce, but Ned claims that he has no memories of his parents ever
fighting. If Ned has unconsciously blocked awareness of those painful memories, it
would be an example of:
A) suppression.
B) proactive interference.
C) repression.
D) memory decay.
151. The idea of repression is key in Sigmund Freud's theory of personality and
psychotherapy, which is called psychoanalysis. According to Freud, what gets
repressed?
A) memories of prenatal development and birth
B) memories of exciting childhood events, such as going to camp, horseback riding,
skiing, swimming, and similar physiologically arousing activities
C) painful incidents or events that we deliberately and consciously try to forget
D) psychologically threatening feelings, emotions, and memories, especially those
from early childhood
152. According to Freud, _____ memories remain unconscious yet are still capable of
influencing behavior and personality.
A) repressed
B) suppressed
C) prospective
D) retrospective
153. According to research on déjà vu, which of the following individuals is MOST likely to
have this experience?
A) Abel, who is 2 years old
B) Lola, who dropped out of high school when she was 16 years old
C) D'Andre, who is well-educated and travels frequently
D) Gia, who is terminally ill
154. Researchers have found that _____ can trigger déjà vu experiences.
A) music
B) certain forms of cancer
C) temporal lobe disruptions
D) hormone imbalances
Page 32
155. Numerous studies have been conducted looking at the factors involved in criminal
convictions in which the convicted person ultimately turned out to be innocent of the
crime. Those studies have consistently shown that the leading cause of wrongful
convictions is:
A) anterograde amnesia.
B) eyewitness misidentification.
C) hypnotically induced false memories.
D) prospective memory failure.
156. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Once stored in long-term memory, a memory is recalled exactly the same way each
time it is remembered.
B) People almost always remember how, when, and where they acquired a particular
memory.
C) Although people usually remember the basic elements of an experience, specific
details of the memory may be added, subtracted, exaggerated, or downplayed over
time.
D) Unlike memories accessed through the normal retrieval process, memories
retrieved under hypnosis contain many more details and are always accurate.
157. Identify the psychologist who is at the forefront of research on memory distortions and
one of the MOST widely recognized authorities on eyewitness memory.
A) Suzanne Corkin
B) Elizabeth Loftus
C) Brenda Milner
D) Richard Thompson
158. The "misinformation effect" refers to a:

A) memory disruption that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten.
B) phenomenon in which existing memories are distorted by exposing people to
misleading information.
C) memory distortion caused by the context effect.
D) memory phenomenon in which vividly imagining an event markedly increases
confidence that the event actually happened.
Page 33
159. Research by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus has shown that:
A) eyewitness testimony is highly accurate.
B) even when a person has witnessed an event firsthand, it is relatively easy to distort
the person's memory of the event.
C) a person's confidence in a memory is the best guarantee that the memory is
accurate.
D) if a memory feels subjectively authentic and is accompanied by intense emotions, it
is very unlikely to be a false memory.
160. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then
answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the
cars. What factor affected the subjects' estimate of how fast the cars in the film were
traveling?
A) the presence of broken glass at the scene of the accident
B) the presence of a stop sign at the scene of the accident
C) whether the word contacted, hit, bumped, collided, or smashed was used in the
question
D) the actual speed of the vehicle, regardless of the wording of the question
161. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus, subjects watched a film of an automobile accident, then
answered a series of questions, including one asking them to estimate the speed of the
cars. Which subjects gave the highest speed estimates?
A) the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they
smashed into each other?"
B) the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they
contacted each other?"
C) the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they went
by the stop signs?"
D) the subjects who were asked, "About how fast were the cars going when they
entered the intersection?"
162. The term source confusion refers to:

A) the eerie feeling of having experienced the exact situation before but not being able
to recall precisely when or where.
B) a memory distortion that occurs when the true source of the memory is forgotten or
confused with another memory.
C) intentionally citing an incorrect source in a term paper.
D) being unable to retrieve information that you know is stored in long-term memory.
Page 34
163. Discovering a major problem at work, Doug called Joan and discussed the problem with
her at length. A few minutes later, his coworker Latesha called him, and Doug told
Latesha about the problem. Later, Doug told a friend that Joan had said that fixing the
problem would cost $10,000. But later when he looked at his handwritten notes of the
two phone conversations, Doug discovered that Latesha, not Joan, had actually made the
remark. The contradiction between what really happened and Doug's memory can best
be explained by:
C) the context effect.
164. Although he actually learned about Holland's high taxes from talking to someone at a
recent party, Paul was absolutely convinced that he had heard about the high taxes in
Holland on a radio talk show. This is an example of a false memory due to:
C) trace decay.
165. In a study, participants viewed slides showing the use of a screwdriver in a burglary.
Later they read a written account of the break-in that featured a hammer instead of a
screwdriver. When tested for their memory of the images in the slide presentation:
A) 60 percent incorrectly remembered that a hammer had been used.
B) 10 percent said that a hammer had been used in the break-in.
C) 60 percent correctly remembered that a screwdriver had been used.
D) most participants could not remember what implement had been used in the
break-in.
166. Lisa went to a wedding where folk music was played rather than the traditional wedding
march when the bride walked down the aisle. Later, Lisa distinctly remembers humming
along to "Here Comes the Bride." Lisa's memory distortion is MOST probably due to:
A) inattentional blindness.
C) her script for a typical wedding.
Page 35
167. The term schema refers to a(n):
A) organized cluster of knowledge and information about an object, an event, a
situation, or a concept.
B) organized plan to accomplish a specific goal.
C) group of neurons that link two or more memory areas in the brain.
D) memory-enhancing technique that is used during hypnosis to aid in the retrieval of
repressed memories.
168. The typical sequence of behaviors or actions at a common event, such as checking out at
a grocery store or going to the movies, is a particular type of schema that psychologists
call:
A) a semantic network.
B) a script.
C) an engram.
D) false familiarity.
169. Which of the following statements about schemas is TRUE?

A) Using schemas you already have stored in long-term memory allows you to quickly
integrate new experiences into your knowledge base.
B) Schemas can serve as important retrieval cues for information that has been
retrieved but not stored.
C) Schemas help to explain how repression occurs.
D) Schemas can contribute to the effectiveness of maintenance rehearsal.
170. In the prologue to Chapter 6, psychologist Elizabeth Loftus erroneously remembered

finding her mother's body in her uncle's swimming pool. What contributed to Loftus's
false memory of this event?
A) suggestions that were made to her during hypnosis
B) encoding failure
C) confusion over the actual source of the memory
D) anterograde amnesia
171. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Schemas are useful in forming new memories because they allow you to quickly
integrate new experiences into your existing knowledge base.
B) The information you already have stored in long-term memory can potentially
contribute to distortions in forming a new memory.
C) Retrieving a memory involves the active process of reconstructing the memory.
D) Once a long-term memory has been consolidated, it is impossible to distort it.
Page 36
172. In a research study described in your text, participants briefly sat in a psychology
professor's office and then were taken to another room. When asked about the details of
the professor's office, the research participants:
A) accurately remembered almost all of the items in the psychologist's office.
B) overestimated how long they had sat in the professor's office.
C) remembered items that were not actually in the office but that were consistent with
their schemas of a professor's office.
D) mistakenly remembered seeing a hammer and a screwdriver on the professor's
desk.
173. In both the "professor's office" study and the study about "Jack" performing everyday
activities:
A) participants experienced compelling false memories about details that would have
been consistent with the situation.
B) female students were significantly better than male students at remembering details
about the dialogues that occurred.
C) male students were significantly better than female students about remembering
physical details about the setting, such as the color of the furniture or the location
of the veterinarian's office.
D) the participants were easily misled by misinformation presented by a fake
participant when the stories were discussed.
174. In a study by University of Arkansas psychologist James Lampinen, participants

listened to a story about a guy named Jack who performed some everyday activities,
such as washing his car and taking his dog to the veterinarian for shots. In each scene,
Jack performed some actions that were consistent with the script and some behaviors
that were inconsistent with the script for the activity. When later tested for details of the
story, participants were:
A) less likely to recognize and remember the actions that were inconsistent with the
script than the consistent actions.
B) more likely to recall the scenes in which Jack was interacting with the female
receptionist than when he was interacting with his dog or the neighbor's kid.
C) more likely to remember that the neighbor's kids sprayed Jack and that the
receptionist flirted with Jack rather than the other way around.
D) more likely to recognize and remember the actions that were inconsistent with the
script than the consistent actions.
Page 37
175. The "lost-in-the-mall" technique involves:
A) leading participants through an unfamiliar shopping center or mall, and then asking
them to retrace the path back to the starting point.
B) secretly moving the participant's car while he or she is shopping in the mall.
C) using family members of the participant to help induce a false memory for an event
that never occurred, such as being lost in a shopping mall as a child.
D) teaching people techniques to avoid leaving personal articles, such as cell phones,
wallets, or keys, in public places such as shopping malls.
176. By the final interview in the "lost-in-the-mall" study by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus:
A) 6 of the 24 participants developed false memories of being lost in a shopping mall
as a child.
B) 18 of the 24 participants developed false memories of being lost in the mall.
C) all 24 participants developed false memories of being lost in a shopping mall as a
child.
D) 12 of the 24 participants developed false memories of knocking over a punch bowl
in the shopping mall.
177. The "lost-in-the-mall" study by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus:

A) was contradicted by later research that failed to replicate the results.
B) showed that imagination inflation was a useful technique for enhancing the
accuracy of recall.
C) showed that inattentional blindness and source amnesia were responsible for
creating the pseudomemory of being lost in the mall.
D) has been replicated by other research using a wide variety of pseudoevents,
including being saved from nearly drowning and spilling a punch bowl at a
wedding.
178. Imagination inflation is a memory phenomenon in which:

A) more and more details get added to a lie each time the lie is told.
B) over time, people "inflate" the importance of their own behavior in determining the
course of events over their lifetime.
C) vividly imagining an event markedly increases a person's confidence that the event
actually did occur.
D) the recall of very specific images or details surrounding a rare or significant event
makes those memories immune to forgetting.
Page 38
179. Which of the following factors contributes to "imagination inflation?"
A) Repeatedly imagining an event that never occurred makes the event seem
increasingly familiar.
B) Repeatedly imagining an event that never occurred increases the level of accuracy
of source memory for the event.
C) Repeatedly imagining an event that never occurred reduces confidence that the
event actually happened.
D) Repeatedly imagining an event that never occurred makes the event less
memorable and more likely to be forgotten.
180. According to Table 6.3: Factors Contributing to False Memories, which of the following
is NOT one of the factors that contributes to false memories?
A) inattentional blindness
B) the misinformation effect
C) source confusion
D) imagination inflation
181. Repressed memory therapy, or recovery therapy, refers to:

A) psychotherapy that encourages the recall of supposedly repressed memories from
childhood, usually of physical or sexual abuse.
B) a treatment for memory problems in people suffering from Alzheimer's disease or
other diseases that cause memory loss.
C) the use of special techniques to repress unpleasant memories to help people recover
from traumatic events.
D) a therapeutic technique that counteracts the effects of memory consolidation.
182. The key conflict in the "memory wars" is:

A) whether the hippocampus or the prefrontal cortex is the main brain area in which
episodic memories are stored.
B) whether it is ethical to encourage people who have experienced traumatic events in
childhood to talk about them during psychotherapy.
C) whether "repressed" memories of childhood abuse that are "recovered" using
hypnosis, guided imagery, or other highly suggestive techniques are false
memories or memories of actual experiences.
D) whether deception should be used in studies that involve creating false memories in
the participants.
Page 39
183. Although the concept of repressed memories is controversial, there is general agreement
among psychologists that:
A) repressed memories recovered through hypnosis are accurate.
B) people may experience amnesia for some of the details of a single traumatic event,
but they are unlikely to repress all memories of repeated incidents of abuse.
C) when people experience repeated incidents of abuse, they are more likely to
completely repress all memories of the experiences.
D) survivors of traumatic incidents are rarely able to recall details about the events.
184. In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley:

A) began a longitudinal study on the memory of high school students for the words
and phrases they had learned in Spanish class.
B) began the first systematic study of forgetting using nonsense syllables.
C) measured the duration of visual sensory memory.
D) began searching for the memory trace, or engram, which refers to the hypothetical
brain changes associated with a particular stored memory.
185. Guiding Karl Lashley's initial research on memory was his belief that memory:
A) could reside outside of the brain in specific organs or tissues throughout the body,
such as muscles or glands.
B) was widely distributed throughout the brain in a variety of locations.
C) was localized or stored in a specific brain area.
D) was the result of long-term potentiation, a term he coined to describe a long-lasting
increase in synaptic strength.
186. Which term refers to the hypothetical brain changes associated with the formation of a
long-term memory?
A) clustering
B) engram
C) a schema
D) encoding specificity
187. Which psychologist trained a rat to run a maze, then tried to identify the location of the
memory by removing a tiny portion of the rat's brain?
A) Karl Lashley
B) Elizabeth Loftus
C) Hermann Ebbinghaus
D) Richard F. Thompson
Page 40
188. Which of the following statements about Karl Lashley is TRUE?
A) Lashley's research with rats eventually led him to the conclusion that memories are
localized in a small area of the cerebellum.
B) Lashley's research with rats eventually led him to the conclusion that memories are
distributed throughout the brain.
C) Lashley's research reconfirmed the pattern of forgetting first identified by
Ebbinghaus.
D) Lashley's research with rabbits demonstrated that the memory for a classically
conditioned response was localized in a specific brain area.
189. Which psychologist searched for the brain location of a classically conditioned eye blink
response in rabbits?
A) Elizabeth Loftus
B) Karl Lashley
C) Richard F. Thompson
D) Eric Kandel
190. According to the discussion in your text, why did Karl Lashley fail to find evidence for
the specific location of the engram?
A) The brain and nervous system of sea snails was not complex enough for a localized
memory to be formed.
B) The complex maze-running behavior that Lashley studied involved changes in the
cerebellum and he looked for brain changes in the cortex.
C) The maze-running behavior that he studied involved a complex set of interrelated
memories that existed in different brain areas.
D) The eyeblink response that he studied in rabbits involved memories that are not
localized but are distributed throughout the brain.
191. In the brain, simple memories may be _____ and complex memories may be _____.
A) localized; distributed
B) distributed; localized
C) episodic; semantic
D) semantic; episodic
Page 41
192. Research by psychologist Richard F. Thompson and his colleagues demonstrated that
the:
A) function and structure of neurons change in response to the formation of new
memories.
B) hippocampus is critical for the formation of new memories.
C) memory of how to navigate a maze with no errors was localized in the
hippocampus.
D) memory for a classically conditioned eye blink response was localized in a rabbit's
cerebellum.
193. When you combine the research findings of Karl Lashley and Richard Thompson, the
findings suggest that:
A) all memories are distributed throughout the brain.
B) forgetting is due to the decay of engrams over time.
C) simple memories may be localized in specific areas, but complex memories seem
to be distributed throughout the brain.
D) the cerebellum is the crucial brain structure involved in forming all memories.
194. The Focus on Neuroscience feature described a study in which participants memorized
labels for common objects, such as "dog," that were paired with either a picture or a
sound. When they retrieved the memory, participants who had memorized the word dog
with a picture of a dog showed a _____ level of activation in the _____ cortex.
A) high; visual
B) low; visual
C) high; auditory
D) low; auditory
sound. When they retrieved the memory, participants who had memorized the word dog
with the sound of a dog barking showed a _____ level of activation in the _____ cortex.
A) high; visual
B) low; visual
C) high; auditory
D) low; auditory
Page 42
196. Perceiving a picture activates areas of the _____, just as perceiving a sound activates
areas of the _____.
A) left prefrontal cortex; right prefrontal cortex
B) hypothalamus; cerebellum
C) cerebellum; hippocampus
D) visual cortex; auditory cortex
sound. When participants were later asked to retrieve the memory:
A) the presence of sensory stimuli, whether sounds or pictures, interfered with
memory for the verbal labels, reducing the accuracy of recall.
B) participants who had memorized labels paired with pictures had more reliable
recall than participants who had memorized labels paired with sounds.
C) participants who had memorized labels paired with sounds had more reliable recall
than participants who had memorized labels paired with pictures.
D) retrieving the memory activated a subset of the same brain areas that were
associated with the original perception of the material that was memorized.
198. To help understand how neurons change in response to the formation of a new memory,
researchers have extensively studied:
A) the sea snail Aplysia.
B) undergraduate psychology students.
C) dolphins.
D) a man known by the initials H. M.
199. Researcher Eric Kandel:

A) performed an experimental surgery in 1953 on the man known as H. M., who has
since been unable to form new episodic memories.
B) was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discoveries on the neuronal changes that occur
when new memories are formed.
C) conducted research on maze learning in rats over a 30-year period and discovered
that memories were distributed throughout the cortex.
D) was responsible for identifying the brain region where memories of simple,
classically conditioned responses are stored in both rats and humans.
200. In the sea snail Aplysia, the gill-withdrawal reflex employs a circuit of just:
A) a single neuron.
B) two neurons.
C) three neurons.
D) four neurons.
Page 43
201. When the sea snail Aplysia acquires a new memory of a classically conditioned
gill-withdrawal reflex, which of the following does NOT occur?
A) There is an increase in the amount of neurotransmitters produced by the neurons
involved in the memory circuit.
B) There is an increase in the number of interconnecting branches between the
neurons involved in the memory circuit.
C) There is an increase in the number of neurons involved in the memory circuit.
D) There is an increase in the number of synapses between the neurons involved in the
memory circuit.
202. Research with the sea snail Aplysia has demonstrated that:
A) memories are localized in the cerebellum.
B) both the function and structure of neurons change in response to the formation of a
new memory.
C) memory consolidation can be disrupted by an electric shock.
D) state-dependent retrieval and retrograde amnesia can be explained in the same way.
203. When the gill-withdrawal reflex of the sea snail Aplysia has been successfully
conditioned to a stimulus such as a squirt of water from a Waterpik, observed changes in
the neural circuit include:
A) an increase in the number of synapses.
B) a decrease in the number of synapses.
C) cell death.
D) neuron migration.
204. Ever since the beginning of the school year, Jason has spent 30 minutes every afternoon
drilling Joshua, his younger brother who is in the fourth grade, on basic multiplication
and division problems. Three months later, Joshua responds almost instantly with the
answer to basic multiplication and division problems. Considering what you've read in
Chapter 6 on the biological basis of memory, which of the following has probably
happened to Joshua?
A) State-dependent retrieval has occurred.
B) Structural and functional changes have occurred in the specific neurons involved in
his new memories.
C) The repeated practice sessions successfully blocked long-term potentiation and
promoted memory consolidation of the new information.
D) Imagination inflation has reversed the course of normal forgetting.
Page 44
205. Long-term potentiation refers to a:
A) long-lasting increase in synaptic strength.
B) long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.
C) short-lasting increase in synaptic strength.
D) short-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.
206. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons is:

A) called the semantic network.
B) always localized in the cerebellum.
C) called a schema.
D) termed long-term potentiation.
207. Forming memories in the brain generally involves strengthening existing synaptic
connections and:
A) the repetition of nonsense syllables.
B) elaborative rehearsal.
C) increasing the number of synaptic connections.
D) decreasing the number of synaptic connections.
208. Which of the following statements about the role of neurons in long-term memory is
TRUE?
A) Research with Aplysia has demonstrated that the formation of a new memory is
accompanied by distinct functional, but not structural, changes in the neurons.
B) Research has shown that rats, chicks, and rabbits show changes in neurons in
response to learning that are similar to the changes that have been shown to occur
in Aplysia.
C) Research with Aplysia has demonstrated that the formation of a new memory is
accompanied by distinct structural, but not functional, changes in the neurons.
D) Psychologist Karl Lashley first suggested the idea of long-term potentiation in the
1920s, but as yet, there is still no direct evidence that this process takes place when
a new memory is formed.
209. Long-term potentiation:

A) refers to the functional and structural changes in neurons that increase the strength
of the synaptic connections involved in a particular memory.
B) is one of the primary causes of retrograde amnesia.
C) is a visualization technique used to recover long-term memories that are potentially
repressed.
D) is one of the most effective forms of elaborative rehearsal.
Page 45
210. The process of converting new long-term memories into stable, enduring memory codes
is called:
A) representation.
B) activation.
C) consolidation.
D) clustering.
211. Head injuries from automobile and motorcycle accidents are MOST likely to produce:
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) anterograde amnesia.
212. Justin was involved in an automobile accident and sustained a serious injury to his head.
When asked about the accident, Justin could not remember what happened or how the
accident occurred. Justin seems to be suffering from:
A) hypermnesia.
C) temporary dementia.
213. According to the discussion in the text, memories of the events immediately preceding a
concussion or head injury are often forgotten because the injury:
A) causes temporary dementia.
B) causes retroactive interference to occur.
C) disrupts the process of memory consolidation.
D) causes an increase in the number of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary
tangles.
214. During an intense tennis game, Robert fell backward, sustaining a concussion when his
head hit the cement surface. Later, in the emergency room, Robert couldn't remember
falling or who was ahead in the tennis game. The loss of his memories for that
information occurred because the concussion:
A) produced temporary dementia.
B) caused long-term potentiation.
C) disrupted the process of memory consolidation.
D) created anterograde amnesia.
Page 46
215. The gradual, physical process of converting new long-term memories into stable,
enduring memory codes is termed:
A) prospective memory.
B) chunking.
C) clustering.
216. As part of a memory experiment Ralph watched an emotionally arousing video of an

automobile accident. At a later time he was tested on his ability to recall details from the
video. If he is like most participants who release stress hormones during emotional
arousal, his memory consolidation will:
A) be enhanced.
B) be disrupted.
C) not be affected.
D) decay gradually over time.
217. Which of the following does NOT interfere with memory consolidation?
A) alcoholic beverages
B) stress hormones
C) electric shock
D) a sudden blow to the head, especially if it causes a concussion
218. The inability to remember past events is called _____. The inability to form new
memories is called _____.
A) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
B) retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia
C) proactive interference; retroactive interference
D) retroactive interference; proactive interference
219. In relation to amnesia, "backward moving" is to _____ as "forward moving" is to _____.

A) anterograde amnesia; retrograde amnesia
B) dementia; Alzheimer's disease
C) retrograde amnesia; anterograde amnesia
D) Alzheimer's disease; dementia
220. The famous patient known for years as H. M. was NOT able to:
A) use his short-term memory.
B) retrieve long-term memories.
C) form new long-term episodic memories.
D) form new long-term procedural memories.
Page 47
221. The famous patient known for years as H. M. suffered from a severe case of:
A) Alzheimer's disease.
B) anterograde amnesia.
C) retrograde amnesia.
D) long-term potentiation failure.
222. In an attempt to deal with his severe, untreatable epileptic seizures, H. M. had portions
of his _____, including the brain structure called the _____, surgically removed.
A) medial temporal lobes; hippocampus
B) neurofibrillary tangle; beta-amyloid plaque
C) beta-amyloid plague; neurofibrillary tangle
D) medial temporal lobes; amygdale
223. A famous man known for years as H. M. was studied for decades by:
A) Brenda Milner and Suzanne Corkin.
B) Karl Lashley and Richard Thompson.
C) Elizabeth Loftus and Brenda Milner.
D) Alan Baddeley and Suzanne Corkin.
224. Because of the famous case of the patient known for years as H. M., it is known that
_____ plays a critical role in _____.
A) memory consolidation; short-term memory
B) the amygdala; the ability to encode new long-term memories
C) the cerebellum; the retrieval of long-term memories
D) the hippocampus; encoding new episodic memories
225. How was it demonstrated that the implicit memory system seemed to be functional in
the famous patient known for years as H. M.?
A) If H. M. actively repeated a string of numbers, he could hold the information in
short-term memory for an hour or more.
B) When given the same logical puzzle to solve for several days in a row, H. M. was
able to solve the puzzle more quickly each day.
C) Under hypnosis, H. M. was able to remember events in his life after his surgery.
D) Over a period of years, H. M. gradually got to the point where he was able to
remember the name of his doctor.
Page 48
226. Studies with amnesia patients who have sustained brain damage similar to that of the
patient known for years as H. M. have shown that:
A) H. M. was highly unusual in his ability to form new episodic memories.
B) implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve different brain areas.
C) H. M. was highly unusual in his ability to form new procedural memories.
D) implicit and explicit memory processes seem to involve the same brain areas.
227. Studies with the patient known for years as H. M. and with amnesia patients who have
sustained similar brain damage seem to suggest that:
A) the hippocampus does NOT play a critical role in the formation of new procedural
memories.
B) the hippocampus plays no role in the formation of new episodic memories.
C) long-term memories are stored in the hippocampus.
D) the explicit memory system is unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
228. Henry Molaison (H. M.) was not able to form new episodic or semantic memories,
which reflects the _____, but he could form new procedural memories, which reflects
the _____.
A) implicit memory system; explicit memory system
B) encoding specificity system; semantic network system
C) explicit memory system; implicit memory system
D) semantic network system; encoding specificity system
229. Many years after H. M.'s surgery, he surprised his doctors by demonstrating that he had
acquired:
A) artistic ability and a new interest in painting and sculpture.
B) some new episodic memories.
C) some new semantic knowledge.
D) some new explicit memories.
230. The brain structure called the _____ seems to be involved in encoding and storing the
emotional qualities associated with particular memories, such as fear or anger.
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) cerebellum
D) hypothalamus
Page 49
231. The leader lines point to some of the key brain structures involved in memory. Identify
the letter that corresponds to the brain area involved in motor skill memories and simple
classically conditioned reflexes, such as the eye-blink reflex.
A) prefrontal cortex
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum
232. The drawing depicts a left-side view of the brain. The leader lines point to some of the
key brain structures involved in memory. Identify the letter of the brain structure that is
involved in encoding the emotional qualities of memories.
B) amygdala
C) hippocampus
D) cerebellum
Page 50
233. Which brain region is involved in retrieving and organizing information that is
associated with episodic and autobiographical memories?
A) the amygdala
B) the cerebellum
C) the frontal lobes
D) the hypothalamus
234. The prefrontal cortex:

A) seems to encode emotional qualities associated with particular memories.
B) seems to play an important role in working memory.
C) encodes information about the location where a particular memory occurred.
D) plays a critical role in the ability to form memories of numerical concepts.
235. The _____ is involved in encoding and storing memory for a sequence of events.
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum
236. The _____ is involved in encoding and storing the emotional aspects of memory.
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum
237. The _____ is involved in encoding and transferring new explicit memories to long-term
memory.
B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum
238. The _____ is involved in memories involving movement.

B) hippocampus
C) amygdala
D) cerebellum
Page 51
239. If its amygdala is damaged, a monkey:
A) loses the ability to encode new long-term memories.
B) loses its fear of snakes and other natural predators.
C) has complete amnesia for previously learned classically conditioned responses.
D) shows the classic symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.
240. Which of the following is NOT one of the key brain structures involved in encoding and
storing memories?
A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) prefrontal cortex
D) hypothalamus
241. What is one of the MOST common forms of dementia?

A) retrograde amnesia
B) anterograde amnesia
C) Alzheimer's disease
D) source amnesia
242. The decline and impairment of memory, reasoning, language, and other cognitive
functions is called:
A) amnesia.
B) dementia.
C) long-term potentiation.
D) inattentional blindness.
243. Alzheimer's disease occurs in approximately _____ percent of men and women aged 65
to 74.
A) 6
B) 25
C) 50
D) 9
244. The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease develop:

A) an enlarged hippocampus and hypothalamus.
B) an abundance of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
C) shrunken ventricles and loss of cerebral spinal fluid.
D) a proliferation of new neurons in the hippocampus.
Page 52
245. A scan of Mr. Forster's brain revealed an abundance of beta-amyloid plaques and
neurofibrillary tangles. Mr. Forster is MOST likely suffering from:
A) retrograde amnesia.
B) inattentional blindness.
C) anterograde amnesia.
D) Alzheimer's disease.
246. During the earliest stages of Alzheimer's disease, the MOST common symptoms are:
A) agitation and moodiness.
B) the spontaneous recovery of long-repressed memories.
C) forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
D) occasionally misplacing common objects, such as one's keys, glasses, or
checkbook.
247. During the last stages of Alzheimer's disease, the MOST common symptoms are:
A) misplacing keys, glasses, and other common objects.
B) the spontaneous recovery of long-repressed memories.
C) forgetting names of familiar people and the locations of familiar places.
D) the inability to recognize loved ones, loss of the sense of self and identity, and the
inability to communicate in any meaningful way.
248. A series of MRI scans of Alzheimers patients over a period of two years showed that the
disease first attacks the:
A) temporal lobes.
B) frontal lobes.
C) limbic system.
D) cerebellum and amygdala.
249. Kyle is determined to do well on his final exams, and decides to apply what he has
learned about elaborative rehearsal to his own studying strategies. Which of the
following suggestions is NOT an effective way to engage in elaborative rehearsal?
A) try to create vivid visual images of terms and concepts
B) explain the material in his own words to a friend
C) relate the information to material that he already knows, including examples from
his own life
D) repeat each key term and definition at least 10 times in a row
Page 53
250. Keisha is determined to ace her microbiology final. Which of the following strategies
would be LEAST likely to improve her memory of the material covered in her
microbiology textbook?
A) outlining the chapter information in a way that shows how information is related
B) going without sleep the night before the exam and studying right up until she takes
the test
C) using the photographs and diagrams in the text to help create visual memories of
the material
D) spending extra time on material in the middle of the chapter
251. According to the Psych for Your Life feature, which of the following helps the process
of consolidating new memories?
A) sleep
B) alcohol
C) background noise
D) massed practice
252. For her anatomy and physiology class, Chelsea has to learn a list of the 12 cranial
nerves in correct order. Spending extra time rehearsing the _____ would help her
counteract the serial position effect.
A) first several items on the list
B) last several items on the list
C) items in the middle of the list
D) first several items and last several items on the list
253. The peg-word method and method of loci are:

A) techniques that have been used to induce false memories in participants in research
studies.
B) retrieval cue strategies to help you recall a blocked word or name during
tip-of-the-tongue experiences.
C) suggestive techniques that can be used to recover repressed memories.
D) mnemonic devices to help you remember information.
254. For his Eastern history class, Hamilton had to memorize a lengthy list of Chinese
emperors. To do so, he imagined each of them sitting in a chair in a different room of
his family home. Hamilton was using a technique called:
A) the peg-word method.
B) the method of loci.
C) the misinformation effect.
Page 54
Answer Key
1. A
2. A
3. C
4. D
5. D
6. A
7. C
8. B
9. C
10. D
11. D
12. C
13. D
14. A
15. C
16. C
17. A
18. D
19. A
20. B
21. A
22. D
23. B
24. D
25. D
26. A
27. B
28. D
29. C
30. D
31. A
32. D
33. A
34. B
35. D
36. A
37. D
38. D
39. B
40. A
41. B
42. C
43. C
44. C
Page 55
45. B
46. C
47. D
48. C
49. B
50. C
51. C
52. A
53. C
54. A
55. A
56. D
57. A
58. D
59. C
60. C
61. A
62. C
63. D
64. A
65. C
66. B
67. A
68. B
69. B
70. C
71. A
72. B
73. D
74. D
75. D
76. A
77. B
78. D
79. A
80. D
81. D
82. B
83. C
84. B
85. C
86. A
87. D
88. B
89. C
90. A
Page 56
91. D
92. A
93. B
94. D
95. C
96. A
97. D
98. C
99. A
100. B
101. A
102. D
103. A
104. A
105. B
106. C
107. C
108. D
109. A
110. B
111. A
112. C
113. C
114. D
115. C
116. B
117. A
118. D
119. D
120. D
121. C
122. C
123. C
124. D
125. B
126. A
127. D
128. C
129. A
130. B
131. A
132. D
133. A
134. A
135. B
136. A
Page 57
137. A
138. B
139. A
140. D
141. C
142. B
143. D
144. D
145. A
146. B
147. B
148. C
149. A
150. C
151. D
152. A
153. C
154. C
155. B
156. C
157. B
158. B
159. B
160. C
161. A
162. B
163. A
164. A
165. A
166. C
167. A
168. B
169. A
170. C
171. D
172. C
173. A
174. D
175. C
176. A
177. D
178. C
179. A
180. A
181. A
182. C
Page 58
183. B
184. D
185. C
186. B
187. A
188. B
189. C
190. C
191. A
192. D
193. C
194. A
195. C
196. D
197. D
198. A
199. B
200. C
201. C
202. B
203. A
204. B
205. A
206. D
207. C
208. B
209. A
210. C
211. A
212. B
213. C
214. C
215. D
216. A
217. B
218. B
219. C
220. C
221. B
222. A
223. A
224. D
225. B
226. B
227. A
228. C
Page 59
229. C
230. A
231. D
232. B
233. C
234. B
235. A
236. C
237. B
238. D
239. B
240. D
241. C
242. B
243. A
244. B
245. D
246. C
247. D
248. A
249. D
250. B
251. A
252. C
253. D
254. B
Page 60

Discovering Psychology 7th Edition Hockenbury Test Bank

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Discovering Psychology 7th Edition Hockenbury Test Bank

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Discovering Psychology 7th Edition

Hockenbury Test Bank

5. According to the stage model of memory:

7. Information is stored in short-term memory for about:

10. Psychologist George Sperling:

15. Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _____ is to _____.

19. Which stage of memory can be thought of as the "workshop" of consciousness?

20. Working memory:

24. Maintenance rehearsal:

29. In order for chunking to work:

33. British psychologist and memory researcher Alan Baddeley developed:

41. The amount of information that can be held in long-term memory:

50. Explicit memory:

51. Which of the following statements about long-term memory is TRUE?

53. Another name for explicit memory is _____ memory.

54. Implicit memory is:

55. Which of the following are thought to be subsystems of long-term memory?

56. Explicit memory is to _____ as implicit memory is to _____.

57. Implicit memory is to _____ as explicit memory is to _____.

59. Researchers hypothesized that cultural differences in the characteristics of earliest

60. Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for European American college

62. Characteristics of earliest autobiographical memories for Chinese and Taiwanese

64. Compared to European American students, earliest autobiographical memories for

73. The semantic network model suggests that:

76. _____ is the process of accessing information stored in long-term memory.

81. The tip-of-the-tongue experience is a common example of:

87. Tip-of-the-tongue experiences underscore the fact that:

101. Which of the following is an example of the encoding specificity principle?

107. How are flashbulb memories different from ordinary memories?

111. Hermann Ebbinghaus:

115. According to Ebbinghaus's research:

116. Based on his research, Ebbinghaus found that:

118. One effective method to enhance long-term retention is to:

A) the Sperling decay of sensory memory curve

123. Which is the BEST explanation for encoding failure?

130. Prospective memory:

132. Which of the following is an example of prospective memory?

133. When prospective memory fails, it is almost always because of:

135. The decay theory of forgetting:

145. Motivated forgetting of a painful or embarrassing memory because we don't want to

147. Suppression is to _____ as repression is to _____.

156. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

158. The "misinformation effect" refers to a:

162. The term source confusion refers to:

169. Which of the following statements about schemas is TRUE?

170. In the prologue to Chapter 6, psychologist Elizabeth Loftus erroneously remembered

171. Which of the following statements is FALSE?

174. In a study by University of Arkansas psychologist James Lampinen, participants

177. The "lost-in-the-mall" study by psychologist Elizabeth Loftus:

178. Imagination inflation is a memory phenomenon in which:

181. Repressed memory therapy, or recovery therapy, refers to:

182. The key conflict in the "memory wars" is:

184. In the 1920s, psychologist Karl Lashley:

199. Researcher Eric Kandel:

206. A long-lasting increase in synaptic strength between two neurons is:

209. Long-term potentiation:

216. As part of a memory experiment Ralph watched an emotionally arousing video of an

219. In relation to amnesia, "backward moving" is to _____ as "forward moving" is to _____.

234. The prefrontal cortex:

238. The _____ is involved in memories involving movement.

241. What is one of the MOST common forms of dementia?

244. The brains of people with Alzheimer's disease develop:

253. The peg-word method and method of loci are:

15. Visual sensory memory is to auditory sensory memory as _ is to _.

56. Explicit memory is to _ as implicit memory is to _.

57. Implicit memory is to _ as explicit memory is to _.

147. Suppression is to _ as repression is to _.

219. In relation to amnesia, "backward moving" is to _ as "forward moving" is to _.