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Module 1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts
Module 1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts
Module 1.1 Basic Statistical Concepts
1. QUESTIONNAIRES
2. INTERVIEWS
3. EXPERIMENTS
4. OBSERVATIONS
D 12
Construct both a Pie chart and
Total 400
Bar chart to describe the data.
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Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics
Relative
Rating Frequency Percent Angle
Frequency
A 35 0.09 9% 32.4°
D 12 0.03 3% 10.8°
The following scores represent the final examination grade for an elementary
statistic course.
23 60 79 32 57 74 57 70 82 36 80 77 81 95 41 65 92 85 55 76 52 10 64 75 78
25 80 98 81 67 41 71 83 54 64 72 88 62 74 43 60 78 89 76 84 48 84 90 15 79
34 67 17 82 69 74 63 80 85 61
Note: The choice of the graph or graphs to use depends on the judgment
of the user based on the purposes or intentions that he/she has in using
these graphical representation of data.
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Basic Concepts of Probability and Statistics
Properties of Frequency Distribution
Frequency distributions differ from each other in terms of their four
important properties: central location, variation, skewness and
kurtosis.
1.Central location - refers to the value near the center of frequency
distribution.
2.Variation -refers to the extent of spreading out of individual
measures from the measure of central tendency.
3.Kurtosis refers to the flatness or peakedness of one distribution is
relation another.
4. Skewness refers to the symmetry or asymmetry of a frequency
distribution.
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Measures of Central Tendency
Three Measures of Central Tendency
Any measure indicating the center of a set of data arranged
in an increasing or decreasing order of magnitude.
1. Mean - the arithmetic average of all the scores or group of
scores in a distribution. It is denoted by the symbol (μ) for
population mean and X-bar for sample mean.
For ungrouped data:
X X
n
where X = score or measures in the series
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n = number of measures in the series
Measures of Central Tendency
Mean for Ungrouped data:
X X
=
65548389 70 7584
n 7
X 74.29
X fM i
where
n f = frequency
M = midpoint or class mark
or
X A (
fd )i
where
f = frequency
n M = class mark
A = assumed mean
n = number of observation in a sample
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Measures of Central Tendency
Frequen
Class CF Class mark f(M) d fd
cy
(f)
90-99 4 60 94.5 378 2 8
80-89 14 56 84.5 1183 1 14
*70-79 14 42 74.5 1043 0 0
60-69 11 28 64.5 709.5 -1 -11
50-59 5 17 54.5 272.5 -2 -10
40-49 4 12 44.5 178 -3 -12
30-39 3 8 34.5 103.5 -4 -12
20-29 2 5 24.5 49 -5 -10
10-19 3 3 14.5 43.5 -6 -18
∑f = n = 60 ∑fM = 3960 ∑fd = -51
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Measures of Central Tendency
For Grouped data:
X fM i
3 9 6 0 66
n 60
or
X A (
fd
)i 74.5 ( -51 )* 10 66
n 60
∆1
Mode = L ( )*i
∆1 + ∆2
P49,000-58,999 10
39,000-48,999 35
29,000-38,999 20
19,000-28,999 8
Determine the following:
a. Mean
b. Median
c. Mode
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