33
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
Islami Ain O Bichar
Vol. 13, Issue 50
April – June, 2017
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
GKwU ZvwË¡K ch©v‡jvPbv
Exile as the Punishment of Fornication in Islam
A Theoretical Analysis
Mohammad Ataullah Khaled*
Md Toha**
ABSTRACT
Fornication is one of the worst grave sins. Along with the
despicable punishment for fornication in the hereafter life, Islamic
law has strictly formulated severe and exemplary criminal
punishment for such offence. Punishment for so committing varies
from married to unmarried offenders. For unmarried zani, Islam
cites the punishment of one hundred lashes and one year
banishment. Of them one hundred lashes has been unanimously
agreed as had punishment among the jurists. However with
regard to one year banishment they are of different views. In this
article, opinions of jurist imams have been discussed concerning
the banishment-whether it is had or not. Their textual evidences
and related doctrinal points have been critically analyzed. By
applying descriptive method, thus, this analysis reveals that the
source of so difference is based on the principle of overruling the
text. it further demonstrates that though the majority of scholars
view it to be had, Imam Abu Hanifa and hanafi scholars see it as
tazeer punishment and not a had.
Keywords: hadd, tazeer; fornication; bikr (unmarried man and
woman); ziadatun ala al nass (overruling the text).
*
Mohammad Ataullah Khaled is a PhD Researcher, Department of
Tafsir, Ankara University, Turkey, email:ataullahkhaled@gmail.com
**
Md Toha, Masters Student, Department of Islamic Jurisprudence,
Marmara University, Turkey, email: tohataohid@gmail.com
65 66 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
mvims‡¶c
e¨wfPvi RNb¨Zg cvcvPv‡ii GKwU| mvgvwRK Rxe‡b e¨wfPv‡ii ¶wZKi
cÖfve I fqvenZvi K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡L Bmjvg ciKvjxb Rxe‡b e¨wfPv‡ii
Rb¨ wbK…ó I hš¿Yv`vqK kvw¯—i cvkvcvwk BnKvjxb Rxe‡bI K‡Vvi I `…óvš—
g~jK kvw¯—i weavb cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| e¨wfPvixi cÖKvi‡f‡` Gi kvw¯—I
wewfbœZi nq| AweevwnZ e¨wfPvixi Rb¨ Bmjvg GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GK
eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii kvw¯—i K_v e‡j‡Q| Zb¥‡a¨ GKkZ †eÎvNvZ nÏ
(‫ )ا ﺪ‬wn‡m‡e mve¨¯— nevi wel‡q D¤§vn HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQ‡jI †`kvš—‡ii
wel‡q D¤§vni kxl© Bgvg‡`i gv‡S gZv‰bK¨ we`¨gvb| AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z GK
eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i nÏ-Gi Aš—f©y³ Z‡e GK `j wewkó dvKx‡ni g‡Z,
we‡klZ Bgvg Avey-nvwbdv i. Ges Zuvi AbymvixM‡Yi g‡Z †`kvš—i nÏ bq
eis Zvhxi (‫ |)اﻟﺘﻌﺰﺮ‬Dwj­wLZ gvmÕAvjvq gZcv_©‡K¨i †gŠwjK DrmwU `wjj
mve¨¯— nIqv ev bv nIqvi Dci wbf©i Kivi cwie‡Z© we`¨gvb `wjj Øviv
cÖgvY †ck Kiv bv Kiv A_©vr bxwZMZ welq Ôbvm‡mi Ici ms‡hvRbÕ ( ‫اﻟﺰﺎدة‬
‫)ﻋ اﻟﻨﺺ‬-Gi Dci AwaKZi wbf©ikxj| mvwe©K we‡ePbvq †`kvš—i nÏ
wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv nIqvUvB AvwaKZi hyw³hy³ e‡j cÖZxqgvb nq| e¶¨gvb
cÖe‡Ü AweevwnZ e¨wfPvixi †¶‡Î †`kvš—i nÏ nIqv ev bv nIqvi wel‡q
Bgvg‡`i gZvgZ Dc¯’vc‡bi cvkvcvwk Zv‡`i Dc¯’vwcZ `wjj, we‡klZ
ewY©Z gvmÕAvjv mswk­ó bxwZMZ welqwU we‡k­lY Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖeÜ iPbvq
ch©v‡jvPbv I eY©bvg~jK c×wZ AbymiY Kiv n‡q‡Q| Bmjvgx wdK‡ni
†gŠwjK Drm KyiÕAvb I nvw`‡mi cvkvcvwk welq mswk­ó †gŠwjK MÖš’vewj
Z_¨m~Î wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv n‡q‡Q|
gyjkã: nÏ; Zvhxi; e¨wfPvi; weKi (Kzgvi-Kzgvix); whqv`vZy Avjvb&-bvm&
(bvm‡mi Ici ms‡hvRb) |
f~wgKv
gnvb Avj­vn Bmjvg‡K m‡e©vrK…ó Rxeb e¨e¯’v wn‡m‡e wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| G e¨e¯’v
gvby‡li e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, RvZxq, Avš—R©vwZK, BnKvjxb I
ciKvjxb me©‡¶‡Î Kj¨vY I mdjZv wbwðZ K‡i| Bmjvg †hme wewa-weav‡bi
Ici AZ¨š— †ewk ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i Zvi g‡a¨ e¨wfPv‡ii weavb Ab¨Zg| †Kbbv,
GwU RNb¨Zg cvcvPv‡ii GKwU| Avj­vn ZvAvjv Bikv` K‡ib,
ً َ َ َ َ ُ ‫َّ ﱠ‬
َ َ َ ‫ﻓﺎﺣﺸﺔ‬ َُ ْ َ َ
﴾‫وﺳﺎء َﺳ ِ ﻴﻼ‬
ِ ‫﴿وﻻ ﺗﻘﺮ ﻮا‬
ِ ‫اﻟﺰﻧﺎ ِإﻧﮫ ﺎن‬
ÒAvi e¨wfPv‡ii Kv‡QI †h‡qv bv| wbðq GUv Ak­xj KvR Ges g›` c_Ó
(Al-Qurān,17:32)|

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
e¨wfPvi Kexiv ¸bv‡ni Aš—f©y³| Avãyj­vn Be‡b gvmÔD` iv. e‡jb:
‫ "ان ﺗﺠﻌﻞ ﻧﺪا‬:‫ﺳﺄﻟﺖ رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﮫ ﺳﻠﻢ أي اﻟﺬﻧﺐ أﻋﻈﻢ؟ ﻗﺎل‬
،‫ "ان ﺗﻘﺘﻞ وﻟﺪك ﻣﺨﺎﻓﺔ ان ﻳﻄﻌﻢ ﻣﻌﻚ‬:‫ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺛﻢ اي؟ ﻗﺎل‬:‫ ﻗﺎل‬،"‫و ﻮ ﺧﻠﻘﻚ‬
"‫ " ان ﺗﺰ ﻲ ﺣﻠﻴﻠﺔ ﺟﺎرك‬:‫ ﻗﻠﺖ ﺛﻢ اي؟ ﻗﺎل‬:‫ﻗﺎل‬
ÒAvwg ivm~jyj­vn m. †K cÖkœ K‡iwQjvg, Avj­vni Kv‡Q me‡P‡q eo cvc wK?
wZwb ej‡jb, Avj­vni mv‡_ KvD‡K kixK Kiv A_P wZwb †Zvgv‡K m„wó
K‡i‡Qb| Avwg ejjvg, Zvici wK? wZwb Zv‡K ej‡jb, †Zvgvi mš—vb
†Zvgvi mv‡_ Avnv‡i Ask wb‡e G AvksKvq nZ¨v Kiv| Avwg ejjvg,
Gici wK? wZwb ej‡jb, †Zvgvi cÖwZ‡ekxi ¯¿xi mv‡_ e¨wfPv‡i wjß nIqv"
(Al-Bukhārī 2002, 4477)|
e¨wfPvixi Rb¨ ciKv‡j i‡q‡Q fqven kvw¯—| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avj­vn AZ¨š—
K‡Vvifv‡e mZK© K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb:
ْ ُ ‫ﺣﺮم ﱠ‬ َ ‫اﻟﻨﻔﺲ ﱠاﻟ َ ﱠ‬ ُ ُ ْ َ َ َ َ ً َٰ ‫َ ﱠ َ َ ْ ُ َ َ َ ﱠ‬
َ ْ ‫ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻮ َن ﱠ‬
‫اﻟﻠﮫ ِإﻻ ِﺑﺎ َ ِ ّﻖ َوﻻ‬ ِ ِ ‫واﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻻ ﻳﺪﻋﻮن ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟﻠﮫ ِإﻟ ﺎ آﺧﺮ وﻻ‬
ً ْ ُ ْ َ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ
َ َ َ ُ َ ‫أﺛﺎﻣﺎ ُﻳﻀﺎﻋﻒ ﻟﮫ‬ْ َ َ َ َ َ ْ َ َ ٰ َ ْ َ ‫َﻳ ْﺰُﻧﻮ َن ۚ َوﻣﻦ‬
ْ َ ْ َ
﴾‫ﻓﻴﮫ ُﻣ َ ﺎﻧﺎ‬
ِ ِ ‫اﻟﻘﻴﺎﻣﺔ و ﺨﻠﺪ‬ ِ ِ ‫اﻟﻌﺬاب ْﻳﻮم‬
ً ‫ﻳﻔﻌﻞ ِذﻟﻚ ﻳﻠﻖ‬
ÒGes hviv Avj­vni mv‡_ Ab¨ Dcv‡m¨i Bev`Z K‡i bv, Avj­vn hvi nZ¨v
A‰ea K‡i‡Qb, m½Z KviY e¨ZxZ Zv‡K nZ¨v K‡i bv Ges e¨wfPvi K‡i
bv| hviv G KvR K‡i, Zviv kvw¯—i m¤§yLxb n‡e| wKqvg‡Zi w`b Zv‡`i
kvw¯— wظY n‡e Ges Z_vq jvwÃZ Ae¯’vq wPiKvj emevm Ki‡eÓ (Al-
Qurān, 25:68-69)|
nv`x‡mI e¨wfPvixi kvw¯—i fqvenZv ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| mvgyiv web Ryb`ye iv. †_‡K
ewY©Z, ivm~jyj­vn m. e‡j‡Qb:
‫إﻧﮫ أﺗﺎ ﻲ اﻟﻠﻴﻠﺔ آﺗﻴﺎن وإ ﻤﺎ اﺑﺘﻌﺜﺎ ﻲ وإ ﻤﺎ ﻗﺎﻻ اﻧﻄﻠﻖ وإ ﻲ اﻧﻄﻠﻘﺖ‬
‫ﻓﺄﺗ ﻨﺎ ﻋ ﻣﺜﻞ اﻟﺘﻨﻮر ﻗﺎل ﻓﺄﺣﺴﺐ أﻧﮫ ﺎن ﻳﻘﻮل ﻓﺈذا ﻓﻴﮫ ﻟﻐﻂ‬...‫ﻣﻌ ﻤﺎ‬
‫وأﺻﻮات ﻗﺎل ﻓﺎﻃﻠﻌﻨﺎ ﻓﻴﮫ ﻓﺈذا ﻓﻴﮫ رﺟﺎل و ﺴﺎء ﻋﺮاة وإذا ﻢ ﻳﺄﺗ ﻢ ﻟ ﺐ ﻣﻦ‬
‫وأﻣﺎ‬...‫أﺳﻔﻞ ﻣ ﻢ ﻓﺈذا أﺗﺎ ﻢ ذﻟﻚ اﻟﻠ ﺐ ﺿﻮﺿﻮا ﻗﺎل ﻗﻠﺖ ﻟ ﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺆﻻء‬
‫اﻟﺮﺟﺎل واﻟ ﺴﺎء اﻟﻌﺮاة اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺑﻨﺎء اﻟﺘﻨﻮر ﻓﺈ ﻢ اﻟﺰﻧﺎة واﻟﺰوا ﻲ‬
"wReivCj I gxKvCj (AvjvBwngvm mvjvg) Avgvi Kv‡Q G‡m Avgv‡K RvwM‡q
w`‡jb Ges Avgv‡K ej‡jb, Pjyb, Avwg Zv‡`i mv‡_ Pj‡Z ïi“ Kijvg| GK
ch©v‡q Avgiv eo GKUv Pywj­i Kv‡Q G‡m †cŠuQjvg| †m Pywj­i †fZ‡i cÖPÊÉ
†kvi‡Mvj I wPrKvi †kvbv hvw”Qj| Avgiv Pywj­Uvi †fZ‡i †`L‡Z †cjvg
DjsM bvix I cyi“l‡`i‡K| Zv‡`i wbP †_‡K wKQy¶Y ci ci GK GKUv
34
67 68 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Av¸‡bi njKv AvmwQj Avi Zvi mv‡_ mv‡_ Av¸‡bi Zxeª `n‡b Zviv
cÖPÊfv‡e wPrKvi KiwQj| Avwg wR‡Ám Kijvg, Giv Kviv?... Giv e¨wfPvix
bvix I cyi“l" (Al-Bukhārī 2002, 7047)|
ciKvjxb Rxe‡b mdjZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z e¨wfPvi bvgK cvcvPvi n‡Z `~‡i _vKv
†hgb Acwinvh©, cvw_©e Rxeb‡K myk„•Lj Avi Kj¨vYgq Ki‡Z, mgvR‡K Kjyl
gy³ ivL‡Z, Avgv‡`i cÖRb¥‡K cweÎ ivL‡ZI †Zgwb Gi ¸i“Z¡ mxgvnxb|
e¨wfPvi Bmjvgx kixqvi †gŠwjK cvuPwU gvKvwm`1-Gi Ab¨Zg Ôesk ci¤úivÕ
i¶v Kivi Rb¨ ûgwK¯^iƒc| †h mKj mgvR e¨e¯’v e¨wfPv‡ii ˆeaZv w`‡q‡Q
Zv‡`i cÖwZ j¶¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq, Zv‡`i cvwievwiK e¨e¯’v †f‡O †M‡Q,
PvwiwÎK ¸Yvewj bó n‡q †M‡Q, gvbyl Rxe‡bi A_© nvwi‡q †d‡j‡Q, gvbwmK
fvimvg¨nxbZv Pigfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q eoK_v, gvbe mf¨Zv AvR
ûgwKi gy‡L wbcwZZ n‡q‡Q| gvbe mf¨Zvi aviv Ae¨vnZ ivLvi cÖavb Dcvq
n‡”Q bZyb cÖRb¥ MVb| Gi Rb¨ PvB cwievi e¨e¯’v| wKš‘ e¨wfPvi mnRjf¨
ِ ﴿ n‡q hvIqvq gvbyl cwievi e¨e¯’vi cÖwZ AvMÖn nvwi‡q †dj‡Q| gvbe mgv‡Ri
Rb¨ fq¼i ûgwK GB RNb¨ cvcvPv‡ii K`h©Zvi K_v we‡ePbvq †i‡LB Bmjvg
G wel‡q AZ¨š— K‡Vvi e¨e¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Q| cwðgv mf¨Zv hw`I e¨w³ AwaKvi
I MYZ‡š¿i bv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii wel‡q Bmjv‡gi K‡VviZvi mgv‡jvPbvq wjß, wKš‘
we‡eKevb gvÎB e¨wfPv‡ii K`h©Zv I mvgvwRK k…•Ljvi cÖwZ Gi ûgwKi K_v
we‡ePbv K‡i †g‡b wb‡Z eva¨ †h, Bmjvgx kixqvnB e¨wfPv‡ii wei“‡× cÖK…Z
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
Bmjvgx kixqvn e¨wfPvix‡`i‡K `ywU fv‡M wef³ K‡i‡Q, weevwnZ I
AweevwnZ| weevwnZ‡`i Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g g„Zz¨`Ê Kvh©Ki Kivi
kvw¯— weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q| hw`I †Kvb †Kvb Dr‡m cv_i wb‡¶‡ci c~‡e© GKkZ
†eÎvNv‡Zi K_v D‡j­L Kiv nq (Muslim ND, 4509)2,Z‡e mvnvex-
ZvweqxM‡Yi Avgj I D¤§vni kxl© Bgvg‡`i HKg‡Z¨i wfwˇZ weevwn‡Zi Rb¨
cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vB GKgvÎ kvw¯— wn‡m‡e mve¨¯—|
c¶vš—‡i Aweevwn‡Zi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GK eQ‡ii Rb¨
†`kvš—i| GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi welq D¤§vn HKg‡Z¨ †cŠQ‡jI †`kvš—‡ii wel‡q
D¤§vni kxl© Bgvg‡`i gv‡S gZv‰bK¨ we`¨gvb| AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z, GK eQ‡ii
1. Z_v gvby‡li eyw×-we‡eK, esk ci¤úiv, Rvb, gvj I `xb i¶v Kiv|
2. ‫ اﻟﺒﻜﺮﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺮﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ وﻧﻔﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ واﻟﺜ ﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺜ ﺐ ﺟﻠﺪ‬، ‫ﺧﺬوا ﻋ ﺧﺬوا ﻋ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﷲ ﻟ ﻦ ﺳ ﻴﻼ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﺔ واﻟﺮﺟﻢ‬

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
Rb¨ †`kvš—i nÏ-Gi Aš—f©y³| Avevi †KD †KD, we‡klZ Bgvg Avey nvwbdv i.
Ges Zvi Abymvix‡`i g‡Z, †`kvš—i nÏ bq eis Zvhxi| e¶¨gvY cÖe‡Ü
Bmjvgx kixqvq AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi
cvkvcvwk GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i Kiv nÏ-Gi Aš—f©y³ wK bv, †m wel‡q
GKwU cÖvgvY¨ Av‡jvPbv Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q|
cÖe‡Üi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wKQy cwifvlv
nÏ /‫ا ﺪ‬
nÏ (‫)ا ﺪ‬, kãwU GKePb, eûeP‡b û`y` (‫)ﺣﺪود‬, AvÉwfavwbK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
kãwU `ywU e¯—yi GKwU AciwUi mv‡_ wg‡k bv hvq- Ggb cv_©K¨ Kiv A‡_©
e¨eüZ nq| kãwU we‡kl¨ wn‡m‡e e¨eüZ n‡j †Kvb wKQyi †kl mxgv eySvq|
Ab¨ w`‡K Avj­vni mxgv (û`y`yj­vn) ej‡Z Avj­vn wba©vwiZ nvjvj-nvivg‡K
eySvq| †hgb Avj­vni evYx:
َ ْ َ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ َ َﻓﻼ‬
﴾ ‫ﺗﻘﺮُ ﻮ َ ﺎ‬
‫ْ َ ُ ُ ُ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫﴿ ِﺗﻠﻚ ﺣﺪود‬
ÒGB nj Avj­vn& KZ©…K †eu‡a †`qv mxgvbv| AZGe, Gi Kv‡QI †hI bvÓ
(Al-Qurān, 2:187)|
Gme nvjvj-nvivg‡K 'nÏ' bv‡g bvgKiY Kivi KviY, G¸‡jv nj Avj­vn
wba©vwiZ mxgv, hv AwZµg Kiv wb‡la| e¨wfPvi, e¨wfPv‡ii Acev`, Pywi,
g`¨cvb BZvw` Aciv‡a wba©vwiZ kvw¯—‡K 'nÏ' bvgKi‡Yi †nZy; †h‡nZy Gme
kvw¯— Hme Aciv‡a RwoZ nIqv †_‡K evuav cÖavb K‡i (Ibn Manjūr, ND,
3/140)|
cwifvlvq, Bgvgyj-nvivgvBb Avj-RyIqvBbx i. (419-478wn) Gi g‡Z:
‫و ﻮ اﺳﻢ ﻟﻠﻌﻘﻮ ﺔ اﳌﻘﺎﻣﺔ ﻋ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺟ ﺎ‬
ÒnÏ H kvw¯—i bvg, hv †hfv‡e avh© n‡q‡Q †mfv‡eB ev¯—evqb Avek¨K nq
(Imām al-Haramain 2008, 17/177)|Ó
Bgvg mvivL&mx i. (g„. 482wn) Av‡iKUy we¯—vwiZfv‡e e‡j‡Qb,
‫ﻌﺎ وﻟ ﺬا ﻻ ﺴ ﺑﮫ‬ ‫و اﻟﺸﺮع ا ﺪ اﺳﻢ ﻟﻌﻘﻮ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺪرة ﺗﺠﺐ ﺣﻘﺎ‬
.‫اﻟﺘﻌﺰ ﺮﻷﻧﮫ ﻏ ﻣﻘﺪر وﻻ ﺴ ﺑﮫ اﻟﻘﺼﺎص ﻷﻧﮫ ﺣﻖ اﻟﻌﺒﺎد‬
ÒnÏ wba©vwiZ H kvw¯—i bvg, hv Avj­vni n° wn‡m‡e cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| AZGe, Zv‡K
Zvhxi bvgKiY Kiv n‡e bv, †Kbbv Zvhxi wba©vwiZ bq| Avevi wKmvm bv‡gI
bvgKiY Kiv n‡e bv, †Kbbv Zv m„wói n°Ó (Al-Sarakhsī 2000, 9/30)|
35
69 70 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Zvhxi/ ‫اﻟﺘﻌﺰﺮ‬
Zvhxi ev ‫ اﻟﺘﻌﺰ ﺮ‬kãwU Aviex ‫ ﻌﺰر‬-‫ ﻋﺰر‬wµqvi g~j, hv wkóvPvi wk¶v`vb
(‫ )ﺗﺄدﻳﺐ‬A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| †hgb †KD ejj-‫ ﻋﺰر ُت ﻓﻼﻧﺎ‬A_©vr Avwg AgyK‡K
wkóvPvi wk¶v w`‡qwQ| GKvi‡YB nÏ ewnf©~Z kvw¯—mg~n‡K Zvhxi ejv nq,
†Kbbv, Gi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wkóvPvi wk¶v`vb (Ibn Manjūr, ND, 4/561)|
Bmjvgx kixqv‡Zi cwifvlvq Zvhxi-Gi msÁvq Bebyj ûgvg i. (g„. 861wn)
e‡jb:
‫واﻟﺘﻌﺰ ﺮﺗﺄدﻳﺐ دون ا ﺪ‬
ÒnÏ e¨ZxZ †h kvw¯—i gva¨‡g wkóvPvi wk¶v`vb Kiv nq fvB ZvhxiÓ (Ibn
al-Humām ND, 5/345)|
Be‡b dviûb i. (g„. 793wn) Ges gynv¤§v` Avj-LZxe Avk-kviexbx i. (g„.
997 wn:) ÔnÏ Ges Kvddvivi weavb bv _vKv Aciv‡ai †¶‡ÎÕ cÖ‡`q kvw¯—‡K
Zvhxi e‡j‡Qb (Ibn Farhūn 1301H, 2/200; al-Sharbīnī 1997, 4/252)|
nÏ I Zvhxi-Gi ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨
nÏ Ges Zvhxi-Gi msÁv †_‡K ¯úó n‡q‡Q, nÏ Bmjvg wba©vwiZ H kvw¯—,
wePviK hvi †Kvb cwieZ©b cwiea©‡bi ¶gZv iv‡Lb bv, c¶vš—‡i Zvhxi Gi
†¶‡Î Bgvg ev wePviK Ae¯’vi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx kvw¯—i wb‡`©k w`‡q _v‡Kb| nÏ
Ges Zvhxi Gi g‡a¨ cÖavb cv_©K¨ GwU| G QvovI Df‡qi g‡a¨ AviI cv_©K¨
i‡q‡Q| Avj­vgv Be‡b Avwe`xb i. (1198-1252wn) Zuvi iÏyj gynZviÕG (Ibn
ÔĀbidīn 1992, 4/60-61) D‡j­L K‡ib,
** m‡›`‡ni m…wó n‡j nÏ ev¯—evqb Kiv n‡e bv, c¶vš—‡i Zvhxi m‡›`‡ni
mv‡_I ev¯—evwqZ n‡Z cv‡i|
** AcÖvß eq‡¯‹i Dci nÏ Kvh©Ki nq bv, Z‡e Zv‡K wk¶v †`qvi D‡Ï‡k¨
Zvi Dci Zvhxi Kvh©Ki Kiv hvq|
** †Kvb gymwjg †`‡ki Agymwjg bvMwi‡Ki Dci Kvh©Kix nχK ÔnÏÕ bv‡gB
bvgKiY Kiv n‡e| c¶vš—‡i Zvi Dci ev¯—evwqZ Zvhxi ÔDKyevnÕ ev `Ê e‡j
AwfwnZ n‡e| †Kbbv Zvhxi-Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡”Q gyÕwgb e¨w³‡K cweÎ Kiv|
** nÏ ïaygvÎ wePviKB ev¯—evq‡bi ¶gZv iv‡Lb| c¶vš—‡i gvwjK (`vm`vmxi
†¶‡Î) Ges ¯^vgx (¯¿xi †¶‡Î) Zvhxi ev¯—evq‡bi ¶gZv iv‡Lb|
** nÏ-Gi †¶‡Î KviI kvdvÕAvZ ev mycvwik MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, Zvhxi-Gi †¶‡Î
†Kvb †Kvb mgq Zv cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i|
 36
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 71
** nÏ-Gi †¶‡Î (Aciva cÖgvwYZ n‡q †M‡j kvw¯— cÖ`vb †_‡K) weiZ _vKvi
AwaKvi wePvi‡Ki †bB, hv Zvhxi-Gi †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ bq|Ó
e¨wfPvi /‫ز ﻰ‬
e¨wfPvi (‫)زﻰ‬, Aviwe whbv kãwU †klv¶i n«¯^ Ges `xN©¯^i (‫ زﻰ‬Ges ‫)زﻧﺎ‬
Dfqfv‡eB cwVZ nq (Ibn Manjūr, ND, 14/359)| GwU GKwU wµqvg~j| hvi
A_© weevn e¨wZ‡i‡K †Kvb bvixi mv‡_ mnevm Kiv (Al-Wasīt, ND, 1/403)|
nvbvdx gvhnv‡e weï× ˆeevwnK eÜb wKsev m‡›`nRwbZ ˆeevwnK m¤úK© Qvov
ev‡jM I my¯’ we‡eK-eyw×m¤úbœ `yRb bvix-cyi“‡li cvi¯úwiK m¤§wZ‡Z bvixi
mvg‡bi †hŠbv½ w`‡q cyi“‡li m½gwµqv‡K ÔwhbvÕ ejv nq| G gvhnve g‡Z, hw`
†Kvb bvev‡jM wKsev eyw×cÖwZeÜx Kv‡iv mv‡_ mnevm K‡i, A_ev KvD‡K hw`
Zvi B”Qvi wei“‡× †hŠb wµqvq eva¨ Kiv nq, A_ev †KD hw` g…Z wKsev cïi
m‡½ m½g K‡i, A_ev †KD hw` `vi“j-nvi‡e G ewY©Z Aciva K‡i Z‡e Ggb
Ae¯’vq kiqx A‡_© †mwU e¨wfPvi ejv n‡jI Acivax nÏ-Gi Rb¨ Dchy³ n‡e
bv (Ibn Nujaym 1996, 5/3-6)|
Bgvg gvwjK i.-Gi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ gvby‡li mv‡_, †hvwb c‡_, Bmjvgx f~L‡Ê
Ges Rxwe‡Zi mv‡_ nIqv‡K kZ©v‡ivc Kivi wel‡q wfbœ wfbœ gZvgZ i‡q‡Q
(Al-Qarāfī 2006, 12/48-50)|
Bgvg kvwdÔqx-Gi AbymvixMY e¨wfPvi‡K Òm‡›`nvZxZfv‡e e¨w³i Rb¨ ˆea bq-
Ggb †hŠbv‡½ B”QvK…Zfv‡e cyi“lv‡½i AMÖfvM cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bvÓ kã Øviv msÁvwqZ
K‡i‡Qb (Al-Mawsūah Al-Fiqhiyyah Al-Kuwaitiyyah 2012, 24/18)|
weK&i (‫ )اﻟﺒﻜﺮ‬Kzgvi/Kzgvix
Aviex weK&i (‫ )اﻟﺒﻜﺮ‬kãwU MVbMZfv‡e GKvwaK A_© cÖKvk K‡i| †hgb :
1. mewKQyiB cÖ_g, e¨w³i cÖ_g mš—vb, PvB †Q‡j †nvK wKsev †g‡q;
2. gvÎ GKevi mš—vb Rb¥`vbKvwiYx gwnjv;
3. H gwnjv hvi mv‡_ †Kvb cyi“‡li wgjb nqwb Ges H cyi“l hvi mv‡_
†Kvb gwnjvi wgjb nqwb (Ibn Manjūr, ND, 4/67)|
wdK‡ni BgvgMY weK&i (‫ )اﻟﺒﻜﺮ‬ÔKzgvwiZ¡Õ‡K wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb|
Z‡e mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j ÔweKiÕ Øviv Ggb bvix‡K †evSv‡bv nq, hvi g‡a¨
72 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
ÔgynmvbvnÕ (mZxmvaŸx) bvixi ˆewkó¨vewj cvIqv hvq bv| dKxnM‡Yi `„wó‡Z
ÔgynmvbvnÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqvi kZ©vewj msw¶ßvKv‡i wb‡¤œ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nj:
1. cÖvßeq¯‹ I eyw×m¤úbœ nIqv: G `ywU nÏ mve¨¯— nIqvi Rb¨ Awbevh kZ©|
G e¨vcv‡i ÔAvwjgM‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kv‡bv wØgZ †bB| AwaKvsk Avwj‡gi g‡Z,
gynmvbvn wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ nevi Rb¨I G Ae¯’v`ywU kZ©| Aek¨ nvbvdxMY
G wel‡q wfbœ gZ †cvlY K‡ib| AZGe. †KD hw` AcÖvßeq¯‹ Ae¯’vq
†hŠbwgjb K‡i, AZtci cÖvßeq¯‹ nevi ci e¨wfPv‡i wjß nq Rygûi ev
AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z †m weevwn‡Zi n‡Ïi Dchy³ n‡e bv eis Aweevwn‡Zi
n‡Ï `wÊZ n‡e| wKš‘ Bgvg Avey-nvwbdv i.-Gi Abymvix‡`i g‡Z †mI
weevwn‡Zi n‡Ï `wÊZ n‡e|
2. ¯^vaxb nIqv: myZivs weevwnZ `vm-`vmxi Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡c g„Zz¨`‡Êi
weavb †bB|
3. ï× weevn e܇bi gva¨‡g nvjvj cš’vq †hŠbwgjb nIqv: myZivs hw` weevn
eÜbwU ï× bv nq, A_ev †hŠbwgjb hw` nvjvj cš’vq bv nq, †hgb-
†hvwbc_ Qvov Ab¨ ‡Kvb c‡_ nIqv, FZymªve Ae¯’vq †hŠbwgjb nIqv
wKsev n‡¾i Bnivg-G _vKv Ae¯’vq †hŠbwgjb nIqv BZ¨vw`, Z‡e †m
gynmvbvn wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv|
4. Bmjvg: Bgvg Avey nvwbdv I Bgvg gvwjK i. Gi g‡Z, G‡¶‡Î Bmjvg
kZ©v‡ivc Kiv n‡jI Bgvg kvwdÔqx, Avngv`-web-nv¤^vj I Bgvg Avey-
BDmyd i. cÖgy‡Li g‡Z Bmjvg kZ© bq| c¶vš—‡i Avn‡j-wKZve n‡j Bgvg
Avey nvwbdv i. gynmvbvn wn‡m‡e MY¨ K‡ibwb; wKš‘ Bgvg gvwjK i.
weevwnZ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nevi gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
5. Dfq c‡¶i g‡a¨ ewY©Z kZ©vewj we`¨gvb _vKv: A_©vr c¶Ø‡qi GKRb
hw` my¯’ gw¯—‡®‹i AwaKvix Ges Ab¨Rb eyw×cÖwZeÜx nq, A_ev GKRb
cÖvßeq¯‹ Ges Ab¨Rb AcÖvßeq¯‹ nq A_ev GKRb gymwjg Ges Ab¨Rb
Agymwjg nq, Z‡e Gi Øviv gynmvbvn wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e bv| Rygûi ev
AwaKvs‡ki g‡Z GwU kZ© n‡jI Bgvg gvwjK i.-Gi g‡Z Dfqc‡¶i
gv‡S ewY©Z kZ©vewj we`¨gvb _vKv Ri“ix bq (Al-Sarakhsī 2000, 9/36-
38; Ibn Qudāmah 1997, 12/322; al-Mardawi 1955, 10/71)|
AZGe, Kv‡iv gv‡S hw` Dc‡i ewY©Z cvuPwU kZ© Abycw¯’Z _v‡K, Z‡e †m
ÔKzgvixÕ wn‡m‡e MY¨ n‡e|
 37
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 73 74 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi

†`kvš—i/‫ﻐﺮﺐ‬ 3. AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvwiYx: Bgvg kvwdÔqx I Bgvg Avngv` web nv¤^vj
†`kvš—i (‫ ) ﻐﺮ ﺐ‬kãwU Aviex ‫ﻐﺮب‬ َ َ wµqvi g~j| Gi A_© KvD‡K weZvwoZ
ُ َ ُ ‫ﻏﺮب‬ i.-Gi g‡Z GivI GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—wiZ n‡e| c¶vš—‡i Bgvg gvwjK
Kiv (Ibn Manjūr, ND, 1/637)| kãwU `~‡i P‡j hvIqv A‡_© AKg©K wµqv i. AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ †`kvš—i nÏ bv nIqvi c‡¶ gZ
wn‡m‡eI e¨eüZ nq (Al-Munjid, 2005, 547)| Bmjvgx kixqvq KvD‡K Zvi cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
Avcb kni †_‡K weZvwoZ Kiv A‡_© e¨eüZ nq| cÖe‡Ü 2q I 3q cÖKvi Acivax‡`i †¶‡Î †`kvš—i nÏ wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqv ev bv
‫ ﻐﺮﺐ‬kãwU nv`x‡m cvIqv hvq| Z‡e KyiAv‡b ewY©Z ‫ ﻧﻔﻲ‬kãwU3 Bgvg gvwjK nIqvi wel‡q gymwjg D¤§vni kxl© BgvgM‡Yi gZvgZ, Dc¯’vwcZ `wjj I
I Bgvg kvwdÕqx in.-Gi g‡Z ‫ ﻐﺮﺐ‬k‡ãi mgv_©‡evaK| c¶vš—‡i Bgvg Avey hyw³mg~n we‡k­lY Kivi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
nvwbdv i.-Gi g‡Z, GwU KvivMv‡i e›`x Kiv A_© eySvq (Al-Mawsūah al- AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvixi kvw¯—
Fiqhiyyah al-Kuwaitiyyah 2012, 13/48)| c~‡e©B D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q, Bmjvg weevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYx I AweevwnZ
e¨wfPv‡ii BnKvjxb `Ê e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi kvw¯—i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ K‡i‡Q| wØZxq cÖKvi Aciv‡ai
ciKvjxb Rxe‡b e¨wfPv‡ii Rb¨ fqven kvw¯—i cvkvcvwk gnvb Avj­vn Zyjbvq cÖ_g cÖKvi Acivax‡`i Rb¨ K‡VviZi kvw¯—i weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
BnKvjxb Rxe‡bI GB Mwn©Z cvcvPv‡ii Rb¨ K‡Vvi kvw¯—i weavb †i‡L‡Qb| †Kbbv, weev‡ni ci Ggb cvcvPv‡i wjß nIqv ¯úó mxgvj•Nb| ZvQvov weevn-
e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi cÖKvi †f‡` Bmjvgx kixqvq e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wewfbœ cieZ©x e¨wfPvi e¨w³i cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK gh©v`vq AvNvZ Kiv, Zvi
cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K| h_vt cÖRb¥‡K KjywlZ Kiv, Zvi e¨w³ AwaKv‡i AbwaKvi PP©v Kivi gZ RNb¨ I
fqven Aciv‡a wjß nIqvi kvwgj| ZvB AweevwnZ‡`i Rb¨ GKk †eÎvNv‡Zi
1. weevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvix I e¨wfPvwiYx: Df‡qi Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi wecix‡Z weevwnZ‡`i Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi weavb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| hw`I cv_i wb‡¶‡ci c~‡e© GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi eY©bvI
AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi kvw¯— m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avj­vn Bikv` K‡ib:
cvIqv hvq, Z‡e mvj‡d mv‡jwn‡bi Avgj, gymwjg D¤§vni kxl© BgvgM‡Yi ٌ َ َْ َ ْ ُ ْ ُ ْ َ َ َ ْ َ َ َ َ ُْ َ ُ ُ ْ َ ‫اﻧﻴﺔ َواﻟ ﱠﺰا ﻲ‬
َُ ‫ﱠ‬
HKg‡Z¨i wfwˇZ weevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvix I e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ cv_i
‫دﻳﻦ‬
ِ ِ ِ ‫ﺟﻠﺪة ۖ وﻻ ﺗﺄﺧﺬﻛﻢ ِ ِ ﻤﺎ رأﻓﺔ‬
ٍ ٍ ِ ‫ﻓﺎﺟﻠﺪوا ﱠﻞ‬
‫واﺣﺪ ِﻣ ﻤﺎ ِﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬ ِ ِ ِ ‫﴿اﻟﺰ‬
َ ْ ُْ َ ٌ َ َ َ َُ َ َ ْ َ ْ ََْ ْ َْْ َ ‫ﱠ ْ ُُْ ْ ُْ ُ َ ﱠ‬
wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vB GKgvÎ kvw¯— wn‡m‡e mve¨¯— n‡q‡Q (Al-Sābūnī 2007, ﴾‫اﳌﺆﻣﻨ ن‬
ِ ِ ‫ﻃﺎﺋﻔﺔ ِﻣﻦ‬ِ ‫ﺧﺮ ۖ وﻟ ﺸ ﺪ ﻋﺬا ﻤﺎ‬ ِ ِ ‫واﻟﻴﻮم‬
ِ ِ ِ ‫ﺗﺆﻣﻨﻮن‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻠﮫ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ ِإن ﻛﻨﺘﻢ‬ِ
2/16-17)| Òe¨wfPvwiYx bvix I e¨wfPvix cyi“l; Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKkZ K‡i KkvNvZ
Ki| Avj­vni weavb Kvh©Ki Ki‡Y Zv‡`i cÖwZ †hb †Zvgv‡`i g‡b `qvi
2. AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvix: GKkZ †eÎvNvZ| cvkvcvwk Rygûi ev
D‡`ªK bv nq; hw` †Zvgiv Avj­vni cÖwZ I ciKv‡ji cÖwZ wek¦vmx n‡q _vK|
AwaKvsk Bgv‡gi `„wó‡Z 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii weavb ivLv n‡q‡Q| gymjgvb‡`i GKwU `j †hb Zv‡`i kvw¯— cÖZ¨¶ K‡i (Al-Qurān, 24:2)|Ó
Z‡e Bgvg Avey nvwbdv in.-Gi Abymvix‡`i g‡Z, AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb
e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYx Df‡qi Rb¨ †`kvš—i nÏ-Gi Aš—f©y³ bq| Dwj­wLZ AvqvZ Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii `Ê weav‡bi g~j Drm| Avqv‡Z gnvb Avj­vn
mivmwi weevwnZ-AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ K‡ibwb|
3
Avj­vni evYx: ‫ﻳﻘﺘﻠﻮا ْأو‬
َ ُ ‫ْ َْ َ َ ً َ ْ ُ َ ﱠ‬ َ ْ َ ْ َ َ ُ َ ُ َ َ َ ‫ﱠ َ َ َ ُ ﱠ َ ُ َ ُ َن ﱠ‬ wKš‘ Avn‡j mybœvZ-Gi Abymvix mKj gydvmwmi I dKxn ewY©Z AvqvZ‡K
‫ض ﻓﺴﺎدا أن‬ ِ ‫ﺴﻌﻮن ِ ر‬ ‫اﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﺤﺎ ِر ﻮ اﻟﻠﮫ ورﺳﻮﻟﮫ و‬ ِ ‫﴿إﻧﻤﺎ ﺟﺰاء‬ِ
ْ‫اﻟﺪﻧﻴﺎ َ َوﻟ ُ ﻢ‬
َْ‫ﱡ‬ ْ ‫ذﻟﻚ َﻟ ُ ْﻢ‬
ٌ‫ﺧﺰي‬ َ
َ َ ‫ﻣﻦ ْ ْ ض‬ َ ْ َُْ َْ
‫ﻳﻨﻔﻮا‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﺧﻼف‬
َ ْ ْ ُُ ُ ََْ ْ َْ َ‫ُ َﱠُ َْ َُ ﱠ‬
‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ﺟﻠ‬ ‫وأ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫أﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻄﻊ‬ ‫أو‬ ‫ﻳﺼﻠﺒﻮا‬
AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ nIqvi c‡¶ gZ cÖKvk
ِ ِ ِ ِ ِ ‫ر‬ ِ ٍ ِ ِ ‫ر‬ ِ ِ
ٌ َ ‫ﻋﺬاب‬
﴾‫ﻋﻈﻴﻢ‬ ٌ َ َ ‫ﺧﺮة‬َ َْ
"hviv Avj­
v n I Zu v i ivm~ ‡ ji wei“‡× hy
× Pvjvq Ges me©kw³ w`‡q
K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Zvevix i. (g„. 310wn) Avqv‡Z ewY©Z e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi
ِ ِ ِ
†Póv K‡i c…w_ex‡Z aŸsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjv‡ci cÖmv‡ii Rb¨, Zv‡`i kvw¯— n‡”Q Zv‡`i nZ¨v
cwiPq w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb ÒGes †m ¯^vaxb I AweevwnZÓ (Al-Tabarī 1984,
Kiv n‡e A_ev ¸wj we× Kiv n‡e, A_ev wecixZ w`K †_‡K Zv‡`i nvZ I cv †K‡U 18/66)| Bgvg Be‡b Kvmxi i. (701-774 wn)-Gi fvlvq ÒAvi hw`
†djv n‡e wKsev Zv‡`i †`k †_‡K wbe©vwmZ Kiv n‡e| c…w_ex‡Z GUvB n‡e Zv‡`i jvÃbv (e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYx) AweevwnZ nq, Z‡e Zvi nÏ †eÎvNvZ, †hfv‡e Avqv‡Z
Ges ciKv‡j Zv‡`i Rb¨ i‡q‡Q gnvkvw¯— (Al-Qur’an, 5:33)|" (ewY©Z) i‡q‡QÓ (Ibn Kathīr 2000, 10/159)|

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
Avn‡j mybœvZ Iqvj RvgvÕqvZ Gi Abymvix AvwjgMY wZjvIqvZ iwnZ; Z‡e
weavb Kvh©Ki-G RvZxq GKwU AvqvZ‡K weevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨
`Ê weav‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| gnvb Avj­vn e‡jb :
ً
‫اﻟﺸﻴﺦ واﻟﺸﻴﺨﺔ إذا زﻧﻴﺎ ﻓﺎرﺟﻤﻮ ﻤﺎ اﻟﺒﺘﺔ ﻧ ﺎﻻ ﻣﻦ ﷲ وﷲ ﻋﺰ ﺰﺣﻜﻴﻢ‬
ÒweevwnZ cyi“l I gwnjv hLb e¨wfPvi K‡i ZLb †Zvgiv Zv‡`i‡K Aek¨B
cv_i †g‡i nZ¨v Ki‡e| GwUB Avj­vn ZvAvjvi c¶ †_‡K Zv‡`i Rb¨ kvw¯—
Ges Avj­vn ZvAvjv civµgkvjx I my‡KŠkjx|Ó
GQvov ivm~jyj­vn m. Ges Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`x‡bi Avgj I cÖ_g hy‡Mi mvnvev,
ZvweCb Ges ZvevÔ ZvweC‡bi HKg‡Z¨i Ici wfwË K‡i Zviv m~iv b~‡i ewY©Z
AvqvZ‡K AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ nIqv Ges weevwnZ
e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Avj­vgv
Be‡b Kvmxi i. Zuvi Zvdmx‡i iRg ev cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi wel‡q GKvwaK
eY©bv D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb (Lāhem 2014, 7/7-35; Sabuni 2007, 2/13-17; Ibn
Kathīr 2000, 10/159)|
m~iv b~i-G Dwj­wLZ Avqv‡Z ewY©Z GKk †eÎvNv‡Zi cvkvcvwk nv`x‡m
AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii eY©bv cvIqv
hvq| Dev`vn web mvwgZ iv. n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, ivm~jyj­vn m. e‡j‡Qb:
‫ اﻟﺒﻜﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻜﺮ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ و ﻐﺮ ﺐ‬،‫"ﺧﺬوا ﻋ ﺧﺬوا ﻋ ﻗﺪ ﺟﻌﻞ ﷲ ﻟ ﻦ ﺳ ﻴﻼ‬
"‫ واﻟﺜ ﺐ ﺑﺎﻟﺜ ﺐ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ واﻟﺮﺟﻢ ﺑﺎ ﺎرة‬،‫ﻋﺎم‬
A_©vr Ò†Zvgiv Avgvi KvQ †_‡K (e¨wfPv‡ii weavb) MÖnY Ki! †Zvgiv Avgvi
KvQ †_‡K (e¨wfPv‡ii weavb) MÖnY Ki!! Avj­vn Zv‡`i Rb¨ weavb
w`‡q‡Qb| AweevwnZ cyi“l AweevwnZ gwnjvi mv‡_ (e¨wfPvi Ki‡j Zvi
kvw¯—) GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GKeQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i| c¶vš—‡i weevwnZ
cyi“l weevwnZ gwnjvi mv‡_ (e¨wfPvi Ki‡j Zvi kvw¯—) GKk †eÎvNvZ Ges
cÖ¯—ivNv‡Z g„Zz¨`Ê (Muslim, 1690; Abū Dāūd 2010, 4415; Ibn
Mājah 1998, 2550)|Ó
AweevwnZ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvixi Rb¨ †`kvš—i wK nÏ, bvwK Zvhxi ?
Dwj­wLZ AvqvZ Ges nv`x‡mi Av‡jv‡K AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨
`ywU kvw¯— Z_v GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—wiZ nevi K_v
cÖgvwYZ nq| Rygûi BgvgMY AvqvZ I nv`x‡mi mgš^‡q GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges
GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i‡K nÏ nevi `vwe K‡i‡Qb| c¶vš—‡i Bgvg Avey
nvwbdv i. Avqv‡Z ewY©Z GKkZ †eÎvNvZ‡K nÏ Ges †`kvš—i‡K Zvhxi nevi
gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
38
75 76 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Rygû‡ii gZvgZ I Zv‡`i Dc¯’vwcZ `wjj
Rygû‡ii g‡a¨ DevB web KvÔe, Be‡b gvmÔD` I Avãyj­vn Be‡b Dgvi iv. mn ÔAvZv
web Avex-ivevn, ZvDm Beby KvBmvb, mywdqvb Avm-mvIix, Beby-Avex-jvBjvn,
Bgvg kvwdÕqx, BmnvK web ivnIBqv, Bgvg Avngv` web nv¤^vj, Bgvg gvwjK Ges
AvIhvÔqx i. cÖgyL DcwiD³ gZvgZ †ck K‡i‡Qb (SaÕi 2008, 2/856)|
Bgvg mvnbyb i.-Gi m~‡Î Bgvg gvwjK i. n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb:
‫ ﻳﺤ ﺲ‬،‫ و ﻨﺎن ﺟﻤﻴﻌﺎ اﳌﻮﺿﻊ اﻟﺬي ﻳﻨﻔﻴﺎن إﻟﻴﮫ‬،‫ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻰ إﻻ زان أو ﻣﺤﺎرب‬
.‫اﻟﺰا ﻲ ﺳﻨﺔ واﳌﺤﺎرب ﺣ ﻌﺮف ﻟﮫ ﺗﻮ ﺔ‬
Òe¨wfPvix wKsev WvKvZ e¨ZxZ KvD‡K †`kvš—i Kiv hv‡e bv| Zv‡`i
Dfq‡KB wbe©vwmZ ¯’v‡b Kvive›`x Kiv n‡e| e¨wfPvix‡K GK eQ‡ii Rb¨
Kvive›`x K‡i ivLv n‡e Avi WvKvZ‡K Kvive›`x K‡i ivLv n‡e, †h hveZ bv
†m ZIev K‡i‡Q Zv Rvbv hv‡eÓ (Al-Tanūkhī 1324H, 16/37)|
Bgvg Ljxj i. (g„. 776wn) Bgvg gvwjK i. -Gi g‡Zi cÖwZ mg_©b e¨³ K‡i e‡jb:
ÒïaygvÎ ¯^vaxb e¨wfPvixB GK erm‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—wiZ n‡e Ges Gi e¨qfvi
†m wb‡RB enb Ki‡e| Z‡e †m hw` wb‡Ri e¨qfvi enb Kivi cwigvY
m¤ú‡`i AwaKvix bv nq, Z‡e evBZyj gvj (ivó«xq †KvlvMvi) n‡Z Zvi
e¨qfvi mieivn Kiv n‡e| Zvi wbe©vwmZ nevi `~i“Z¡ n‡e g`xbv n‡Z dv`vK
ev Lvqevi| Zv‡K GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ G Ae¯’vq ivLv n‡e| hw` Gi gv‡S cÖ¯’vb
K‡i, Z‡e cybivq †`kvš—wiZ Kiv n‡e (Khalīl 1981, 286)|Ó
Bgvg Kvivdx i. (g„. 684wn) Zuvi ÔRvLxivnÕ (Al-Qarāfī 2006, 12/88) I
Be‡b i“k` Avj-nvdx` i. (520-595wn) Zvi Ôwe`vqvwZj gyRZvwn` dx
wbnvqvwZj gyKZvwm`Õ MÖ‡š’ (Ibn Rushd al-Hafīd 1415H, 4/378-379)
Bgvg gvwjK i. n‡Z Abyiƒc gZ eY©bv K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg KyiZyex i. (671wn) Zvi
Zvdmx‡i D‡j­wLZ gZwU‡K Rygû‡ii gZ wn‡m‡e mg_©b K‡i‡Qb (Al-Qurtubī
2006, 6/145)|
Bgvg kvwdÔqx i. (150-204wn) Zuvi ÒAvj-D¤§Ó MÖ‡š’ AweevwnZ e¨wfPvixi
Rb¨ †`kvš—i nÏ nevi c‡¶ we¯—vwiZ I `xN© Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| mv‡_ mv‡_
wZwb we‡ivax‡`i DÌvwcZ hyw³mg~nI D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb| wecix‡Z wb‡Ri hyw³
Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb| †hgb, Zvi Av‡jvPbvi ïi“wU Ggb-
‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫َ ُ ُ َ َ ُْ َ َ َ ٌ َ ََ َْ ُ ََ ْ ُ َ ُ ُ ُْ َ ﱠ‬
ِ ‫ﺴﻨﺔ رﺳﻮل‬
‫اﻟﻠﮫ ﺻ‬ ِ ُ ِ ‫ﻳﻘﻮﻟﻮن ﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻰ أﺣﺪ ز ٍان وﻻ ﻏ ُ ﻩ وﻧﺤﻦ ﻧﻘﻮل ﻳﻨﻔﻰ اﻟﺰا ِ ﻲ‬
‫َْ َ ََُ َ َُْ َ َ َ ّ َ َْ ﱠ‬ ُ‫ﱠ‬
ٍ ُ ْ َ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ ﺑﻦ‬
‫ﻣﺴﻌﻮد‬ ِ ‫وﻋﺒﺪ‬
ِ ٍ ِ ‫ﺑﻜﺮ وﻋﻤﺮ وﻋﺜﻤﺎن وﻋ‬ٍ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ ﻋﻠﻴﮫ وﺳﻠﻢ وﻣﺎ روى ﻋﻦ أ ﻲ‬
َ ْ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ َﻋ ْ ُ ْﻢ ﻠ ﻢ ﻗﺪ َ َر ْأوا ﱠ‬
ُ‫ﱠ‬ َْ ‫ﻛﻌﺐ َ َوأ ﻲ ﱠ‬
َ َ ُ َ ِ َ ‫اﻟﺪ ْر‬ ْ َ ّ ََُ
‫اﻟﻨﻔﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺰﺰ ر‬
ِ ِ ‫داء وﻋﻤﺮﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺪ‬ ِ ٍ ‫وأ ِﻲ ﺑﻦ‬

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
ÒZviv e‡jb †h, KvD‡K †`kvš—wiK Kiv hv‡e bv, PvB †m e¨wfPvix †nvK ev
Ab¨ †KD| Avgiv eje, e¨wfPvix‡K †`kvš—wiZ Kiv n‡e| GUv ivm~jyj­vn
m.-Gi mybœvZ Øviv mve¨¯—| ZvQvov Avey eKi, Dgvi, Dmgvb, Avjx,
ÔAve`yjv­ n Beby gvmÔD`, DevB Beby KvÔe, Avey` `vi`vÕ I ÔDgvi Beby
ÔAvew`j ÔAvhxq iv. cÖgyL mK‡jB G gZ †cvlY Ki‡ZbÓ (Al-ShafiÔi
2001, 7/337-340)|
Bgvg gyhvbx i. (g„. 264wn) Zvi gyLZvmv‡i Bgvg kvwdÕqx n‡Z eY©bv K‡ib,
Òhw` †m weevwnZ bv nq, Z‡e Zv‡K †`k †_‡K GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vwmZ Kiv
n‡e (Al- Muzānī 1998, 342)|Ó Bgvg Mvhvjx i. `vm Ges gwnjv‡`i
†`kvš—wiZ nIqv wb‡q BLwZjvd _vKvi K_v D‡j­L Ki‡jI e¨wfPvix ¯^vaxb
cyi“‡li wbe©vwmZ nevi welq gvhnv‡e †Kvb gZv‰b‡ÉK¨i D‡j­L K‡ibwb (Al-
Ghazālī 1997, 2/167)| Bgvg befx i. ¯úó K‡iB D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb Òhw`
weevwnZ bv nq, Z‡e Zvi Dci †eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i IqvwRe n‡e, PvB †m bvix
wKsev cyi“l (Al-Nawawī 1991, 1/86)|Ó Bgvgyj nvivgvBb Avj-RyIqvBbx
i. Zuvi ÔwbnvqvZyj gvZjve wd w`ivqvwZj gvhnveÕ MÖ‡š’I †eÎvNvZ Ges
†`kvš—i‡K nÏ nevi K_v e‡j‡Qb (Imām al-Haramain 2008, 17/180)|
nv¤^vjx Bgvg Be‡b Ky`vgvn i. Zvi ÒgyMbxÓ MÖ‡š’ e‡jb:
Òe¨wfPvix weevwnZ bv nIqv Ae¯’vq Zvi Dci †eÎvNvZ IqvwRe nIqvi
wel‡q †Kvb gZ‡f` †bB| gnvb Avj­vni wKZv‡e G welq eY©bv G‡m‡Q Ges
G weav‡bi mg_©‡b cÖPyi msL¨K nv`xmI ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| Zv Qvov AwaKvsk
Avwj‡gi g‡Z †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i KivI IqvwReÓ
É(Ibn Qudāmah 1997, 12/322)|
Avj-Kvdx‡ZI wZwb GKB gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb (Ibn Qudāmah 1994,
4/91) ÔAvj-BbmvdÕ MÖ‡š’I cyi“l I gwnjv Df‡qi Rb¨ GUvB gvhnv‡ei wm×vš—
nevi `vwe Kiv n‡q‡Q (al-Mardāwī 1955, 10/173)|
kvBLyj Bmjvg Be‡b ZvBwgqv i. n‡ZI Rygû‡ii mg_©‡b dvZIqv ewY©Z
n‡q‡Q| hw` †Kvb e¨w³ Zvi mš—vb cvcvPv‡i wjß n‡j Zvi Dci nÏ ev¯—evqb
Ki‡e e‡j cÖwZÁv K‡i, AZtci Zvi mš—vb evevi wbKU e¨wfPvi Kivi Aciva
¯^xKvi K‡i Ges †m GKkZ †eÎvNvZ K‡i wKš‘ GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i evwK
_v‡K, Z‡e Zvi Rb¨ wK †`kvš—‡ii cwie‡Z© Kvddviv Av`vq K‡i †`qv ˆea
n‡e? Ggb cÖ‡kœi Dˇi wZwb e‡jb, Òhw` †m Zv‡K nvR‡Z †cÖi‡Yi gva¨‡g
wbe©vwmZ K‡i, GgbwK Zvi evevi N‡i n‡jI, Z‡e `vqgy³ n‡q hv‡e (Ibn
39
77 78 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Taymiyyah1425H, 34/177)|Ó Bgvg kvIKvbx i. n‡ZI Abyiƒc eY©bv
cvIqv hvq| wZwb e‡jb, Òhw` ¯^vaxb I AweevwnZ nq, Z‡e GKk †eÎvNvZ
cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡e Ges †eÎvNv‡Zi ci GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—wiZ Kiv n‡e (al-
Shawkanī ND, 3/2526)|Ó
Rygûi cÖavbZ ivm~jyj­vn m.-Gi mybœvZ, mvnvex‡`i PP©v Ges Bmjv‡gi cÖv_wgK
hy‡Mi ZvweÔqxb Ges Zv‡Z ZvweÔqx‡bi gZvgZ‡K `wjj wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb K‡i
_v‡Kb| Zviv KziAv‡b ewY©Z GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi Dci nv`x‡mi eY©bvi wfwˇZ
n‡Ïi Ask wn‡m‡e GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i‡K e„w× K‡ib|
†`kvš—i nÏ nevi c‡¶ Rygûi ÔAvwjgM‡Yi Dc¯’vwcZ cÖavb `wjjmgyn wbgœiƒc:
cÖ_gZ, DcwiD³ Dev`vn web mvwgZ iv. n‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm, hv‡Z ivm~jyj­vn m.
e‡j‡Qb ÒAweevwnZ cyi“l AweevwnZ gwnjvi mv‡_ e¨wfPvi Ki‡j Zvi kvw¯—
GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GKeQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i|Ó
wØZxq `wjj: Avey ûivBiv Ges hvB` web Lvwj` iv. n‡Z ewY©Z,
‫"أن رﺟﻠ ن اﺧﺘﺼﻤﺎ إ رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﮫ و ﺳﻠﻢ ﻓﻘﺎل أﺣﺪ ﻤﺎ اﻗﺾ‬
‫ﺑﻴ ﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب ﷲ وﻗﺎل ﺧﺮ و ﻮ أﻓﻘ ﻤﺎ أﺟﻞ ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﻓﺎﻗﺾ ﺑﻴ ﻨﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب‬
‫ ﻗﺎل ﻣﺎﻟﻚ‬- ‫ ﻗﺎل إن اﺑ ﺎن ﻋﺴﻴﻔﺎ ﻋ ﺬا‬.(‫ﷲ وأذن أن أﺗ ﻠﻢ ﻗﺎل )ﺗ ﻠﻢ‬
‫ ز ﻰ ﺑﺎﻣﺮأﺗﮫ ﻓﺄﺧ و ﻲ أن ﻋ اﺑ اﻟﺮﺟﻢ ﻓﺎﻓﺘﺪﻳﺖ ﻣﻨﮫ ﺑﻤﺎﺋﺔ‬- ‫واﻟﻌﺴﻴﻒ ﺟ‬
‫ﺷﺎة وﺟﺎر ﺔ ﺛﻢ أ ﻲ ﺳﺄﻟﺖ أ ﻞ اﻟﻌﻠﻢ ﻓﺄﺧ و ﻲ أن ﻣﺎ ﻋ اﺑ ﺟﻠﺪ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬
‫و ﻐﺮ ﺐ ﻋﺎم وإﻧﻤﺎ اﻟﺮﺟﻢ ﻋ اﻣﺮأﺗﮫ ﻓﻘﺎل رﺳﻮل ﷲ ﺻ ﷲ ﻋﻠﻴﮫ و ﺳﻠﻢ )أﻣﺎ‬
.(‫واﻟﺬي ﻧﻔ ﺑﻴﺪﻩ ﻷﻗﻀ ن ﺑ ﻨﻜﻤﺎ ﺑﻜﺘﺎب ﷲ أﻣﺎ ﻏﻨﻤﻚ وﺟﺎر ﺘﻚ ﻓﺮد ﻋﻠﻴﻚ‬
‫وﺟﻠﺪ اﺑﻨﮫ ﻣﺎﺋﺔ وﻏﺮ ﮫ ﻋﺎﻣﺎ وأﻣﺮ أﻧ ﺲ ﺳﻠ أن ﻳﺄ ﻲ اﻣﺮأة ﺧﺮ ﻓﺈن اﻋ ﻓﺖ‬
"‫رﺟﻤ ﺎ ﻓﺎﻋ ﻓﺖ ﻓﺮﺟﻤ ﺎ‬
Ò`yRb e¨w³ ivm~jyj­vn m.-Gi wbKU bvwjk wb‡q Avm‡jb| Zv‡`i GKRb
ej‡jb, ÔAvgv‡`i g‡a¨ Avj­vni wKZve Abyhvqx wePvi K‡i †`bÕ| AciRb,
†h wQj Df‡qi gv‡S AwaKZi eyw×gvb †mI ejj, ÔRx n¨vu, Bqv ivm~jyj­vn
m., Avcwb Avgv‡`i gv‡S Avj­vni wKZve Øviv wePvi Ki“b Ges Avgv‡K K_v
ejvi AbygwZ cÖ`vb Ki“bÕ| wZwb (ivm~jyj­vn m.) ej‡jb, ÔejÕ| †m (wØZxq
e¨w³) ejj, ÔAvgvi †Q‡j GB e¨w³i Kv‡Ri †jvK wQj Ges Zvi ¯¿xi mv‡_
e¨wfPv‡i wjß n‡q‡Q| AZtci (†jv‡Kiv) Avgv‡K ejj, Avgvi †Q‡ji Dci
cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi weavb mve¨¯— n‡q‡Q| d‡j Avwg Zvi c¶ †_‡K
GKkZ eKwi Ges GKRb `vmx ¶wZc~iY wn‡m‡e w`‡qwQ| cieZx©‡Z Avwg
weÁRb‡K G wel‡q wR‡Ám Ki‡j Zviv Avgv‡K Rvbvj †h, Avgvi †Q‡ji

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
Dci GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vm‡bi weavb mve¨¯— n‡q‡Q|
c¶vš—‡i cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨vi weavb i‡q‡Q Zvi ¯¿xi DciÕ| ZLb ivm~jyj­vn
m. ej‡jb, Ôhvi nv‡Z Avgvi Rxeb †mB mË¡vi Kmg! Avwg Aek¨B
†Zvgv‡`i gv‡S Avj­vni wKZve Abyhvqx dqmvjv Ki‡ev| †Zvgvi eKwi Ges
`vmx Zywg †diZ cv‡e|Õ wZwb wØZxq e¨w³i †Q‡j‡K GKkZ †eÎvNvZ
Ki‡jb I GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i Ki‡jb Ges DbvBm Avj-Avmjvgx iv.
†K wb‡`©k w`‡jb, †m †hb Aci e¨w³i ¯¿xi Kv‡Q hvq Ges †m hw`
e¨wfPv‡ii Aciva ¯^xKvi K‡i †bq Z‡e †hb Zv‡K cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨v K‡i
(Al-Bukhārī 2002, 6827; Muslim 2006, 1697)|
Bgvg Be‡b Ky`vgvn i. nv`x‡m Dwj­wLZ ÒAZtci Avwg weÁRb‡`i‡K wR‡Ám
Ki‡j Zviv Avgv‡K Rvbvj †h, Avgvi †Q‡ji Dci GKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GK
eQ‡ii Rb¨ wbe©vm‡bi weavb mve¨¯— n‡q‡QÓ As‡ki w`‡K Bw½Z K‡i e‡jb ÒG
Øviv cÖgvwYZ nq, Dwj­wLZ weavbwU Avj­vni weavb I ivm~jyj­vn m. Gi wm×vš—
wn‡m‡e Zv‡`i gv‡S cÖwm× wQj (Ibn Qudāmah 1997, 12/323)|Ó
GQvovI Zviv Lyjvdv‡q iv‡k`xb Ges cieZ©x gymwjg kvmK‡`i Øviv †`kvš—‡ii
weavb ev¯—evq‡bi K_v D‡j­L K‡ib|
Rygûi hyw³ wn‡m‡e gvmjvnvZ‡KI D‡j­L K‡ib| mvaviYZ cvi¯úwiK †`Lv
mv¶vZ, †mŠnv`¨©, eÜyZ¡, wbf…‡Z Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` e¨wfPv‡ii Ab¨Zg cÖavb
KviY| c¶vš—‡i †`kvš—i Gme DcKiY n‡Z e¨wfPvix‡K wbe„Z K‡i| ZvQvov
†`kvš—i e¨wfPvix‡K fxwZ cÖ`k©b Ges kvmv‡bvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…Z| ZvB
†`kvš—i‡K nÏ-Gi Aš—f©y³ Kiv AwaKZi hyw³hy³|
nvbvdx AvwjgM‡Yi e³e¨ I Zv‡`i `wjj
Bgvg Avey nvwbdv i. Ges Zuvi Abymvix nvbvdx ÔAvwjgM‡Yi `„wó‡Z GKkZ
†eÎvNvZ I 1 eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii g‡a¨ KziAv‡b ewY©Z GKkZ †eÎvNvZ nÏ
Ges nv`xm I gymwjg kvmbvg‡j cÖ‡qvMK…Z †`kvš—i Zvhxi wn‡m‡e MY¨|
wePviK cÖ‡qvRb g‡b Ki‡j †`kvš—‡ii wb‡`©k †`qvi ¶gZv iv‡Lb| Bgvg
mvivLmx Zuvi Avj-gvemyZ MÖ‡š’ `yB cÖKv‡ii n‡Ïi D‡j­L K‡i e‡jb
Òe¨wfPv‡ii nÏ `yB ai‡Yi, weevwn‡Zi Rb¨ cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨v Ges
Aweevwn‡Zi Rb¨ †eÎvNvZÓ É(Al-Sarakhsī 2000, 9/30)| Gici `jxj-
cÖgvY I hyw³-cÖwZhyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡i cwi‡k‡l AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i e‡jb
Òcv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨v Ges †eÎvNvZ GKÎ n‡e bv... GKBfv‡e Aweevwn‡Zi
Rb¨ Avgv‡`i wbKU †eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i GKwÎZ n‡e bv (Ibid. p. 43-44)|Ó
40
79 80 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Bgvg Rvm&mvm i. Zvi ÔAvnKvgyj KyiAvbÕ-G Bgvg Avey nvwbdv Ges Zuvi
wkl¨‡`i eY©bv D‡j­L K‡i e‡jb-
ÒAvwjgMY weevwnZ I AweevwnZ e¨wfPvixi n‡Ïi wel‡q gZv‰bK¨ K‡i‡Qb|
Bgvg Avey nvwbdv, Bgvg Avey BDmyd, Bgvg gynv¤§v` I Bgvg hydvi i. cÖgyL
e‡jb, weevwnZ‡K cv_i wb‡¶‡c nZ¨v Kiv n‡e, Z‡e †eÎvNvZ Kiv n‡e bv|
c¶vš—‡i AweevwnZ‡K †eÎvNvZ Kiv n‡e| Z‡e Zv‡K †`kvš—i Kiv n‡Ïi
Aš—fy©³ bq| eis †mUv Bgv‡gi (wePvi‡Ki) g‡Zi Dci wbf©ikxj| hw`
wZwb Zv‡K †`kvš—i Kivi gv‡S Kj¨vY g‡b K‡ib, Z‡e ZvB Ki‡ebÓ (Al-
Jassās 1996, 5/95)|
Bgvg Zvnvex i. Zvi gyLZvmv‡iI Abyiƒc e‡j‡Qb| Zuvi fvlvq, Òhw` ¯^vaxb
AweevwnZ cyi“l I bvix e¨wfPv‡i wjß nq, Z‡e Zv‡`i cÖ‡Z¨K‡K GKkZ K‡i
†eÎvNvZ Kiv n‡e| Z‡e †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ Zv‡`i‡K †`kvš—i Kiv n‡e bv (Al-
Tahāwī 1986, 262)|Ó Bgvg bvmvdx i. [g„, 710wn.] Zvi Kvbhy`-`vKvwqK
MÖ‡š’I GKB gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb (Al-Nasafī 2010, 57; Ibn Nujaim 1997,
5/14-15)| Bgvg Avj-KvQvbx i. GUv‡KB nvbvdxM‡Yi wm×vš— D‡j­L K‡i e‡jb:
ÒhLb (e¨wfPvix-e¨wfPvwiYx) weevwnZ (wn‡m‡e MY¨ nIqvi) kZ©mg~n n‡Z
†Kvb kZ© Ac~Y© _vK‡e, ZLb Zv‡K iRg Kiv n‡e bv, eis †eÎvNvZ Kiv
n‡e... Z‡e †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ †`kvš—i Kiv n‡e wK bv- †m wel‡q gZ‡f`
i‡q‡Q Ges Avgv‡`i gZvbymvix‡`i wm×vš— n‡”Q, †`kvš—wiZ Kiv n‡e bv|
Z‡e hw` wePviK `ywU kvw¯—‡K (†eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i) GKwÎZ Kivi gv‡S
Kj¨vY g‡b K‡ib, Z‡e GKwÎZ Ki‡ebÓ (Al-Kāsānī 1986, 7/39)|
nvbvdx AvwjgMY Rygûi Avwj‡gi Dc¯’vwcZ nv`xmmg~‡ni wfbœ e¨vL¨v K‡i‡Qb|
Zuv‡`i `„wó‡Z G nv`xm `ywU‡Z ewY©Z AweevwnZ bvix-cyi“‡li whbvi kvw¯—
wn‡m‡e GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ mshy³ 1 eQ‡ii †`kvš—‡ii weavbwU `ywU
Kvi‡Y nÏ wn‡m‡e we‡eP¨ bq| KviY `ywU n‡jv:
1. †h‡nZz KyiAv‡b ewY©Z ûKy‡gi Ici Le‡i Avnv`4 Øviv mve¨¯— †Kvb
ûKyg hy³ Kiv hvq bv, †m‡nZz m~iv Avb-b~‡i ewY©Z whbvi kvw¯— ÔGKkZ
†eÎvNvZÕ-Gi Ici nv`x‡m ewY©Z ÔGK eQ‡ii †`kvš—iÕ -Gi weavb nÏ
wn‡m‡e hy³ Kiv †hŠw³K bq| AZGe, nv`x‡m ewY©Z †`kvš—‡ii weavbwU
4
gyZvIqvwZi A_ev gvmûi ch©v‡q bq Ggb nv`xm, hvi eY©bvKvixi msL¨v eY©bvi
µgavivi †Kv‡bv GK ch©v‡q 1 A_ev 2 Rb|
 41
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 81 82 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi

Zvhxi wn‡m‡e MY¨| G †gŠwjK bxwZwU nvbvdx Dm~j Ges Z‡e Be‡b Ky`vgv i. nv`xmwU‡K gyimvj e‡j‡Qb (Ibn Qudāmah 1997,
gyZvKvwj­gxb‡`i Dm~‡ji5 g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg cÖavb †gŠwjK cv_©K¨| 12/323)|
2. Zv‡`i †KD †KD ewY©Z nv`xmwU‡K gvbmyL A_©vr iwnZ n‡q hvevi `vwe nvbvdx AvwjgMY mvnvex I ZvweÔqxM‡Yi †`kvš—‡ii c‡¶ bv _vKv Ges Zv‡`i
K‡i‡Qb| Zv‡`i g‡Z, e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— m¤úwK©Z m~iv b~‡ii AvqvZwU `…wó‡Z †`kvš—i †bwZevPK we‡ewPZ nevi c‡¶ Avjx iv. Gi Dw³i cvkvcvwk
Dev`vn Bebym mvwgZ iv. n‡Z ewY©Z nv`x‡mi c‡i AeZxY© n‡q‡Q Ges ÔDgvi iv. Gi mgqKv‡ji GKwU NUbv‡K D‡j­L K‡i _v‡Kb| mvÔC` Bebyj
nv`x‡m ewY©Z ÔGKkZ †eÎvNvZ Ges GKeQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i-Gi gymvBwqe i. n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb e‡jb, Dgvi i. iexÔAvn Beby DgvBqv‡K g`
weavb‡K iwnZ K‡i ïaygvÎ GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi weavb mve¨¯— K‡i‡Q| cv‡bi `v‡q LvBev‡i wbe©vm‡b cvVvb| AZtci †m wn‡ivwK¬qv‡mi `‡j †hvM †`q
(Al-Sarakhsī 2000, 9/37; al-Jassās 1996, 5/97) Ges wLªóvb n‡q hvq| ZLb ÔDgvi iv. e‡jb:
nvbvdxMY ivm~jyj­vn m., mvnvev‡q †Kivg Ges cieZ©x mg‡q gymwjg iv‡ó« ‫ﻻ أﻏﺮب ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ ﻌﺪ ﺬا‬
cÖ‡qvMK…Z †`kvš—‡ii kvw¯—‡K nÏ wn‡m‡e bq, eis Zvhxi wn‡m‡e ev¯—evwqZ ÒGici †_‡K Avwg †Kvb gymjgvb‡K wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡ev bvÓ (ÔAbd al-
n‡q‡Q e‡j MY¨ K‡ib| Razzāq 2000, 13391)|
GQvovI Lyjvdv‡qÉ ivwk`xb Ges cÖv_wgK hy‡Mi AvwjgMY KZ©„K †`kvš—i‡K Z‡e Dwj­wLZ eY©bvwU g‡`i nÏ m¤úwK©Z nIqvq Bgvg kvwdÔqx i. Av‡jvP¨
nÏ wn‡m‡e MY¨ bv Kiv eis Zuv‡`i A‡b‡Ki †`kvš—‡ii we‡ivwaZv Kivi cÖgvY gvmÕAvjvq Gi Øviv `wjj †ck Ki‡Z A¯^xK…wZ Ávcb K‡i‡Qb (Al-ShafiÔi
wn‡m‡e nvbvdx ÔAvwjgMY †ek wKQy †iIqvqvZ D‡j­L K‡ib| †hgb: mvBwq`ybv 2001, 7/339-340)|
Avjx iv. n‡Z ewY©Z, wZwb AweevwnZ e¨wfPvix‡`i wel‡q e‡jb:
‫إذا زﻧﻴﺎ ﻳﺠﻠﺪان وﻻ ﻳﻨﻔﻴﺎن وإن ﻧﻔ ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ‬ Gme eY©bvq †`Lv hvq, mvnvexM‡Yi g‡a¨I g‡a¨ †KD †KD e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯Í
wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii we‡ivwaZv K‡i‡Qb|
Òhw` Zviv `yRb e¨wfPvi K‡i, Z‡e Zv‡`i‡K †eÎvNvZ Kiv n‡e, wKš‘
†`kvš—i Kiv n‡e bv| †Kbbv, Zv‡`i‡K †`kvš—i Kiv wdZbvi bvgvš—iÓ mvÔC` Beby mvÕ` Be&b Dev`v iv. n‡Z ewY©Z nv`xm, hv‡Z ivm~j m. e¨wfPvix
(Al-Jassās 1996, 5/95)| †Kvb GK e¨w³‡K AwZkq `ye©j nevi Kvi‡Y (GKkZ †eÎvNvZ mn¨ Ki‡Z
Aci eY©bv g‡Z- ‫ﺣﺴ ﻤﺎ ﻣﻦ اﻟﻔﺘﻨﺔ ان ﻳﻨﻔﻴﺎ‬ A¶g nIqvq) GKkZ cÖkvLv wewkó GKwU †LRyi Qov Øviv GKevi AvNvZ
Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb (Ahmad ND, 22354; al-Tabranī ND, 5521)|6 G
ÒwdZbvi Rb¨ Zv‡`i `yRb‡K †`kvš—i KivB h‡_óÓ (ÔAbd al-Razzāq
2000, 13385)|
nv`x‡mI ivm~j m. †`kvš—‡ii wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡ibwb|
GQvov cÖL¨vZ ZvweÕC Beªvnxg bvLÕC i. n‡ZI †`kvš—‡ii wec‡¶ gZ cvIqv
5
Dm~‡j wdKn ev Bmjvgx wdK‡ni g~jbxwZmg~n cÖavbZ `ywU c×wZ‡K †K›`ª K‡i cÖYxZ hvq| wZwb e‡jb-
n‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ Bmjvgx kv‡¯¿i †gŠwjK Drmmg~n Z_v KyiAvb mybœvnq wee…Z "Avjx I Be‡b gvmÔD` iv. gwb‡ei g…Zy¨i ci e¨wfPv‡i wjß nIqv GKRb
g~jbxwZmg~n, Aviex e¨vKiY, Kvjvgkv¯¿ Ges gvwš—Kkv¯¿ BZ¨vw`i Dci wbf©i KiZ
D‡¤§ Iqvjv`7-Gi wel‡q gZv‰bK¨ K‡ib| Avjx iv. Zvi wbe©vwmZ bv nevi
Bmjvgx wdK‡ni g~jbxwZmg~n cÖYqb K‡i Zvi Av‡jv‡K kvLv gvmAvjvi weavb cÖYqb
Kiv| Bgvg kvwdÕqx in. GB c×wZi cÖeZ©K| G‡K gyZvKvwj­wgb c×wZ ejv nq; †Kbbv K_v e‡jb| c¶vš—‡i Be‡b gvmÕD` iv. Zvi wbe©vwmZ nevi K_v e‡jb| G
GB c×wZ‡Z Dm~j iPbvKvix‡`i e…n`vsk Kvjvgkv‡¯¿i cwÊZ wQ‡jb| cÖeZ©‡Ki ََ َ ُ َ ‫ْ َ ْ ْ ُ َ َ َ َ َ َ َ َْ َ َْ َ َ ْ َ ٌ ُ ْ َ ٌ َ ٌ َ ْ ُ َ ْ َ ْ ُ ﱠ ﱠ‬
6
‫اﻟﺪار ِإﻻ و ﻮ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺿﻌﻴﻒ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺮع أ ﻞ‬ َ ْ َ
bvgvbymv‡i GB c×wZ‡K kvwdÔqx c×wZI ejv n‡q _v‡K| ِ ِ ‫أﺑﻴﺎﺗﻨﺎ ِإ ﺴﺎن ﻣﺨﺪج‬ ِ ‫ﺳﻌﺪ ِﺑﻦ ﻋﺒﺎدة ﻗﺎل ﺎن ﺑ ن‬ ِ ‫ﺳﻌﻴﺪ ِﺑﻦ‬ ِ ِ ‫ﻋﻦ‬
َ
َ َ ‫وﺳﻠﻢ‬ ‫ﱠ‬
َ َ َ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﮫ‬ َ
ْ َ ُ ‫ﱠ‬ ‫ﱠ‬ َ ‫ﱠ‬ ُ َ ْ َ َ
ٌ ْ َ ُ َ َ َ َ ‫ﻣﺴﻠﻤﺎ‬ َ ُ ُْ َ ‫ﱠ‬
ً ِ ْ ُ ‫ﻳﺨﺒﺚ َ ﺎ َو َﺎن‬ ْ ََ
wØZxqZ, c~e©eZ©x dyKvnv I BgvgM‡Yi wba©vwiZ kvLv gvmAvjv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ ‫ﻓﻘﺎل‬ ِ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ ﺻ اﻟﻠﮫ‬ ِ ‫ﻓﺮﻓﻊ ﺷﺄﻧﮫ ﺳﻌﺪ ِإ َرﺳﻮ ِل‬ ِ ‫اﻟﺪار‬
ِ ِ َ ِ ‫أﻣﺔ ِﻣﻦ‬
‫إﻣﺎء‬ ٍ
Aš—twbwnZ g~jbxwZmg~n D`NvUb c~e©K Dm~jyj-wdKn cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| ewY©Z c×wZ‡Z ً َ ْ ُ َ ُ ُ َ َ َ ُ َ َْ َ ً َ ُ َ َْ َ ْ َ َ ْ ُ َ ْ َ ُ ‫ْ ُ ُ َ ﱠ ُ َ ُ َ َ ُ َ ﱠ ﱠ‬
‫ذﻟﻚ ِإن ﺿﺮ ﻨﺎﻩ ِﻣﺎﺋﺔ ﻗﺘﻠﻨﺎﻩ ﻗﺎل ﻓﺨﺬوا ﻟﮫ ِﻋﺜ ﺎﻻ‬ ِ ‫اﻟﻠﮫ ِإﻧﮫ أﺿﻌﻒ ِﻣﻦ‬ ِ ‫اﺿﺮ ﻮﻩ ﺣﺪﻩ ﻗﺎﻟﻮا ﻳﺎ رﺳﻮل‬ ِ
c~e©eZ©x dKxnM‡Yi g~jbxwZ we‡ePbvq †bqv n‡q‡Q weavq GB c×wZ‡K dyKvnv c×wZ ejv ُ‫وﺧﻠﻮا َﺳ َﻴﻠﮫ‬‫َ َْ ً َ َ ً َ َ ﱡ‬ ُ ُ ْ َ َْ َُ
nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Dm~j cÖ‡YZv‡`i e…n`vsk Bgvg Avey-nvwbdv in.-Gi Abymvix nIqvq ِ ‫واﺣﺪة‬ ِ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬
ِ ِ ‫ﻮﻩ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺿﺮ‬
ِ ‫اخ‬
ٍ ‫ﺮ‬‫ﺷﻤ‬ ِ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﺔ‬ِ ‫ﻓﻴﮫ‬
ِ ِ
7
GB c×wZ‡K nvbvdx c×wZI ejv nq (Shaban 1971, 18-25)| D‡¤§ Iqvjv`: Ggb `vmx, †h Zvi M‡f© ¯^xq gvwj‡Ki mš—vb aviY K‡i‡Q|
 42
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 83
†¶‡Î Avgiv Avjx iv.-Gi gZ‡KB MÖnY Kwi; †Kbbv Zv wdZbv I wek…•Ljv
n‡Z i¶v cvevi Rb¨ AwaK Dc‡hvMx (Al-Sarakhsī 2000, 9/37-38)|
nvbvdx AvwjgMY AviI e‡j _v‡Kb, nÏ AZ¨š— my¯úó GKwU welq| wKš‘
†`kvš—‡ii †¶‡Î ¯’vb, `~iZ¡ BZ¨vw` kixq‡Z ¯úó K‡i ewY©Z bq| G‡¶‡Î
Bgv‡gi wm×vš— M…nxZ nq| g~jZ †`kvš—i nÏ n‡j Ggb A¯úóZv _vKvi
AeKvk †bB bq (Al- Jassās 1996, 5/97)|
GwU my¯úó †h, Dwj­wLZ eY©bvmg~n GKwU gZvgZ‡K cÖwZôv Ki‡Z h‡_ó bv
n‡jI cÖwZwôZ GKwU g‡Zi c‡¶ mnvqK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i Ges
nvbvdx AvwjgMY GB ZË¡ Abymv‡iB †`kvš—‡ii nÏ bv nIqvi wel‡q bxwZMZ
wel‡qi Dci wbf©i KiZ Dwj­wLZ eY©bvmg~n‡K mnvqK `wjj wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vcb
K‡i _v‡Kb| Zviv ïay eySv‡Z †Póv K‡ib, mvnvex I ZvweÔqxM‡Yi g‡a¨I
†`kvš—i ev¯—evqb bv Kiv wKsev †`kvš—‡ii we‡ivwaZvi cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
†`kvš—i hw` nÏ nq, Z‡e c~e©eZx© AvwjgM‡Yi c¶ n‡Z Ggb wecixZ D`vniY
cvIqv †hZ bv, hv c¶vš—‡i †`kvš—‡ii nÏ bv nevi cÖgvY enb K‡i|
gZv‰b‡K¨i Drm
Dchy³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K G welqwU ¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb nq †h, Av‡jvwPZ
gvm'Avjvq gZv‰b‡K¨i g~j KviYwU `wjj‡K›`ªxK bq; eis wdK‡ni g~jbxwZ
†K›`ªxK| GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii weavb nÏ nIqvi cÖgvY wn‡m‡e Dc¯’vwcZ
nv`xmmg~‡ni eY©bv weï× Ges †eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i GKB ev‡K¨ ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
Z`ycwi nvbvdx dKxnMY nv`x‡m ewY©Z hy³ weavb‡K LwÊZ K‡i‡Qb| Zuv‡`i G
gZv‰bK¨ nv`x‡mi ï×Zv cÖ‡kœ bq A_ev nv`x‡m ewY©Z weavb ¯^xKvi Kiv ev bv
Kiv †K›`ªxK bq| eis `yai‡bi kvw¯—i AvBbx gh©v`v wb‡q| g~jZ wdKn kv‡¯¿
cÖPwjZ GKwU g~jbxwZ †_‡K m„ó gZv‰b‡K¨i Dci wfwË K‡i Zuviv ewY©Z
gvmÕAvjvq †`kvš—i nÏ nIqvi c‡¶ †ckK…Z nv`xmmg~n‡K `wjj wn‡m‡e MÖnY
K‡ibwb| wdKnx g~jbxwZwU n‡jv- Òwhqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&Ó ev bvm& Øviv mve¨¯—
†Kvb weav‡bi Ici AwZwi³ wb‡`©k mshy³ Kivi gva¨‡g weav‡bi cwiwa e…w×
A_ev ÔbvmLÕ ev ûKyg iwnZKiY ˆea wK bv? Avgiv wb‡gœ G wel‡q msw¶ß
cwim‡i welqwU Dc¯’vcb Kivi †Póv Kie|
nvbvdx Dm~jwe`‡`i `…wó‡Z whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&
nvbvdx Dm~jwe`‡`i wbKU 'whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&m' ev bvm& Øviv mve¨¯— weav‡bi
Ici AwZwi³ wb‡`©k mshy³ Kivi gva¨‡g weav‡bi cwiwa e…w× Kiv n‡j c~e©eZ©x
wb‡`©kwU iwnZKiY wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ (Al-Bazdawī ND, 226; al-Sarakhsī
84 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
ND, 2/82; al-Dabbusī 2007, 231; al-Mahbūbī 2009, 360; al-
Haskafī 1992, 231)| †Kbbv:
1. c~e©eZ©x wb‡`©‡ki Ici Aci GKwU wb‡`©k hy³ Kivi gva¨‡g GKwU
mgwš^Z wb‡`©‡ki Aw¯—Z¡ jvf K‡i Ges c~e©eZ©x wb‡`©kwU wbw®Œq n‡q
hvq Ges Zvi Dci Avgj Kiv AMÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡q hvq (Al-Bazdawī
ND, 227)| †hgb ebx-BmivB‡ji Mvfx| Zv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ_‡g wb‡`©k
wQj ÒGKwU Mvfx R‡en KivÓ| AZtci Mvfxi we¯—vwiZ ¸Yv¸Y
m¤^wjZ eY©bv Avmvi ci wb‡`©kwU Òme ai‡Yi †`vl-ΓwU n‡Z gy³,
BZtc~‡e© nvjPvl ev †mPb Kv‡h© Ae¨eüZ, wcZ e‡Y©i Ges ga¨g
eq‡mi GKwU Mvfx R‡en KivqÓ iƒcvš—wiZ n‡q †Mj| GgZve¯’vq
c~e©eZ©x wb‡`©k A_©vr †h‡Kvb ÒGKwU Mvfx R‡en KivÓ Kvh©Ki †bB
Ges Gi Dci Avgj KivI ˆea bq| A_©vr bZyb wb‡`©kwU c~e©eZ©x
wb‡`©k‡K iwnZKvix|
2. ûKyKyj­vn A_©vr Bev`vZ, û`~` Ges Kvddvivi welq mve¨¯—KiY I Zvi
ev¯—evqb Dfq †¶‡Î ûKz‡gi wefvRb ˆea bq (Al-Sarakhsī ND,
2/82)| †hgb †KD hw` 'dR‡ii bvgvh GK ivKÔAvZ Av`vq' K‡i,
Z‡e Zvi dR‡ii bvgvh Av`vq n‡q‡Q e‡j ejv n‡e bv| GKBfv‡e
ewY©Z †¶‡Î †Kvb wb‡`©‡ki wKQy Ask c~‡e© Avi wKQy Ask c‡i mve¨¯—
n‡q‡Q e‡jI ejv n‡e bv| eis c~e©eZ©x wb‡`©kwU iwnZ n‡q bZyb
wb‡`©k Rvwi n‡q‡Q e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
gyZvKvwj­gxb Dm~jwe`‡`i `…wó‡Z 'whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&
gyZvKvwj­gxb Dm~jwe`‡`i gv‡S 'whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm' wel‡q wfbœ wfbœ `…wófw½
cwijw¶Z nq| gyZvKvwj­wgb Dm~jwe`‡`i †KDB Ôwhqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&Õ‡K
mvaviYfv‡e c~‡e©i weavb iwnZKvix e‡jbwb| eis cÖ‡Z¨‡KB wKQy k‡Z©i K_v
D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb, hvi Dci 'whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&' Gi 'bvm&L' nIqv ev bv nIqv
wbf©i K‡i| Z‡e GmKj kZ© wba©vi‡Y Zviv wfbœ wfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
gyZvKvwj­gxb Dm~jwe`‡`i gv‡S dLi“Ïxb Avi-ivhx (544-606 wn.) in. Bgvg
Aveyj nvmvb Avj-AvkÔAvix (260-324 wn.) in.-Gi gZvgZ‡K cÖvavb¨ w`‡q
wZbwU k‡Z©i Av‡jv‡K bvm&L‡K ˆea e‡j‡Qb| kZ© wZbwU n‡jv: -
1. GB ewa©ZKiY Aek¨B †Kvb bv †Kvb wb‡`©k‡K iwnZ Ki‡e;
2. iwnZ wb‡`©kwU kviÔqx n‡e A_©vr AvKjx (eyw×e„wËK) n‡e bv;
3. iwnZKvix wb‡`©kwU iwnZ wb‡`©k †_‡K c…_K nq|
 43
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 85
GLb GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ †`kvš—‡ii wb‡`©k ewa©Z Kiv g~jZ 'GKkZ
†eÎvNv‡Zi gv‡S mxgve× _vKv'i wb‡`©k‡K iwnZ K‡i Ges iwnZKvix wb‡`©kwU
iwnZ wb‡`©k n‡Z c…_KI e‡U, Z‡e GwU †Kvb kviÔqx wb‡`©k‡K iwnZ Ki‡Q bv
eis GKwU eyw×e„wËK wb‡`©kbv‡K iwnZ Ki‡Q| †Kbbv, GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi
wb‡`©‡ki gv‡S 'GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi gv‡S mxgve× _vKv'i wb‡`©kwU kviÔqx †Kvb
`wjj Øviv mve¨¯— bq; eis AvKjxfv‡e mve¨¯—| ZvB GwU bvm&L wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ
n‡e bv (Al-Rāzī ND, 3/375)|
Bgvgyj nvivgvBb Avãyj-gvwjK Avj-RyIqvBbx (419-478 wn.) in. dLi“Ïxb
Avi-ivhx in.-Gi mv‡_ m½wZc~Y© ev cÖvq KvQvKvwQ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z-
†Kvb wb‡`©km¤^wjZ bvm& hw` Av¶wiK Ges gg©MZ Dfq we‡ePbvq, H wb‡`©‡ki
gv‡S mxgve× _vKvi `vwe iv‡L, Z‡e GB †kªwYi bvm&-Gi Ici ewa©ZKiY c~‡e©i
weav‡bi bvmL wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
c¶vš—‡i hw` wb‡`©kwU ïaygvÎ evwn¨K we‡ePbvq mxgve×Zvi `vwe K‡i, Z‡e
Ggb wb‡`©‡ki Ici ewa©ZKiY bvm&L wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e bv (Imām al-
Haramain 1399H, 2/1309)|
Bgvgyj nvivgvB‡bi gZvgZwU Avi-ivhxi kviÕqx `wjj I AvKjx `wjj'-Gi
e¨vL¨v wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Bgvg Avey-nvwg` Avj-Mvhvjx (450-505 wn.) in. Avevi wfbœ wZbwU kZ©v‡ivc
K‡i‡Qb| g~jZ wZwb cy‡iv welqwU‡K wfbœ GKwU `…wó‡KvY †_‡K we‡ePbvq
wb‡q‡Qb| Zvi g‡Z-
1) ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ bq Ggb `ywU wb‡`©k, †hgb bvgv‡hi wb‡`©k _vKvKvjxb
†ivhvi wb‡`©k Rvwi Kiv, ci¯ú‡ii Rb¨ bvm&L wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e bv|
2) ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ Awe‡”Q`¨fv‡e m¤úK©hy³ `ywU wb‡`©k, †hgb dR‡ii `yB
ivKÔAvZ bvgv‡hi mv‡_ AviI `yB ivKÔAvZ bvgvh e…w× K‡i Pvi ivKAvZ Kiv|
G‡¶‡Î Pvi ivKÔAv‡Zi wb‡`©kwU `yB ivKÔAv‡Zi wb‡`©k‡K iwnZKvix wn‡m‡e
we‡ewPZ n‡e|
GLv‡b Awe‡”Q`¨iƒ‡c m¤úK©hy³ ej‡Z bZyb Pvi ivKAv‡Zi wb‡`©k‡K c~e©eZ©x
`yB + bZyb `yB wn‡m‡e bq, eis GKK msL¨v Pvi wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv n‡e| ewY©Z
`yB Ae¯’vi †¶‡Î Bgvg Mvhvjx iM. BgvgM‡Yi BRgv nIqvi `vweI K‡i‡Qb|
3) Z…Zxq Ae¯’vwU cÖ_g `yB Ae¯’vi gvSvgvwS A_©vr wb‡`©k`ywU ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³
n‡e; Z‡e Awe‡”Q`¨ n‡e bv| GB †kªwYi ewa©ZKiYI bvm&L bq (Al-
86 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
Ghazālī1993, 2/70)| †hgb, GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ †`kvš—‡ii wb‡`©k
mshy³ Kiv| Zvi wbKU GwU 'GKkZ †eÎvNvZ' + 'GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i'
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| ZvB GwU bvm&L bq| GLv‡bB nvbvdx Dm~jwe`‡`i mv‡_
gZwfbœZv cwijw¶Z nq| †Kbbv, c~‡e©B D‡j­L Kiv n‡q‡Q, nvbvdx Dm~jwe`‡`i
wbKU ûKyKyj­vn Z_v Bev`vZ, û`~` Ges Kvddvivi †¶‡Î †Kvb weavb wefvR¨ nq
bv| A_©vr ewY©Z †¶‡Î cy‡iv wb‡`©kwU GKwU wb‡`©k A_©vr 'GKkZ †eÎvNvZ I
GK eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—i' wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| hv Bgvg Mvhvjxi 2q Ae¯’vi
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| AZGe, GwU bvm&L wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
Le‡i Avnv` Øviv KyiAvb‡K 'bvm&L' ev iwnZ Kiv
mKj Bgvg G wel‡q GKgZ †h, Le‡i Avnv` Øviv KyiAvb‡K 'bvm&L' ev
iwnZKiY ˆea bq| †h‡nZy Av‡jvwPZ gvm'Avjvq nvbvdx Dm~jwe`‡`i `…wó‡Z
'whqv`vZy Avjvb-bvm&' 'bvm&L' wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ, ZvB Zviv ewY©Z †¶‡Î nv`xm
Øviv `wjj MÖn‡Y wØgZ †cvlY K‡i‡Qb| c¶vš—‡i gyZvKvwjøgxb Dm~jwe`‡`i
`…wó‡Z, †h‡nZy ewY©Z †¶‡Î 'bvm&L' n‡”Q bv, ZvB Zviv nv`xm Øviv `wjj MÖnY
K‡i KyiAv‡b ewY©Z GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ nv`x‡m ewY©Z GK eQ‡ii Rb¨
†`kvš—i‡K nÏ -Gi Aš—f©y³ K‡i‡Qb|
e¨wfPvwiYxi Rb¨ †`kvš—i
Rygûi dvKxnMY †`kvš—i nÏ nevi c‡¶ HKgZ¨ †cvlY Ki‡jI bvixivI GB
wb‡`©‡ki Aš—f©y³ wK-bv, †m welq wfbœ gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb (Al-Qurtubī
2006, 6/147; Al-Sābūnī 2007, 2/19)|
Bgvg gvwjK in. bvix‡`i †`kvš—‡ii wec‡¶ gZvgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| Bgvg
mvnbyb in. Gi m~‡Î Bgvg gvwjK in. n‡Z ewY©Z "bvix I `vm`vmxi Rb¨
†`kvš—i bq"| Bgvg KyiZyex in.I Zuvi Zvdmx‡i Bgvg gvwjK in.-Gi bvix‡`i
†`kvš—‡ii wec‡¶ gZ †`qvi K_v D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb (Al-Tanūkhī 1324H,
16/37; Al-Qurtubī 2006, 6/147)| Bgvg gvwjK in-Gi AbymvixMYI GB
g‡Zi cÖwZ mg_©b cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Avj­vgv Ljxj Zvi gyLZvmv‡i ïaygvÎ
¯^vaxb cyi“l‡`i †`kvš—wiZ nIqv (Khalīl 1981, 286), Bgvg Kvivdx Ges
Be‡b i“k` in. DfqB bvix‡`i †`kvš—wiZ bv Kivi K_v D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb (Al-
Qarāfī 2006, 12/88; Ibn Rushd al-Hafīd 1415H, 4/379)|
Bgvg kvwdÔqx in. bvix‡`i †`kvš—wiZ nevi c‡¶ gZ †cvlY K‡ib (Al-
ShāfiÔī 2001, 7/337-340)| Bgvg gyhvbx I Bgvg Mvhvjx in. bvix-cyi“‡li
gv‡S †Kvb cv_©K¨ K‡ibwb (Al-Muzanī 1998, 342; Al-Ghazālī 1997,

Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb
2/167)| Bgvg befx Ges Bgvgyj-nvivgvBb Avj-RyIqvBbx in. ¯úó K‡iB
e¨wfPvwiYxi †`kvš—wiZ nevi K_v D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb| †hgb Bgvg befx in.-Gi
fvlvq "G †¶‡Î (†eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i) bvixcyi“l mgvb" Ges Bgvg RyIqvBbx
in.-Gi fvlvq "AZtci ¯^vaxb bvix, AweevwnZ Ae¯’vq e¨wfPvi Kivi Aciv‡a
†mI †`kvš—wiZ n‡e", (Al-Nawawī 1991, 1/86; Imām al-Haramain
2008, 17/180)|
Bgvg Avngv` web nv¤^vj in. Gi Abymvix‡`i g‡a¨ Be‡b Ky`vgvn Bgvg gvwjK
in.-Gi gZvgZ‡K AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ges †hŠw³K wn‡m‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb,
(Ibn Qudāmah 1997, 12/322-323) hw`I Avj-Kvdx'‡Z wZwb Bgvg
Avngv` web nv¤^vj in.-Gi wm×vš— bvix‡`i †`kvš—wiZ nevi c‡¶ _vKvi K_v
D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb (Ibn Qudāmah 1994, 4/95)| Bgvg Avj-wgi`vex in. GUvB
gvhnv‡ei wm×vš— wn‡m‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb (Al-Mardāwī 1955, 10/173)|
e¨wfPvwiYxi †`kvš—wiZ nevi c‡¶ gZvgZ cÖ`vbKvixMY nv`x‡mi e¨vcKZv
A_©vr bvixcyi“‡li gv‡S cv_©K¨ bv Kiv‡K hyw³ wn‡m‡e D‡j­L K‡i‡Qb|
c¶vš—‡i Gi wec‡¶ Ae¯’vbKvix, we‡kl K‡i Bgvg gvwjK in. I Zuvi
Abymvixiv G‡¶‡Î wZbwU welq‡K we‡kl we‡ePbvq G‡b‡Qb| cÖ_gZ, bvix‡`i
GKvKx åg‡Y ivm~jyj­vn m. Gi wb‡lavÁv|8 wØZxqZ, hw` gvnivgmn Zv‡K
wbe©vm‡b cvVv‡bv nq †m †¶‡Î D³ gvnivg cyi“l Acivax bv n‡qI kvw¯— †fvM
Kiv Ges e¨wfPvwiYxi Dci Zvi m½x gvnivg cyi“‡li e¨qfvi Ac©Y Kivi
gva¨‡g kixqv‡Z ewY©Z kvw¯— (†eÎvNvZ I †`kvš—i)-Gi Dci AwZwi³ kvw¯—
Z_v A_©`ÊÉ Ac©Y Kiv| Z…ZxqZ, kixq‡Zi g~j D‡Ïk¨ A_©vr wdZbv †_‡K
mgvR‡K i¶v ûgwKi gy‡L cov| †Kbbv, e¨wfPvwiYx‡K wbe©vm‡b †cÖiY Zv‡K
AviI †ewk wdZbvq Rov‡bvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qvi m¤¢vebv ˆZix K‡iÉ|
Dcmsnvi
nÏ Bmjvgx wePvie¨e¯’vi Awe‡”Q`¨ Ges AwZ ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU Abyl½|
GKvi‡YB cÖ‡Z¨K gyRZvwn` Bgvg welqwU‡Z Mfxifv‡e g‡bvwb‡ek K‡i‡Qb|
†Póv K‡i‡Qb Bmjvgx kixqvi Av‡jv‡K n‡Ïi GKwU iƒc‡iLv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z|
hw`I GLv‡b GKvwaK gZvgZ cÖKvk †c‡q‡Q, ZeyI mevi gZvg‡Zi w`‡K `…wó
w`‡j `ywU welq cÖZxqgvb nq †h, cÖ_gZ, hviv †`kvš—i‡K nÏ nevi c‡¶
8
ivm~jyj­vn m. e‡jb, ‫ ﻻ ﺴﺎﻓﺮ اﳌﺮأة ﻳﻮﻣ ن إﻻ ﻣﻌ ﺎ زوﺟ ﺎ أو ذو ﻣﺤﺮم‬ÔÔ†Kvb bvix †hb Zvi ¯^vgx
A_ev gvnivg m½xÉ Qvov `yw`b mdi bv K‡i" (Al-Bukhārī, 1197; Muslim, 1341)|
44
87 88 Bmjvgx AvBb I wePvi
e‡j‡Qb, Zviv n‡Ïi ¸i“Z¡ I Bmjvgx kixqvq Gi Ae¯’v‡bi K_v we‡ePbvq
wb‡q Ggb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU weav‡bi †¶‡Î †Kvbfv‡eB †Kvb Ask ev` bv c‡o
hvIqvi cÖwZ `…wó w`‡q‡Qb| wØZxqZ, hviv †`kvš—i‡K nÏ bv nevi c‡¶
e‡j‡Qb, ZvivI n‡Ïi ¸i“Z¡ I Bmjvgx kixqvq Gi Ae¯’v‡bi K_v we‡ePbvq
wb‡q, Ggb ¸i“Z¡c~Y© GKwU weav‡bi †¶‡Î c~Y©gvÎvq kixqvZ wba©vwiZ weavb
ev¯—evwqZ nIqv wbwðZ Kiv‡K ¸i“Z¡ w`‡q‡Qb| GgZve¯’vq `ywU gZvg‡Zi
g‡a¨ mgš^q Kiv Kómva¨| ZeyI gymwjg D¤§vni wewkó e¨w³MY †Póv K‡i‡Qb
welqwUi GKwU mgvavb cÖ`v‡b|
g~jZ Bmjvgx kixqvq n‡Ïi ms‡e`bkxjZv we‡ePbvq wb‡j Ges Ggb GKwU
ms‡e`bkxj wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î meai‡bi mskq †_‡K gy³ †_‡K
GKwU me©m¤§Z wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv‡K ¸i“Z¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡j ewY©Z gvmÕAvjvq
†`kvš—i‡K nÏ bq eis Zvhxi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvB AMÖMY¨ nq| A_©vr-
1. mvaviYfv‡e GKkZ †eÎvNvZ‡KB nÏ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kiv n‡e| Z‡e
2. Acivaxi wewfbœZv we‡ePbvq wb‡q AwaKZi AcivaÉcÖeY Acivax‡`i
†¶‡Î Ges
3. †Kvb A‡j ewY©Z AcivawU gvÎvwZwi³ nv‡i e„w× †c‡j, A_ev
4. Dc‡i ewY©Z Ae¯’vØq Gi mv‡_ mv`…k¨c~Y© Ab¨ †h †Kvb Ae¯’vq †hLv‡b
wePviK Aciva `g‡b kvw¯—i gvÎv e„w× Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Abyfe Ki‡j
†`kvš—i‡K Zvhxi wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvq wb‡q GKkZ †eÎvNv‡Zi mv‡_ GK
eQ‡ii Rb¨ †`kvš—‡ii kvw¯— cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GgZve¯’vq KyiAvb‡K
nÏ mve¨¯—Kvix, Ges mybœvn‡K Zvhxi mve¨¯—Kvix wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i wKZve
I mybœvn Gi gv‡S mgš^q mvab Kiv m¤¢e nq| mgKvjxb AvwjgM‡Yi g‡a¨
kvBL Avj­vgv mvBqvm Ges Avm-mveybx cÖgyL AvwjgMYI `ywU g‡Zi gv‡S
mgš^q mva‡bi cÖwZ mngZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
†bvU :
ÒBmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb : GKwU ZvwË¡K
ch©v‡jvPbvÓ kxl©K cÖe‡Ü Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—i m¤ú‡K©
cÖvPxb dvKxnM‡Yi gZcv_©K¨ Ges Gi g~j KviYwU wek`fv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv
n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b †`kxq I Avš—R©vwZK cwiw¯’wZ‡Z GB AvB‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv
KZUzKz Av‡Q Ges _vK‡j Gi ¯^iƒc Kx? Zv G cÖe‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqwb|
welqwU GKwU ¯^Zš¿ M‡elYvi `vwe iv‡L| Avgiv cieZ©x †Kvb msL¨vq G
welqwU m¤ú‡K© GKwU c~Y©v½ cÖeÜ cÖKv‡ki †Póv Ki‡ev, BbkvAvj­vn|
- m¤úv`bv cwil`
 45
Bmjv‡g e¨wfPv‡ii kvw¯— wn‡m‡e †`kvš—‡ii AvBbMZ Ae¯’vb 89
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