IMPORTANT CONCEPTS:

RELATION 𝑨= 𝟏, 𝟐 , 𝟑, 𝟒 , (𝟓, 𝟔)
- is a set of ordered pairs. The domain of the relation
is the set of first coordinates. The range is the set of the
second coordinates.
FUNCTION 𝑩= 𝟎, 𝟏 , 𝟏, 𝟐 , (𝟑, 𝟒)
- is a relation in which each element of the domain
corresponds to exactly one element of the range. A
function can be named using any letter of the English
alphabet.
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
- A function is a relation defined as a set of ordered
pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have
the same first element (𝑥) ; that is, every value of 𝑥
corresponds to a unique value of 𝑦.

Examples: Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a

function or not.
1. 𝑓 = 0,1 , 2, −5 , 4, −9 , 6, −13 FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
- A function is a relation defined as a set of ordered
pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have
the same first element (𝑥) ; that is, every value of 𝑥
corresponds to a unique value of 𝑦.

Examples: Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a

function or not.
2. 𝑅 = 𝑎, 0 , 𝑏, −1 , 𝑐, 0 , 𝑑, −1 FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
- A function is a relation defined as a set of ordered
pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have
the same first element (𝑥) ; that is, every value of 𝑥
corresponds to a unique value of 𝑦.

Examples: Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a

function or not.
3. 𝑔 = 5, −10 , 25, −75 , (50, −100) NEITHER
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
A. SET OF ORDERED PAIRS
- A function is a relation defined as a set of ordered
pairs (𝑥, 𝑦) where no two or more distinct ordered pairs have
the same first element (𝑥) ; that is, every value of 𝑥
corresponds to a unique value of 𝑦.

Examples: Determine whether each set of ordered pairs is a

function or not.
4. 𝑇 = −2,0 , −1,1 , 0,1 , −2,2 NOT FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
B. Table of Values
-is commonly observed when describing a function.
This shows the correspondence between a set of values of x
and a set of values of y in tabular form.
Examples: Determine whether each table of values is a
function or not.
𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
1. FUNCTION
𝐲 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟒 −𝟓
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
B. Table of Values
-is commonly observed when describing a function.
This shows the correspondence between a set of values of x
and a set of values of y in tabular form.
Examples: Determine whether each table of values is a
function or not.
𝐱 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎 −𝟐
2. NOT FUNCTION
𝐲 𝟎 𝟐 −𝟑 𝟎 𝟏
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
B. Table of Values
-is commonly observed when describing a function.
This shows the correspondence between a set of values of x
and a set of values of y in tabular form.
Examples: Determine whether each table of values is a
function or not.

3.
𝐱 𝟎 −𝟏 −𝟐 −𝟑 −𝟒
FUNCTION
𝐲 𝟒 𝟑 𝟐 𝟏 𝟎
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
B. Table of Values
-is commonly observed when describing a function.
This shows the correspondence between a set of values of x
and a set of values of y in tabular form.
Examples: Determine whether each table of values is a
function or not.
𝐱 𝟏𝟎 −𝟗 𝟖 𝟗 𝟏𝟎 NOT FUNCTION
4.
𝐲 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

C. MAPPING DIAGRAM
-A function can also be expressed as a
correspondence or mapping of two non-empty sets.
 Examples:
Determine whether each mapping diagram is a function or
not.
1. ONE TO ONE

FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each mapping diagram is a function or
not.
2. MANY TO ONE

FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each mapping diagram is a function or
not.
3. ONE TO MANY

NOT FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each mapping diagram is a function or
not.
4. MANY TO MANY

NOT FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS

D. GRAPHING
- Given a graph, we can use the vertical line
test to determine whether it represents a function

Vertical Line Test

-A graph in the xy-plane is a function if and
only if no vertical line intersects the graph in more
than one point.
 Examples:
Determine whether each graph is a function or not.
1.

FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each graph is a function or not.
2.

NOT FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each graph is a function or not.
3.

FUNCTION
 Examples:
Determine whether each graph is a function or not.
4.

NOT FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
E. EQUATION
-It is relatively easy to determine whether an
equation is a function by solving for y. When you are
given an equation and a specific value for x, there
should only be one corresponding y-value for that x-
value.
Examples: Determine whether each equation is a function
or not.
1. 𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
E. EQUATION
-It is relatively easy to determine whether an
equation is a function by solving for y. When you are
given an equation and a specific value for x, there
should only be one corresponding y-value for that x-
value.
Examples: Determine whether each equation is a function
or not.
2.𝒚 = 𝟑𝒙 NOT FUNCTION
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
E. EQUATION
-It is relatively easy to determine whether an
equation is a function by solving for y. When you are
given an equation and a specific value for x, there
should only be one corresponding y-value for that x-
value.
Examples: Determine whether each equation is a function
or not.
𝟑
3.𝒚 = FUNCTION
𝒙−𝟒
 REPRESENTATIONS OF FUNCTIONS
E. EQUATION
-It is relatively easy to determine whether an
equation is a function by solving for y. When you are
given an equation and a specific value for x, there
should only be one corresponding y-value for that x-
value.
Examples: Determine whether each equation is a function
or not.
4.𝒚 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 NOT FUNCTION
FUNCTION
NOTATION
 FUNCTION NOTATION
In the given figure, the
Functions are
letter “𝑓” is used to name 𝒙
usually
the expressed
function. The input is
in equation
represented form.
by “𝑥” and the
The equation
output by “ 𝑓(𝑥)form
”. The 𝒇(𝒙)
of a notation
special function𝑓(𝑥),isread
“𝑓 of in𝑥”aorspecial
written
as “𝑓 at 𝑥”,
represents
notation. the value of the
function at 𝑥.
 EXAMPLES:
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏𝟎

INPUT 𝒙 −𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟐
𝒇(𝒙) 8 10 12 14 OUTPUT
 EXAMPLES:
2. 𝐠 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏𝟐

INPUT 𝒙 −𝟒 𝟐 𝟒 𝟓
𝒇(𝒙) -24 -6 0 3 OUTPUT
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
-are functions defined by more than one
sub-functions where each sub-function has a
particular domain.
EXAMPLES:
𝟒 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < −𝟏
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = ቊ
𝒙−𝟐 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ −𝟏
 PIECEWISE FUNCTIONS
-are functions defined by more than one
sub-functions where each sub-function has a
particular domain.
EXAMPLES:
𝒙−𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 −𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝟒
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏

a. 𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟐(𝟎)𝟐 −(𝟎) + 𝟏

=𝟐 𝟎 +𝟏
=𝟎+𝟏

𝒇(𝟎) = 𝟏
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏

b. 𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟐(−𝟏)𝟐 −(−𝟏) + 𝟏

=𝟐 𝟏 +𝟏+𝟏
=𝟐+𝟐

𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟒
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏
𝟐
c. 𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟐(𝟑) −(𝟑) + 𝟏
=𝟐 𝟗 −𝟑+𝟏
= 𝟏𝟖 − 𝟐

𝒇(𝟑) = 𝟏𝟔
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

a.𝒇(−𝟐𝒂) = (−𝟐𝒂)𝟐 −𝟐

𝒇(−𝟐𝒂) = 𝟒𝒂𝟐 − 𝟐
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐
𝟐
b. 𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) = (𝒂 + 𝟏) −𝟐
= (𝒂 + 𝟏)(𝒂 + 𝟏) − 𝟐
= 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 + 𝟏 − 𝟐
𝒇(𝒂 + 𝟏) = 𝒂𝟐 + 𝟐𝒂 − 𝟏
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
2. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐

c. 𝒇(−𝟐) = (−𝟐)𝟐 −𝟐
=𝟒−𝟐
𝒇(−𝟐) = 𝟐
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
3. Evaluate each function when 𝒙 = −𝟏.

a. 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙 − 𝟐
𝒇 −𝟏 = −𝟏 − 𝟐
= −𝟑

𝒇(−𝟏) = 𝟑
 Example : Evaluate the following functions.
3. Evaluate each function when 𝒙 = −𝟏.
b. 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐

𝒈 −𝟏 = 𝟑 + (−𝟏)𝟐

= 𝟑+𝟏
= 𝟒
𝒈(−𝟏) = ±𝟐
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.

𝒙+𝟓 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < −𝟐
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = ቊ
−𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ −𝟐
a. 𝒇(𝟑)
𝒇(𝒙) = −𝒙
𝒇(𝟑) = −𝟑
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.

𝒙+𝟓 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < −𝟐
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = ቊ
−𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ −𝟐
b. 𝒇(−𝟒)
𝒇 𝒙 =𝒙+𝟓
𝒇 −𝟒 = −𝟒 + 𝟓
𝒇 −𝟒 = 𝟏
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.

𝒙+𝟓 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 < −𝟐
1. 𝒇 𝒙 = ቊ
−𝒙 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≥ −𝟐
c. 𝒇(−𝟐)
𝒇 𝒙 = −𝒙
𝒇 −𝟐 = −(−𝟐)
𝒇 −𝟐 = 𝟐
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.
𝒙−𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
2. 𝒈 𝒙 = ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 −𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝟒
a. 𝒈(−𝟏)
𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒈 −𝟏 = 𝟐 −𝟏 − 𝟏
= −𝟐 − 𝟏
𝒈(−𝟏) = −𝟑
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.
𝒙−𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
2. 𝒈 𝒙 = ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 −𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝟒
b. 𝒈(−𝟒)
𝒈 𝒙 =𝒙−𝟏
𝒈 −𝟒 = −𝟒 − 𝟏
= −𝟒 − 𝟏
𝒈(−𝟒) = −𝟓
 Example : Evaluate the following piecewise functions.
𝒙−𝟏 𝒊𝒇 𝒙 ≤ −𝟐
2. 𝒈 𝒙 = ቐ 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒊𝒇 −𝟐 < 𝒙 ≤ 𝟒
−𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖 𝒊𝒇 𝒙>𝟒
c. 𝒈(𝟓)
𝒈 𝒙 = −𝟑𝒙 + 𝟖
𝒈 𝟓 = −𝟑 𝟓 + 𝟖
= −𝟏𝟓 + 𝟖
𝒈(𝟓) = −𝟕
OPERATIONS ON
FUNCTIONS
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 are functions.
A. The sum 𝒇 + 𝒈 is defined as:
𝒇 + 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙)
B. The difference 𝒇 − 𝒈 is defined as:
𝒇 − 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈(𝒙)
 OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 are functions.
C. The product 𝒇 ∙ 𝒈 is defined as:
𝒇 ∙ 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒇
D. The quotient is defined as:
𝒈
𝒇 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒙 = where 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒈 𝒈(𝒙)
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
1. Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , find:

a. (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇 𝒙 + 𝒈(𝒙)
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐

= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , find:

b. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇 𝒙 − 𝒈(𝒙)
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐

= −𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , find:

c. (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇 𝒙 ∙ 𝒈(𝒙)
= 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝟑𝒙𝟐 )
= 𝟔𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
Let 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 , find:
𝑓 𝒇(𝒙)
d. (𝒙) =
𝑔 𝒈(𝒙)

𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
=
𝟑𝒙𝟐
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
𝒙+𝟏 𝟑𝒙
2. Let 𝒇 𝒙 = and 𝒈 𝒙 = , find:
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
a. (𝒇 + 𝒈)(𝟏) = 𝒇 𝟏 + 𝒈(𝟏)
𝟏+𝟏 𝟑(𝟏)
= +
𝟏+𝟐 𝟏−𝟐
𝟐 𝟑 𝟐 +(−𝟗) 𝟕
= + = =−
𝟑 −𝟏 𝟑 𝟑
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
𝒙+𝟏 𝟑𝒙
2. Let 𝒇 𝒙 = and 𝒈 𝒙 = , find:
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
b. (𝒇 − 𝒈)(𝟎) = 𝒇 𝟎 − 𝒈(𝟎)
𝟎+𝟏 𝟑(𝟎)
= −
𝟎+𝟐 𝟎−𝟐
𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏
= − = −𝟎 =
𝟐 −𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
𝒙+𝟏 𝟑𝒙
2. Let 𝒇 𝒙 = and 𝒈 𝒙 = , find:
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
c. (𝒇 ∙ 𝒈)(−𝟏) = 𝒇 −𝟏 ∙ 𝒈(−𝟏)
−𝟏 + 𝟏 𝟑(−𝟏)
=
−𝟏 + 𝟐 −𝟏 − 𝟐
𝟎 −𝟑
= = (𝟎)(𝟏) = 𝟎
𝟏 −𝟑
 EXAMPLES: Apply the four operations on
functions.
𝒙+𝟏 𝟑𝒙
2. Let 𝒇 𝒙 = and 𝒈 𝒙 = , find:
𝒙+𝟐 𝒙−𝟐
𝑓 𝒇(𝟑)
d. (𝟑)=
𝑔 𝒈(𝟑)
𝟑+𝟏 𝟒
𝟒 𝟏 𝟒
= 𝟑+𝟐 = 𝟓 = ∙ =
(𝟑)(𝟑) 𝟗 𝟓 𝟗 𝟒𝟓
𝟑−𝟐 𝟏
COMPOSITION OF
FUNCTIONS
 COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS

Let 𝒇 and 𝒈 be
functions. The composition of
functions 𝒈 with 𝒇, denoted by
(𝒈 ∘ 𝒇) and is read as “𝒈 circle
𝒇 ”, is the new function
resulted by performing 𝒇 first
then, performing 𝒈 on the
result of 𝒇.
𝒈∘𝒇 𝒙 =𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
 Examples: Evaluate the following functions.

1. If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find:
a. (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝒙) = 𝒇 𝒈 𝒙
= 𝒇(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)
= (𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 −𝟐(𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏)
= (𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏) − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐
= 𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏 − 𝟔𝒙 − 𝟐
= 𝟗𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
 Examples: Evaluate the following functions.

1. If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find:
b. (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(𝒙) = 𝒈 𝒇 𝒙
= 𝒈(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙)
= 𝟑(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙) + 𝟏
= 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟏
 Examples: Evaluate the following functions.

1. If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find:
c. (𝒇 ∘ 𝒈)(𝟏) = 𝒇 𝒈 𝟏
= 𝒇(𝟑(𝟏) + 𝟏)
= 𝒇(𝟒)
= (𝟒)𝟐 −𝟐(𝟒)
= 𝟏𝟔 − 𝟖
=𝟖
 Examples: Evaluate the following functions.

1. If 𝒇 𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 and 𝒈 𝒙 = 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟏, find:
d. (𝒈 ∘ 𝒇)(−𝟏) = 𝒈 𝒇 −𝟏
𝟐
= 𝒈( −𝟏 − 𝟐(−𝟏))
= 𝒈(𝟏 + 𝟐)
= 𝒈(𝟑)
= 𝟑(𝟑) + 𝟏
=𝟗+𝟏
= 𝟏𝟎
 THANKS
FOR
LISTENING!
☺☺☺