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Slides 01 LaunchingPad CellBiology
Slides 01 LaunchingPad CellBiology
An Introduction to Cells
System of organs
Organ
Tissue Organism
Cell
Population
Cell
Organelles
Community
Each level of complexity
Biosphere builds upon the previous level
Molecule
Biome Ecosystem
Atom
The Relative Size of Life
How Tiny Does It Get?
Red Pollen
Flu virus blood cell
C60
Mitochondria Animal cell
Protein frog
egg
Atom Human
egg
Bacteria Plant cell
Lipids
0.1 nm 1 nm 10 nm 100 nm 1 µm 10 µm 100 µm 1 mm
Ribosomes
Chromosome/
Nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Cell wall
Flagellum
Although both may have flagella or cilia, they are constructed differently.
Prokaryotic Cells
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular
Cell Types
Cell wall
Three Forms
Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic vs. Non-Cellular
Protein Capsid
Nucleic acid
Envelope
Prions
Response Effector
Move system Causes changes
towards set point to compensate
for deviation
Negative feedback
( )
Stimulus Sensor Integrating Center
Deviation from Constantly monitors Compares
set point conditions conditions to a set
point based on a
desired value
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Negative feedback
keeps most systems in balance!
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Stimulus
Body temperature
deviates from set
point
Integrating Center
Set point = 37 °C
Effector Neurons in hypo- Effector
If below set point thalamus compare If above set point
• Blood vessels to input from sensory
• Blood vessels
skin contract neurons with set
to skin dilate
• Muscles contract point
• Glands release
shiver sweat
Homeostasis
Negative Feedback
Stimulus
Room temperature Body temperature
changes from set deviates from set
point point
Integrating Center
Set point = 70 °F Set point = 37 °C
Effector Thermostat compares Hypothalamus Effector
If below set point temperature with set neurons compare If above set point
point input from sensory
• AC turns off • Blood vessels • AC turns on • Blood vessels
neurons with set point
• Furnace turns on to • Furnace to skin dilate
skin contract turns off • Glands release
• Muscles contract, sweat
shiver
Homeostasis
Positive Feedback
Stimulus
Fetus is pushed against uterine
opening
Response
Oxytocin causes
Sensor ( + ) Positive feedback loop increased uterine
Receptors in the inferior uterus completed results in contractions
detect increased stretch increased force against
inferior uterus (cervix)
Effector
promoting the birth of
the baby If above set point
Integrating Center
Pituitary gland is
Brain receives stretch information stimulated to increase
from uterus and compares it with secretion of oxytocin
the set point
Learning Outcomes
Now You Are Able to: