Chapter 02+03_Summary

2.1.Derivatives and Rates of Change

f a  h  f a f  x  f a
The derivative of a function f at a number a, denoted by f’(a), is: f   a   lim or f   a   lim .
h0 h x a xa
Application:
1/ Tangent line (Δ) equation at M  x0 , y0    C  : y  f  x  :    : y  f '  x0  x  x0   f  x0  .

1
2/ Normal line:  d  : y  k  x  x0   f  x0  with k 
f   x0 

3/ The velocity problem: a  t   v  t   s   t  .

2.2. The Derivative as a Function

f a  h  f a
In the preceding section, we considered the derivative of a function f at a fixed number a: f   a   lim
h0 h
f  x  h  f  x
If we replace a in Equation 1 by a variable x, we obtain: f   x   lim
h0 h
dy df d
Other notations: f '( x)  y '    f ( x)  Df ( x)  Dx f ( x)
dx dx dx
d  dy  d 2 y dny
Higher derivatives:  f    f  or   . General: y  f ( x)  n .
(n) (n)

dx  dx  dx 2 dx
Theorem 1: A function f is differentiable at a if f’(a) exists.
It is differentiable on an open interval D if it is differentiable at every number in the interval D.
Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02
Theorem 2: If f is differentiable at a, then f is continuous at a.
Note that: This theorem states that, if f is not continuous at a, then f is not differentiable at a.
2.3. Differentiation Formulas
1. cf  '  cf ' 2a. f  g  '  f ' g ' 2b. f  g  '  f ' g '

'
 f  gf ' fg '
3. fg  '  fg ' gf ' 4.  
g g2

5.
d
dx
c  0 6a.
d n
dx
 x   nx n1 6b.
d
dx
 x   21x 6c.
d 1 1
  2
dx  x  x

7.
d x
dx
e   ex 8.
d
dx
 ln x  
1
x
d d d 1 d 1
9a.
dx
 sin x   cos x 9b.
dx
 cos x    sin x 10a.
dx
 tan x  
cos 2 x
10b.
dx
 cot x    2
sin x
 The chain rule: If g  x  is differentiable at x and f f  x  is differentiable at g  x  , the composite function

h x   f g  x  is differentiable at x and h  x  is given by the product: h '  x   f   g  x   .g '  x  .

dy dy du
In Leibniz notation, if y  f  u  and u  g  x  are both differentiable functions, then:  . .
dx du dx
 Implicit differentiation:
Rule: This consists of differentiating both sides of the equation with respect to x and then solving the resulting
equation for y’.

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02

2.4. Related Rates:
Exercise 1:
Each side of a square is increasing at a rate of 6 cm/s. At what rate is the area of the square increasing when the area of the
square is ?
Exercise 2:
The length of a rectangle is increasing at a rate of 8 cm/s and its width is increasing at a rate of 3 cm/s. When the length is
20 cm and the width is 10 cm, how fast is the area of the rectangle increasing ?
Exercise 3:
Air is being pumped into a spherical balloon so that its volume increases at a rate of 100 cm3/s. How fast is the radius of the
balloon increasing when the diameter is 50 cm ?
Exercise 4:
A cylindrical tank with radius 5 m is being filled with water at a rate of 3 m3/s . How fast is the height of the water
increasing ?
2.5. Linear Approximations and Differentials:
The approximation f  x   L  x   f  a   f   a  x  a  is called the linear approximation of f at a .

3.1. Maximum and minimum

 Distinguish local maximum ( local minimum ) and absolute maximum ( absolute minimum )
Note: 1/ absolute maximum = global maximum.
2/ The maximum and minimum values of f are called the extreme values of f.
 Theorem ( Fermat’s theorem ):If f has a local maximum or minimum at c, and if f ’(c) exists, then f ’(c) = 0.
Note: ” f’(c)=0 if f has local extreme value at c.”: FALSE.

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02

 First derivative test
Suppose that c is a critical number of a continuous function f.
a/ If f’ changes from positive to negative at c, then f has a local maximum at c.
b/ If f’ changes from negative to positive at c, then f has a local minimum at c.
Second derivative test.
Suppose f’’ is continuous near c.
a/ If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) > 0, then f has a local minimum at c.
b/ If f’(c) = 0 and f’’(c) < 0, then f has a local maximum at c.
 Theorem
If f is continuous on a closed interval [a, b], then f attains an absolute maximum value f(c) and an absolute
minimum value f(d) at some numbers c and d in [a, b].
Closed interval method:
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on a closed interval [a, b]:
1/ Find the values of f at the critical numbers of f in (a, b).
2/ Find the values of f at the endpoints of the interval.
3/ The largest value from 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value. The smallest is the absolute minimum value.
 Critical numbers (giá trị tới hạn) : either f ’(c) = 0 or f ’(c) does not exist.
3.2. Mean value theorem
Rolle’s theorem: Let f be a function that satisfies the following three hypotheses:
1/ f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b]. 2/ f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b). 3/ f(a) = f(b).
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that f’(c) = 0.
Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02
Mean value theorem: Let f be a function that fulfills two hypotheses:
a/ f is continuous on the closed interval [a, b].
b/ f is differentiable on the open interval (a, b).
f (b)  f (a)
Then, there is a number c in (a, b) such that f '(c)  or, equivalently, f (b)  f (a)  f '(c)(b  a ) .
ba
3.3. Derivates and the shapes of Graphs
 Increasing/Decreasing test (I/D test)
a/ If f’(x) > 0 on an interval, then f is increasing on that interval.
b/ If f’(x) < 0 on an interval, then f is decreasing on that interval.
 Concave upward/ downward
Concavity test
a/ If f   x   0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave upward on I.

b/ If f   x   0 for all x in I, then the graph of f is concave downward on I.

Inflection point
A point P on a curve y = f(x) is called an inflection point (điểm uốn) if f is continuous there and the curve changes
from concave upward to concave downward (or from concave downward to concave upward at P).
3.5. Optimization Problems
Exercise 1:
a/ Find two positive numbers such that the sum is 24 and the product is the largest ?
b/ Find two positive numbers such that the product is 36 and the sum is the smallest ?
Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02
Exercise 2:
A farmer has 2400 ft of fencing and wants to fence off a rectangular field that borders a straight river. He needs no fence
along the river. What are the dimensions of the field that has the largest area ?
Exercise 3:
A rectangular storage container with an open top is to have a volume of 15 m3 The length of its base is twice the width.
Material for the base costs $10 per square meter. Material for the sides costs $6 per square meter. Find the cost of materials
for the cheapest such container ?
f ( xn )
3.6. Newton’s Method: xn1  xn 
f '( xn )

Phan Thị Ngọc Hân Summary Chapter 02