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ISNPINSA 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1943 (2021) 012125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012125

Properties of the matrix from Kronecker product on the

representation of quaternion group

Ahsan, Y Yanita, S Bahri

Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas
Andalas, Kampus Unand Limau Manis, Padang 25163, Indonesia

Corresponding author: yanita@sci.unand.ac.id

Abstract. This paper discusses the properties of matrices, which are elements of a group derived
from the application of Kronecker product to the representation of the quaternion group (the
author calls this group with Kronecker quaternion group). The properties of the new matrices
constructed by matrices from the Kronecker quaternion group as submatrix in a partitioned
matrix are discussed based on transpose, determinant, and permutation matrix.

1. Introduction
In this paper, G In this paper, G denotes a finite non-abelian group with 32 orders. Group G was obtained
by applying the Kronecker product on the representation quaternion group [1]. Thus, the elements of G
are 4 × 4 matrices. Group G has been discussed with various topics, namely the presentation of group
G [2]. Using the presentation group G, [3] discussed the picture of the presentation of G [3] and [4]
discussed the first of the fundamental group of G. These studies do not discuss the properties of the
matrices contained in G. Therefore in this paper we will discuss the properties of the matrices in G by
forming a partition matrix with sub-matrices that are matrices in G. This study was inspired by [5] who
discussed group matrices for quaternion group.
There are some properties matrices in G, such that specific properties can be made, that is
a. There are 20 symmetric matrices.
b. There are 12 non-symmetric matrices.
c. For every 𝐴 ∈ G, |𝐴| = 1.
d. For every 𝐴, 𝐵 ∈ G, 𝐴𝐵𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐴, and 𝐴, 𝐵 are non-symmetric matrices.
The organized of this paper as follows: Section 2, we discuss the properties of the partitioned matrix
with submatrix in G related with transpose and determinant matrix; and in Section 3, we discuss the
combination of permutation matrices on partitioned matrices with sub-matrices in G. In general, we
have 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝑇 for various combination of permutation matrix location in the submatrix.

2. Properties of matrices in G using transpose and determinant matrix

In general, we have that 𝐶𝐶 𝑇 = 𝐶 𝑇 𝐶, if 𝐶 is a symmetric matrix, but in G we have the same properties
if 𝐶 is a non-symmetric.
𝑈 𝟎 𝑈 𝑉
Proposition 2.1 Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ], where 𝑈, 𝑉, 𝑊 are a non-symmetric matrices
𝑉 𝑊 𝟎 𝑊
in G and 𝟎 is 4 × 4 zero matrix, then
1. 𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = 𝐵𝐵𝑇 .
2. |𝐴| = 1.

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1943 (2021) 012125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012125

𝑇
Proof. Consider that 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑈 𝑉 𝑇 ] and 𝐵𝑇 = [𝑈 𝑇 𝟎 ].
𝟎 𝑊𝑇 𝑉𝑇 𝑊𝑇
1. By using properties d. in Section 1, we have
𝑇
𝐴𝑇 𝐴 = [𝑈 𝑉 𝑇 ] [𝑈 𝟎 ]
𝟎 𝑊𝑇 𝑉 𝑊
𝑇
= [𝑈 𝑈 + 𝑉𝑇 𝑉 𝑉𝑇 𝑊 ]
𝑇
𝑊 𝑉 𝑊𝑇𝑊
𝑇 + 𝑉𝑉 𝑇
=[ 𝑈𝑈 𝑉𝑊 𝑇 ]
𝑊𝑉 𝑇 𝑊𝑊 𝑇
𝑈 𝑉 𝑈𝑇 𝟎 ]
=[ ][
𝟎 𝑊 𝑉𝑇 𝑊𝑇
= 𝐵𝐵𝑇 .
2. By using Theorem 13.3.1 in [6] , and properties c. in Section 1, we have
|𝐴| = |𝑈 𝟎 |
𝑉 𝑊
= |𝑈||𝑊 |
=1⋅1
= 1.
∎
𝑈 𝑉 𝑈 𝑊
Proposition 2.2 Let 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] where 𝑈, 𝑉, 𝑊 are non-symmetric matrices in
𝑊 𝑋 𝑉 𝑋
G, then
1. 𝐴𝐴𝑇 = 𝐵𝑇 𝐵.
2. |𝐴| = |𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 −1 𝑉|.
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
Proof. Consider that 𝐴𝑇 = [𝑈𝑇 𝑊𝑇 ] dan 𝐵𝑇 = [ 𝑈 𝑇 𝑉 𝑇 ].
𝑉 𝑋 𝑊 𝑋
𝑇 𝑈 𝑉 𝑈𝑇 𝑊 𝑇
1. 𝐴𝐴 = [ ][ ]
𝑊 𝑋 𝑉 𝑇 𝑋𝑇
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
= [ 𝑈𝑈 𝑇 + 𝑉𝑉 𝑇 𝑈𝑊 𝑇 + 𝑉𝑋 𝑇 ]
𝑊𝑈 + 𝑋𝑉 𝑊𝑊 + 𝑋𝑋
𝑇 𝑈 + 𝑉𝑇 𝑉
=[ 𝑇𝑈 𝑈𝑇 𝑊 + 𝑉𝑇 𝑋 ]
𝑊 𝑈 + 𝑋𝑇 𝑉 𝑊 𝑇 𝑊 + 𝑋𝑇 𝑋
𝑇 𝑇 𝑈 𝑊
= [ 𝑈 𝑇 𝑉𝑇 ] [ ]
𝑊 𝑋 𝑉 𝑋
𝑇
= 𝐵 𝐵.
2. By using Theorem 13.3.8 in [6], we have
𝑈 𝑉 𝐼 𝟎 𝑈 𝑉
[ ]=[ −1 −1 ][ ]
𝑊 𝑋 𝑊𝑈 𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 𝑉 𝟎 𝐼
So
|𝐴| = | 𝑈 𝑉 |
𝑊 𝑋
𝐼 𝟎 𝑈 𝑉
=| || |
𝑊𝑈 −1 𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 −1 𝑉 𝟎 𝐼
−1
= |𝐼 | ⋅ |𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 𝑉 | ⋅ |𝑈| ⋅ |𝐼 |
= 1 ⋅ |𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 −1 𝑉 | ⋅ 1 ⋅ 1
= |𝑋 − 𝑊𝑈 −1 𝑉 |
∎

2
ISNPINSA 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1943 (2021) 012125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012125

3. Properties of matrix in G using permutation matrix

In this section, we use ten 𝟒 × 𝟒 symmetric permutation matrices to show some properties, that is

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝑷𝟏 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟐 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟑 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟒 = [ ],
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎

𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎
𝑷𝟓 = [ ], 𝑷𝟔 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟕 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟖 = [ ],
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏

𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎
𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎
𝑷𝟗 = [ ] , 𝑷𝟏𝟎 = [ ].
𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏
𝟎 𝟏 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟎 𝟏 𝟎

We symbolized these matrices by P = {𝑷𝟏 , 𝑷𝟐 , 𝑷𝟑 , 𝑷𝟒 , 𝑷𝟓 , 𝑷𝟔 , 𝑷𝟕 , 𝑷𝟖 , 𝑷𝟗 , 𝑷𝟏𝟎 }

𝑷𝑼 𝟎 𝑼𝑷 𝑽
Proposition 3.1. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-symmetric
𝑽 𝑾 𝟎 𝑾
matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .
𝑻

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 𝑽𝑻 (𝑼𝑷)𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ 𝑻
] dan 𝑩𝑻 = [ 𝑻 ].
𝟎 𝑾 𝑽 𝑾𝑻

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑻 𝑽 𝑾
(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 𝑷𝑼 + 𝑽𝑻 𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑾
=[ ]
𝑾𝑻 𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑾
𝑻 𝑻 + 𝑽𝑻 𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑾 ]
= [𝑼 𝑷 𝑷𝑼
𝑾𝑻 𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑾
𝑻 𝑼𝑻 + 𝑽𝑽𝑻
=[ 𝑼𝑷𝑷 𝑽𝑾𝑻 ]
𝑾𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑷(𝑼𝑷)𝑻 + 𝑽𝑽𝑻 𝑽𝑾𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑷 𝑽 (𝑼𝑷)𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ 𝑻 ]
𝟎 𝑾 𝑽 𝑾𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼 𝟎 𝑼 𝑽𝑷
Proposition 3.2. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-symmetric
𝑷𝑽 𝑾 𝟎 𝑾
matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ ] dan 𝑩 𝑻
= [ ].
𝟎 𝑾𝑻 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑾𝑻

3
ISNPINSA 2020 IOP Publishing
Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1943 (2021) 012125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012125

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑻 𝑷𝑽 𝑾
𝑼𝑻 𝑼 + (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑽 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑾
=[ ]
𝑾𝑻 𝑷𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑾
𝑻 𝑻 𝑻
= [𝑼 𝑼 + 𝑻𝑽 𝑷 𝑷𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑾]
𝑾 𝑷𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑾
𝑻 + 𝑽𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻
=[ 𝑼𝑼 𝑽𝑷𝑾𝑻 ]
𝑾𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑼 + 𝑽𝑷(𝑽𝑷)𝑻
𝑻 𝑽𝑷𝑾𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾(𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑾𝑾𝑻
𝑼 𝑽𝑷 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑾𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼 𝟎 𝑼 𝑽
Proposition 3.3. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-
𝑽 𝑷𝑾 𝟎 𝑾𝑷
symmetric matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ 𝑻 ] and 𝑩𝑻 = [ 𝑻 ].
𝟎 (𝑷𝑾) 𝑽 (𝑾𝑷)𝑻

𝑼𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ ][ ]
𝟎 (𝑷𝑾)𝑻 𝑽 𝑷𝑾
𝑼𝑻 𝑼 + 𝑽 𝑻 𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑾
=[ ]
(𝑷𝑾)𝑻 𝑽 (𝑷𝑾)𝑻 𝑷𝑾
𝑻 𝑻
= [𝑼 𝑼𝑻+ 𝑻𝑽 𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑾 ]
𝑾 𝑷 𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑾
𝑻 𝑻
= [𝑼𝑼 + 𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑷𝑻 𝑾𝑻 ]
𝑾𝑷𝑽 𝑻 𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑾𝑻
𝑻
𝑼𝑼 + 𝑽𝑽 𝑻 𝑽(𝑾𝑷)𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑷𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑷(𝑾𝑷)𝑻
𝑼 𝑽 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ 𝑻 ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑷 𝑽 (𝑾𝑷)𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼 𝟎 𝑼 𝑽𝑷
Proposition 3.4. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-
𝑷𝑽 𝑷𝑾 𝟎 𝑾𝑷
symmetric matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ ] and 𝑩𝑻 = [ ].
𝟎 (𝑷𝑾) 𝑻 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 (𝑾𝑷)𝑻

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ 𝑻 ] [𝑷𝑽 𝑷𝑾]
𝟎 (𝑷𝑾)

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Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1943 (2021) 012125 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1943/1/012125

𝑼𝑻 𝑼 + (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑽 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑾
=[ ]
(𝑷𝑾)𝑻 𝑷𝑽 (𝑷𝑾)𝑻 𝑷𝑾
𝑻
= [𝑼 𝑼 + 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑾 ]
𝑻 𝑻
𝑾 𝑷 𝑷𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑾
𝑻 + 𝑽𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻
=[ 𝑼𝑼 𝑽𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑾𝑻 ]
𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑼𝑻 + 𝑽𝑷(𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑽𝑷(𝑾𝑷)𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑷(𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑾𝑷(𝑾𝑷)𝑻
𝑼 𝑽𝑷 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑷 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 (𝑾𝑷)𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼 𝟎 𝑼 𝑽𝑷
Proposition 3.5. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-
𝑷𝑽 𝑸𝑾 𝟎 𝑾𝑸
symmetric matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ ] dan 𝑩 𝑻
= [ ].
𝟎 (𝑸𝑾)𝑻 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 (𝑾𝑸)𝑻

𝑼𝑻 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ ][ ]
𝟎 (𝑸𝑾) 𝑷𝑽 𝑸𝑾
𝑻

𝑼𝑻 𝑼 + (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑽 (𝑷𝑽)𝑻 𝑸𝑾
=[ ]
(𝑸𝑾)𝑻 𝑷𝑽 (𝑸𝑾)𝑻 𝑸𝑾
𝑼𝑻 𝑼 + 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑸𝑾
=[ ]
𝑾𝑻 𝑸𝑻 𝑷𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑸𝑻 𝑸𝑾
𝑼𝑼𝑻 + 𝑽𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑽𝑷𝑸𝑻 𝑾𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑸𝑷𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑸𝑸𝑻 𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑼𝑻 + 𝑽𝑷(𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑽𝑷(𝑾𝑸)𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑸(𝑽𝑷)𝑻 𝑾𝑸(𝑾𝑸)𝑻
𝑼 𝑽𝑷 𝑼𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑸 (𝑽𝑷)𝑻 (𝑾𝑸)𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑷𝑼 𝟎 𝑼𝑷 𝑽𝑸
Proposition 3.6. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾are non-
𝑸𝑽 𝑹𝑾 𝟎 𝑾𝑹
symmetric matrices in G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 (𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑻 = [(𝑼𝑷)

𝑻 𝟎
Proof. Consider that 𝑨𝑻 = [ ] dan 𝑩 ].
𝟎 (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 (𝑽𝑸)𝑻 (𝑾𝑹)𝑻

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 (𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑼 𝟎
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ 𝑻 ] [𝑸𝑽 𝑹𝑾]
𝟎 (𝑹𝑾)
(𝑷𝑼) 𝑷𝑼 + (𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑸𝑽 (𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑹𝑾
𝑻
=[ ]
(𝑹𝑾)𝑻 𝑸𝑽 (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 𝑹𝑾

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𝑼𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑼 + 𝑽𝑻 𝑸𝑻 𝑸𝑽 𝑽𝑻 𝑸𝑻 𝑹𝑾
=[ ]
𝑾𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑸𝑽 𝑾𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝑾
𝑼𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑼𝑻 + 𝑽𝑸𝑸𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑽𝑸𝑹𝑻 𝑾𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑹𝑸𝑻 𝑽𝑻 𝑾𝑹𝑹𝑻 𝑾𝑻
𝑼𝑷(𝑼𝑷)𝑻 + 𝑽𝑸(𝑽𝑸)𝑻 𝑽𝑸(𝑾𝑹)𝑻
=[ ]
𝑾𝑹(𝑽𝑸)𝑻 𝑾𝑹(𝑾𝑹)𝑻
𝑼𝑷 𝑽𝑸 (𝑼𝑷)𝑻 𝟎
=[ ][ ]
𝟎 𝑾𝑹 (𝑽𝑸) (𝑾𝑹)𝑻𝑻

= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽 𝑼𝑷 𝑾𝑹
Proposition 3.7. Let 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ] where 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹, 𝑺 ∈ P, and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾, 𝑿 are
𝑹𝑾 𝑺𝑿 𝑽𝑸 𝑿𝑺
4 × 4 non-symmetric matrices in G, then 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 (𝑼𝑷)𝑻 (𝑽𝑸)𝑻

Proof. Consider that 𝑨 = [ ] and 𝑩 = [ ].
(𝑸𝑽)𝑻 (𝑺𝑿)𝑻 (𝑾𝑹)𝑻 (𝑿𝑺)𝑻

(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽
𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = [ ][ ]
(𝑸𝑽)𝑻 (𝑺𝑿)𝑻 𝑹𝑾 𝑺𝑿
(𝑷𝑼)𝑻 𝑷𝑼 + (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 𝑹𝑾 (𝑷𝑼)𝑻 𝑸𝑽 + (𝑹𝑾)𝑻 𝑺𝑿
=[ ]
(𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑷𝑼 + (𝑺𝑿)𝑻 𝑹𝑾 (𝑸𝑽)𝑻 𝑸𝑽 + (𝑺𝑿)𝑻 𝑺𝑿
𝑼𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑷𝑼 + 𝑾𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑹𝑾 𝑼𝑻 𝑷𝑻 𝑸𝑽 + 𝑾𝑻 𝑹𝑻 𝑺𝑿
=[ 𝑻 𝑻 ]
𝑽 𝑸 𝑷𝑼 + 𝑿𝑻 𝑺𝑻 𝑹𝑾 𝑽𝑻 𝑸𝑻 𝑸𝑽 + 𝑿𝑻 𝑺𝑻 𝑺𝑿
𝑼𝑷𝑷𝑻 𝑼𝑻 + 𝑾𝑹𝑹𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝑼𝑷𝑸𝑻 𝑽𝑻 + 𝑾𝑹𝑺𝑻 𝑿𝑻
=[ ]
𝑽𝑸𝑷𝑻 𝑼𝑻 + 𝑿𝑺𝑹𝑻 𝑾𝑻 𝑽𝑸𝑸𝑻 𝑽𝑻 + 𝑿𝑺𝑺𝑻 𝑿𝑻
𝑼𝑷(𝑼𝑷)𝑻 + 𝑾𝑹(𝑾𝑹)𝑻 𝑼𝑷(𝑽𝑸)𝑻 + 𝑾𝑹(𝑿𝑺)𝑻
=[ ]
𝑽𝑸(𝑼𝑷)𝑻 + 𝑿𝑺(𝑾𝑹)𝑻 𝑽𝑸(𝑽𝑸)𝑻 + 𝑿𝑺(𝑿𝑺)𝑻
𝑼𝑷 𝑾𝑹 (𝑼𝑷)𝑻 (𝑽𝑸)𝑻
=[ ][ ]
𝑽𝑸 𝑿𝑺 (𝑾𝑹)𝑻 (𝑿𝑺)𝑻
= 𝑩𝑩𝑻 .

𝑷𝑼 𝟎
Proposition 3.8. Let 𝑨 = [ ] where 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹 ∈ P and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾 are non-symmetric matrices in
𝑸𝑽 𝑹𝑾
G and 𝟎 is a 4 × 4 zero matrix, then |𝑨| = |𝑷||𝑹|.

Proof. By using Theorem 13.3.1 in [6] we have

𝑷𝑼 𝟎
|𝑨| = | |
𝑸𝑽 𝑹𝑾
= |𝑷𝑼||𝑹𝑾|
= |𝑷| ⋅ |𝑼| ⋅ |𝑹| ⋅ |𝑾|
= |𝑷| ⋅ 𝟏 ⋅ |𝑹| ⋅ 𝟏
= |𝑷||𝑹|.

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𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽
Proposition 3.9. Let 𝑨 = [ ] where 𝑷, 𝑸, 𝑹, 𝑺 ∈ P and 𝑼, 𝑽, 𝑾, 𝑿 are non-symmetric
𝑹𝑾 𝑺𝑿
matrices in G, then |𝑨| = |𝑷||(𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽)|.

Proof. Consider that

𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽 𝑰 𝟎 𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽
[ ]=[ ][ ].
𝑹𝑾 𝑺𝑿 (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽) 𝟎 𝑰

Thus

|𝑨| = | 𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽
|
𝑹𝑾 𝑺𝑿
𝑰 𝟎 𝑷𝑼 𝑸𝑽
=| || |
(𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽) 𝟎 𝑰
= |𝑰| ⋅ |(𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽)| ⋅ |𝑷𝑼| ⋅ |𝑰|
= |𝑷| ⋅ |𝑼| ⋅ |(𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽)|
= |𝑷| ⋅ 𝟏 ⋅ |(𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽)|
= |𝑷||(𝑺𝑿) − (𝑹𝑾)(𝑷𝑼)−𝟏 (𝑸𝑽)|.

4. Conclusion
In general, if 𝑨 and 𝑩 are partitioned matrices arranged with a submatrix are the matrices in group G
producing properties 𝑨𝑻 𝑨 = 𝑩𝑩𝑻 even if the submatrix in G is not symmetric.

Acknowledgments
This research was funded by DIKTI Grand No. 034/SP2H/LT/DRPM/2020.

References
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