REVIEWER IN PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2

SOAR HIGH!!

QUANTITATIVE RESEACH
 Uses scientifically collected and statistically analyzed data to
investigate observable phenomena
 Highlighted with numerical analysis of data
 Number and relationship with data
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Emphirical - it is based on the observations and experiences of the
researchers
2. Systematic - it follows a procedure
3. Controlled - researchers has the control of variables, questionnaire and
respondents
4. Hyphothetical - uses hyphothesis which can be testd and proven
5. Analytical - comprehensive and calls for analysis
6. Objective - it proposed of not being biased
7. Transformative - change the situation of the problem
8. Original/Authentic - avoiding plagiarism
9. Logical - The ideas and information need to be valid
10 . Answerable - the questions need to be related to the topic, resorces and
time.
KINDS OF QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
1. Descriptive design is used to describe a particular phenomenon by observing
it as it occurs in nature
2. Correlational design identifies the relationship between variables.
3. Ex post facto design is used to investigate a possible relationship between
previous events and present conditions.
4. A quasi-experimental design is used to establish the cause-and-effect
relationship of variables.
5. Experimental design like quasi- experimental is used to establish the
cause-and-effect relationship of two or more variables. This design
provides a more conclusive result because it uses random assignment of
subjects and experimental manipulations.

The table below shows some of the

contributions of quantitative research
to other fields
and their example.
Field
Contribution/Application
Example
Social Science
 Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
 Understand cultural or racial
conflicts
 Human satisfaction and
stressors
The effects of pandemic
on social behavior and
economic stability
Natural and Physical
Sciences
 Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
illnesses
 Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
 Advancement in material
science
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Agriculture and
Fisheries
 Increase the yield of crops
 Prevent and cure crops and
livestock diseases
The effectiveness of
organic and inorganic
fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports
 Enhance athletic performance
Diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business
 Offer device marketing
strategies
 Improve marketability
Effectiveness of Facebook
ads on sales.
Arts and Design
 Show relationship between
color and architectural space
 Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
The effects of music on
learning and behavior.
Environmental Science
 Determine Cause and effects of
climate change
The environmental factors
affecting natural calamities
The table below shows some of the
contributions of quantitative research
to other fields
and their example.
Field
Contribution/Application
Example
Social Science
 Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
 Understand cultural or racial
conflicts
 Human satisfaction and
stressors
The effects of pandemic
on social behavior and
economic stability
Natural and Physical
Sciences
 Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
illnesses
 Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
 Advancement in material
science
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Agriculture and
Fisheries
 Increase the yield of crops
 Prevent and cure crops and
livestock diseases
The effectiveness of
organic and inorganic
fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports
 Enhance athletic performance
Diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business
 Offer device marketing
strategies
 Improve marketability
Effectiveness of Facebook
ads on sales.
Arts and Design
 Show relationship between
color and architectural space
 Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
The effects of music on
learning and behavior.
Environmental Science
 Determine Cause and effects of
climate change
The environmental factors
affecting natural calamities
The table below shows some of the
contributions of quantitative research
to other fields
and their example.
Field
Contribution/Application
Example
Social Science
 Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
 Understand cultural or racial
conflicts
 Human satisfaction and
stressors
The effects of pandemic
on social behavior and
economic stability
Natural and Physical
Sciences
 Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
illnesses
 Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
 Advancement in material
science
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Agriculture and
Fisheries
 Increase the yield of crops
 Prevent and cure crops and
livestock diseases
The effectiveness of
organic and inorganic
fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports
 Enhance athletic performance
Diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business
 Offer device marketing
strategies
 Improve marketability
Effectiveness of Facebook
ads on sales.
Arts and Design
 Show relationship between
color and architectural space
 Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
The effects of music on
learning and behavior.
Environmental Science
 Determine Cause and effects of
climate change
The environmental factors
affecting natural calamities
The table below shows some of the
contributions of quantitative research
to other fields
and their example.
Field
Contribution/Application
Example
Social Science
 Show effects of intervention to
group behavior
 Understand cultural or racial
conflicts
 Human satisfaction and
stressors
The effects of pandemic
on social behavior and
economic stability
Natural and Physical
Sciences
 Investigate the effectiveness of
a product or treatment to
illnesses
 Finding or enhancing alternative
energy sources
 Advancement in material
science
Antidiabetic properties of
common Philippine herbs
Agriculture and
Fisheries
 Increase the yield of crops
 Prevent and cure crops and
livestock diseases
The effectiveness of
organic and inorganic
fertilizer to vegetable
production
Sports
 Enhance athletic performance
Diet and exercise
techniques for different
kinds of sports
Business
 Offer device marketing
strategies
 Improve marketability
Effectiveness of Facebook
ads on sales.
Arts and Design
 Show relationship between
color and architectural space
 Maximize use of Multimedia and
adaptation for recreation,
business marketing and lifestyle
changes.
The effects of music on
learning and behavior.
Environmental Science
 Determine Cause and effects of
climate change
The environmental factors
affecting natural calamities
Importance of Quantitative Research Across Fields
 The value of quantitative research to man’s quest to discover the
unknown and improve underlying conditions is undeniable.
Throughout history, quantitative research has paved the way to finding
meaningful solutions to difficulties.
VARIABLE
 is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies
 The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other
variables in your study. The dependent variable is the effect. Its value
depends on changes in the independent variable.
I.QUANTITATIVE VARIABLES, also called numerical variables, are the type of
variables used in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be
measured. Under this category are discrete and continuous variables.
A. DISCRETE VARIABLES are countable whole numbers. For example:
number of students in a class, group size and frequency.

B. CONTINUOUS VARIABLES take fractional (non-whole number) values

that can either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.
Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:
A. INTERVALS are quantitative variables where the interval or differences
between consecutive values are equal and meaningful, but the numbers
are arbitrary. The zero point does not suggest the absence of a property
being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is assigned as the melting point
of ice. Other examples of interval data would be year and IQ score
B. RATIO type of data is similar to interval. The only difference is the presence of
a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the
quantity being measured. Examples are age, height, weight, and distance.
II.QUALITATIVE VARIABLES also referred to as Categorical Variables
are not expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be
further divided into dichotomous, nominal or ordinal.
A. DICHOTOMOUS VARIABLE consists of only two distinct categories or
values, for example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.
B. NOMINAL VARIABLE simply defines groups of subjects. In here, you may
have more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball
player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players.
C. ORDINAL VARIABLE, from the name itself, denotes that a variable is
ranked in a certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative
attribute. For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as
choices like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical
rating like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree.
DEVELOPING A RESEARCH PROBLEM CAN BE DONE IN
FOUR (4) STEPS:
1. Choose a broad topic - select a topic that fits to your interest, field and must be
significant.
2. Do a preliminary research - you need to have a better understanding of it by
reading some more articles, journals, and related research studies
3. Define the problem - you should be able to narrow down a broad topic into
feasible and manageable research questions.
4. Refine the question - lets you evaluate the questions formulated
RESEARCH TITLE
A research study title is the very first thing a reader comes across when searching
for scientific literature. It is a concise description of the content of the research
study containing the fewest possible words, yet adequate to describe the
contents of the paper for a simple reason that we do not want to mislead the
readers.
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
 The background of the study is the part of your paper where you inform the
reader of the context of the study.
  A research gap is an under or unexplored area of a topic that
requires further exploration. The gap can be in a form of other variables,
conditions, population, methodology, or test subject.
INTRODUCTION
 gives the readers an overview of what the entire study is all about
 aims to introduce the readers to the research topic and the research problem
that the study is trying to address.
 It is composed of the
a. Background of the Study
b. Statement of the Problem
c. Significance of the Study
d. Scope and delimitation
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
 It is also known as the research puzzle or the problematique.
 a formal articulation of the specific topic which you intend to address
through research.
 It is the core of the study.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS
a. Guide the literature search
b. Guide on what research design to use (e.g. qualitative or quantitative)
c. Guide the researcher about what data to collect and from whom.
d. Guide in analyzing and presenting the data
e. Limit the scope of the study
f. Provide a clear sense of what the research is about and what it wishes to achieve
TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTION
1. Factor-Isolating Questions - Categorize or name factors and situations. Ex.
What are the reasons for the low grades
2. Factor-Relating Questions - Establish relationship between factors that have
been identified. Ex. What relationship exists between variable A and Variable B
3. Situation-relating Questions - Aims to see changes that might happen to one
variable when the other changes. Ex. What is the effect of the changes in the
climate to the behavior of the animals living in the grassfield?
4. Situation-producing Questions - Lead to promote explicit course of action or
conditons under which a goal could be accomplished. Ex. What appropriate
classroom management technique could be devised to maintain?
COMMON TYPES OF RESEARCH QUESTIONS IN QUANTITATIVE
RESEARCH
1. Descriptive Research Questions -Seek to objectively describe particular
characteristics or attributes of a person, group, institution or phenomenon..
2. Comparative research questions - These compare two or more
characteristics or attributes of a person, group, institution or phenomenon.
3. Relational Research Questions - It seeks to understand the relationship
between two or more aspects or characteristics of one or more persons,
groups, institutions or phenomenon.
WHAT MAKES A GOOD RESEARCH QUESTION?
 The research question is the heart of the study.
1. It should clarify what information needs to be gathered.
2. It should be empirical.
3. It should be complex and not terminal.
4. It should be relevant.
5. It should be practical.
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION OF THE STUDY
 It is a short section where you clarify what your study covers based on your
research topic, the possible limitations of your study and how your study is
constrained by particular factors that you encountered in the research process.
SCOPE
 The scope is where you clearly set what your study covers, its time period,
location, subjects, context and its specific objectives, without any pretense that
your study covers anything beyond what is indicated.
DELIMITATIONS
 Things/variables which may still be included in your study, however, due
to some VALID reasons, you opt not to include them.
LIMITATIONS (WEAKNESS)
 It clearly states the limitations and shortcomings you encountered during
your research process and how much you think these aspects detract from
your research paper and your overall purpose.
FACTORS TO CONSIDER WHEN WRITING THE SCOPE
1. Research design
2. Ontological position
 3. Resources
Topic of the Study. What are the variables to be included and excluded?
Objectives or Problems to be Addressed. Why are you doing this study?
Time Frame. When are you going to conduct this study?
Locale of the Study. Where are you going to gather your data?
Characteristics of the Respondents. Who will be your respondents?
Method and Research Instruments. How are you going to collect the data?
DEFINITION OF TERMS
It presents the key terms used in the study arranged alphabetically.
1. Conceptual definition- explains the meaning of a particular term using the
dictionary.
2. Operational definition- describes a term by how the researcher used it in her
study that is usually used in technical terms.
- IRISH MAIREIGN R. MAGPANTAY