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BIO1
BIO1
BIO1
1.
What is amniocentesis?
Who is a candidate for
2.
amniocentesis?
What can be detected through an
3.
amniocentesis?
4. Procedure
5. After procedure
6. Rapid test
7. Full karyotype
8. Result
9. Complications of amniocentesis
10. Conclusion
What is amniocentesis?
PROCEDURE
1. An ultrasound is used as a guide to determine a safe
location for the needle to insert through the abdominal wall
to enter the amniotic sac. So the fluid may be safely
removed.
2. A sample of amniotic fluid is collected through the needle.
The procedure takes about 45 minutes, although the
collection of fluid takes less than five minutes.
3. The amniotic fluid, which contains cells shed by the foetus,
is sent to the laboratory for analysis.
After procedure
Advised to rest for 24 hours
No strenuous work or exercise for 72 hours
No air travel for 72 hours
Seek urgent medical attention if-
o Feeling shivery
o High fever of 38 degree Celsius or above
o Persistent lower back pain and abdominal pain
After the amniocentesis procedure, the sample of amniotic
fluid (the fluid that surrounds the unborn baby in the womb)
will be taken to a laboratory for testing.
There are two different type of tests
o a rapid test
o A full karyotype
Rapid Test
A rapid test looks for abnormalities on specific
chromosomes (the parts of the body’s cells that carry
genes). We can get its reports within24-48 hours. A rapid
test can identify a number of chromosomal conditions that
cause physical and mental abnormalities. These are:
o Down’s syndrome- symptoms are as follows
1. Flat facial features.
2. Small head and ears.
3. Short neck.
4. Bulging tongue.
5. Eyes that slant upward.
6. Atypically shaped ears.
7. Poor muscle tone.
The results of a rapid test should be ready after three working days.
This test is almost 100% accurate, but its only tests for the three
conditions listed above.
Full Karyotype
Each cell in the body contains 23 pairs of chromosomes. A full
karyotype checks all of these.
The cells in the sample of amniotic fluid are grown for up to 10
days. In a laboratory before being examined under a
microscope to check for:
o The no. Of chromosomes
o The appearance of chromosome
Results from full karyotype will usually be ready in 2 or 3
weeks. In about 1 in every 100 tests, the results may not be
clear. This could be due to the mother’s blood contaminating
the sample of amniotic fluid, which may have prevented cells
from growing properly.
Result
After amniocentesis, the sample of amniotic fluid is sent to a
lab for analysis.
Results usually take 10 days to three weeks depending on
the lab
It takes that long to get result because the cells have to
grow in the lab in order to analyse them.
In the lab, genetic and chemical test are done.
For genetic tests, proteins, minerals and other compounds
in the amniotic fluid are analysed.
Amniocentesis results will either be positive or negative.
Complications of amniocentesis:
Miscarriage:
o There is a small risk that amniocentesis can cause a
miscarriage (the loss of the pregnancy). The risk is estimated to
be around 1 in 100.
Club foot:
o Amniocentesis may cause club foot in baby. This is when the
baby is born with a deformed ankle and foot. However , the
likely hood of this happening is higher if you have
amniocentesis before week 15 of pregnancy.
Rhesus Disease:
o Rhesus disease is a condition where proteins in a pregnant
woman’s blood attack her baby’s blood cells.
o Rhesus disease is only possible if the mother’s blood is RH-
negative and the baby’s blood is RH-positive. If this is the case,
amniocentesis could trigger RH disease if the mother’s blood is
exposed to the baby’s blood during the procedure.
Infection:
o In very rare cases, an infection may develop if the procedure
introduces bacteria in the amniotic sac (the sac surrounding the
foetus that contains amniotic fluids). This can cause:
A high temperature (fever) of 38-39 degree Celsius or
above
Tenderness of abdomen (tummy)
Contractions (when your abdomen tightens then relaxes).
One should seek medical attention if she has any of these
symptoms. The risk of developing a serious infection from
amniocentesis is estimated to be less than 1 in 1000
Conclusion