A joint expedition of scientists led by Chapurukha M.
Kusimba of The Field Museum and Sloan R.
Williams of the University of Illinois at Chicago has
unearthed a 600-year-old Chinese coin on the
Kenyan island of Manda that shows trade existed
between China and east Africa decades before
European explorers set sail and changed the map of
the world.
The coin, a small disk of copper and silver
with a square hole in the center so it could be worn
on a belt, is called ‘Yongle Tongbao’ and was issued
by Emperor Yongle who reigned from 1403 – 1425
AD during the Ming Dynasty. The emperor's name is
written on the coin, making it easy to date. Emperor
Yongle, who started construction of China's
Forbidden City, was interested in political and trade
missions to the lands that ring the Indian Ocean and
sent Admiral Zheng He, also known as Cheng Ho, to
explore those shores.
The relationship with coastal countries of the
Indian Ocean stopped soon after Emperor Yongle's
death when later Chinese rulers banned foreign
expeditions, allowing European explorers to
dominate the Age of Discovery and expand their
countries' empires.
The island of Manda, off the northern coast
of Kenya, was home to an advanced civilization from
about 200 AD to 1430 AD, when it was abandoned
and never inhabited again. Trade played an
important role in the development of Manda, and
this coin may show trade's importance on the island
dating back to much earlier than previously thought.
"We hope this and future expeditions to Manda will
play a crucial role in showing how market-based
exchange and urban-centered political economies
arise and how they can be studied through
biological, linguistic, and historical methodologies,"
Dr. Kusimba said.
1. The passage implies that the end of Yongle’s
rule …
A. had indirectly spurred global colonialism by
the Europeans.*
B. ended Cheng Ho’s expeditions.
C. was caused by economic failure and home
rebellions.
D. brought unanticipated effects on the coastal
countries of the Indian Ocean.
E. was marked by his invalidity to reign.
2. It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that the
reign of Emperor Yongle could be described as
… On 3 January, President Barack Obama
A. chaotic.
B. oscillated.
C. flourishing.*
D. subjugated.
E. minor.
3. The phrase ‘change the map’ in ‘… before
European explorers set sail and changed the
map of the world’ (paragraph 1) is used to
reflect the efforts by European explorers to …
A. make correction on the world’s map
previously made by the Chinese.
B. chart the world.
C. colonize the entire Indian Ocean coasts.
D. explore places never reached before.
E. dominate world exploration after China’s
withdrawal.*
4. Which of the following statements is not
supported by the passage?
A. Manda was abandoned soon after its
relationship with China ended.*
B. The 600-year-old Chinese coin is well-
preserved.
C. There’s no date engraving on the coin
discovered by Kusimba and Williams.
D. Emperor Yongle belonged to the Ming family.
E. Manda’s economy gave significant
contribution to its growth.
5. As Dr. Kusimba suggests, the purpose of the
expedition is to …
A. collect artifacts related to trade connections
between Yongle’s China and east Africa.
B. gain comprehensive understanding about the
emergence of ancient international trade
ports.*
C. gather evidence for the existence of
simultaneous trade connections among
China, coastal countries of the Indian Ocean,
and European explorers during the reign of
Emperor Yongle.
D. track the trade routes used by Cheng Ho to
explore the ports on the Indian Ocean
coasts.
E. discover what made the trade connections
between Yongle’s China and the Indian
Ocean coastal countries come to an end.
Satellites are no longer weapons, according to a
change in US anti-arms trafficking law. The move
gives hope to commercial spaceflight companies
wanting to sell their technology on the global market
rather than just within the US. However, the focus
on Earth-orbiting craft means deep-space missions
could still be hampered by onerous security laws.
authorised a revision of the International Traffic in
Arms Regulations law. Since 1999, ITAR listed US
satellites and related technology as munitions with
strict limits on exports to foreign powers—much to
Hal. 1/3
the annoyance of satellite makers. They say they
cannot earn what they need to stay innovative
without selling advanced technology abroad. The
updated law takes Earth-orbiting satellites and
technologies off the list, although the president
retains veto power, and the ruling doesn't apply to
China, Iran or North Korea.
Alex Saltman of the Commercial Spaceflight
Federation in Washington DC hopes the relaxation
of rules will in future be extended to other space-
tourism equipment such as crew capsules, which
right now remain restricted by ITAR. The new rules
should also allow US students who aren't citizens to
access computer data and documents from US
aerospace companies, which they had been denied
until now.
6. The passage mainly talks about …
A. Earth-orbiting satellites.
B. commercial spacecraft and satellite industry.
C. a new law on international arms trade.
D. ITAR.
E. an amendment on anti-arms trafficking law.*
7. It can be said that before the change of the anti-
arms trafficking law mentioned in the passage,
a weather-surveying satellite …
A. couldn’t be used for deep-space missions.
B. couldn’t be sold freely in the world’s market.*
C. could only be used within US space territory.
D. was considered unsafe for national security.
E. was produced only by US companies.
8. Paragraph 1 clarifies that deep-space
exploration satellites …
A. are still considered sensitive to national
security.*
B. are not considered real satellites.
C. are not taken into account in the ITAR law
revision.
D. have never been developed seriously before
the change in the anti-arms trafficking law.
E. are meant to be sold to foreign countries.
9. From the information presented in the passage,
it can be predicted that …
A. foreign market will be financially more
promising for US satellite makers.*
B. China, Iran, and North Korea will not be able
to own any satellite.
C. a lot of US students will prefer foreign
aerospace companies as their employers.
D. Obama will certainly veto the new law.
E. commercial spaceflight companies will not
equip their spacecraft with crew capsules.
10. Which of the following best summarizes the
passage above?
A. The ITAR law needs revision to meet current
demands.
B. Despite its positive outcome for US satellite
industry, the ITAR law revision should have a
wider field to cover.*
C. The ITAR law is revised to minimize security
threats to US defense.
D. Earth-orbiting satellites and commercial
spacecraft are no longer considered
weapons.
E. The ITAR law revision does not include Far
East countries and foreign students studying
in the US.
Passage A
Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work for
personal advantage without proper
acknowledgement of the original work or with the
intention of passing it off as your own. Plagiarism
may occur deliberately or accidentally. Plagiarism
can even take many forms. It includes copying
material from a book, copying-and-pasting
information from the Internet, getting your parent to
help with coursework, and even copying answers
from a fellow student during an examination.
However, plagiarism and cheating are not the same
things, in which cheating takes many forms not
limited to deliberate plagiarism. Neither are
plagiarism and collusion the same things, although
every occurrence of collusion is a form of plagiarism.
Some people think plagiarism is neither a
crime nor a citing offense. In fact, plagiarism is not a
legal term and is not legally recognized. But breach
of copyright or intellectual property rights (IPR) is
illegal; if an act of plagiarism breaches copyright or
IPR, then it is illegal. But not every act of plagiarism
is a breach of copyright. For example, you can
plagiarize work that has no copyright.
Plagiarism remains an issue because it is a
form of cheating. Irrespective of the student’s
intention, underdetected plagiarism may result in the
student receiving higher grade that he or she would
have deserved. Researchers who simply copy other
people’s work without adding anything of their own
will make academic progress stagnate through a
lack of original work.
Once plagiarism reaches a certain level,
students who normally would not plagiarize may feel
that they must do it in order to compete with their
fellow students. Undetected plagiarism may also
encourage cheating outside of school or college,
and foster bad habits which students take into the
workplace
Hal. 2/3
 A. People plagiarize because of the
Passage B development of technology.
B. Plagiarism is a problem that should be dealt
Traditionally, a student simply copied paragraphs with seriously.*
from various scholarly journals or books in the C. Plagiarism is not harmful as long as it is not
library, or removed an old term paper from the files detected.
in his fraternity and copied some, or all, of it. D. To avoid plagiarism, students should not be
In the late 1960s, commercial service began overburdened.
to sell term papers to students, sometimes under the E. Plagiarism may hinder the innovations in the
euphemistic name of ‘academic research services’. world of science.
These services are particularly very bad, as these
businessmen are making profit from the dishonest 14. Passage B differs from Passage A in that
acts of students, as well as damaging the integrity of Passage B …
grades and degrees from schools and colleges. A. discusses plagiarism common among
And, since the mid 1990s, students can college students.
simply download material from the Internet. While B. includes the history of plagiarism.
the Internet is a great resource for plagiarists, it can C. relates plagiarism with other crimes.
also be a great resource for professors who are D. provides classroom findings related to
suspicious and want to take a few minutes with plagiarism.*
search engines, in an attempt to find the true E. mentions some major examples of
source. Furthermore, the existence of free material plagiarism.
on the Internet is likely to diminish, if not kill the
business of selling term papers from stock. 15. The topic of both passages above is …
Unfortunately, they may continue to be business for A. Plagiarism.*
custom-prepared papers. B. Source of plagiarism.
How common is plagiarism among students? C. Effects of plagiarism.
No one really knows, because most acts of D. Plagiarists.
plagiarism is either underdetected or unreported. E. Plagiarized papers.
Julie Ryan, an instructor at George Washington
University, found that “7 of 42 students plagiarized
most of all their papers” in a class during the Fall
1997 semester. She says that, in the Spring 1998
semester, again 17% of the students “plagiarized
their entire papers”. Thus, the true incidence of
plagiarism among students is higher than one in six.
Still, one in six is unacceptably high and represents
a serious erosion of quality and integrity in colleges
in the US.

11. The authors of both passages are trying to …

A. criticize lazy college students.
B. support the copyright protection.
C. announce research findings.
D. show the facts about plagiarism.*
E. appreciate intellectual property rights.

12. Which of the following best describes the

authors’ tone in presenting their ideas?
A. Neutral.
B. Cynical.
C. Defensive.
D. Supportive.
E. Critical.*

13. Which of the following statements is supported

by both passages?

Hal. 3/3