A/C
Example:
An abbreviation for air conditioner or air conditioning.
A/C CONDENSER
The outside fan unit of the Air Conditioning system. It removes
the heat from the freon gas and "turns" the gas back into a
liquid and pumps the liquid back to the coil in the furnace.
ACOUSTICS
The science of sound. In construction, acoustical materials
used to keep down noise within a room or to prevent it from
passing through walls.
ACTIVITY
1. A scheduling term
2. The smallest work unit within a project; the basic building
block of a project.
ADA
The Americans with Disabilities Act which gives civil rights
protection to individuals with disabilities similar to those
provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national
origin, age, and religion. It guarantees equal opportunity for
individuals with disabilities in public accommodations,
employment, transportation, State and local government
services, and telecommunications.
ADDENDUM
(Addenda) Written information adding to, clarifying or modifying
the bidding documents. An addendum is generally issued by the
owner to the contractor during the bidding process and as such,
addenda are intended to become part of the contract documents
when the construction contract is executed.
AGENT
One authorized by a client (principal) to act in his/her stead or
behalf and owes the client a "fiduciary duty" (Trust).
Construction Manager for fee but classified as an independent
contractor for tax purposes. A construction manager for fee does not
have any financial responsibility whereas a construction manager at-
risk does have financial risk similar to a general contractor.
AGGREGATE
A mixture of sand and stone and a major component of concrete.
AGREEMENT
An arrangement between the parties regarding a method of action.
ALLOWANCE(S)
A sum of money set aside in the construction contract for items which
have not been selected and specified in the construction contract. For
example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an
underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an
amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.
ALTERATIONS
1. A term used to describe partial construction work performed within
an existing structure
2. Remodeling without a building addition.
ALTERNATE BID
Amount stated in the bid to be added or deducted from the base bid
amount proposed for alternate materials and/or methods of
construction.
APPLICATION FOR PAYMENT
Contractor's written request for payment for completed portions of the
work and, for materials delivered or stored and properly labeled for the
respective project.
ARCADE
A series of arches supported by a row of columns.
ARCH
A curved structure that will support itself by mutual pressure and
the weight above its curved opening.
ARCHITECT
One who designs and supervises the construction of buildings
or other structures.
ARCHITECTS BASIC SERVICES
A recognized series of phases performed by an architect as
follows: 1st Schematic Design Phase, 2nd Design Development
Phase, 3rd Construction Document Phase, 4th Bidding or
Negotiated Phase, 5th Construction Phase.
ARCHITECT-ENGINEER
An individual or firm offering professional services as both
architect and engineer.
ARCHITECTURAL DRAWING
A line drawing showing plan and/or elevation views of the
proposed building for the purpose of showing the overall
appearance of the building.
AREA WELLS
Corrugated metal or concrete barrier walls installed around a
basement window to hold back the earth.
AS-BUILT DRAWINGS (also known as Record Drawings)
Contract drawings marked up to reflect changes made during
the construction process. It is good practice to make As-Built
drawings by marking the changes on reproducible drawings
such a sepias for the duplication purposes later.
ASTRAGAL
A molding, attached to one of a pair of swinging double doors,
against which the other door strikes.
ATRIUM
An open court within a building.
BACK CHARGE
Billings for work performed or costs incurred by one party that, in
accordance with the agreement, should have been performed or
incurred by the party to whom billed. Owners bill back charges to
general contractors, and general contractors bill back charges to
subcontractors. Examples of back charges include charges for
cleanup work or to repair something damaged by another
subcontractor.
BACKFILL
The replacement of excavated earth into a trench around or against a
basement /crawl space foundationwall.
BACKING
Frame lumber installed between the wall studs to give additional
support for drywall or an interior trim related item, such as handrail
brackets, cabinets, and towel bars. In this way, items are screwed and
mounted into solid wood rather than weak drywall that may allow the
item to break loose from the wall.
BAFFLE
A partial blocking against the flow of wind or sound.
BALLAST
A transformer that steps up the voltage in a florescent lamp.
BALLOON FRAMED WALL
Framed walls (generally over 10' tall) that run the entire vertical length
from the floor sill plate to the roof. This is done to eliminate the need
for a gable end truss.
BALUSTRADE
The rail, posts and vertical balusters along the edge of a stairway or
elevated walkway.
BARGE 3. The horizontal structural member over an opening (for example over
a door or window).
Horizontal beam rafter that supports shorter rafters.
BEDROCK
BARGE BOARD
A subsurface layer of earth that is suitable to support a structure.
A decorative board covering the projecting rafter (fly rafter) of
the gable end. At the cornice, this member is a fascia board. BID

BASE OR BASEBOARD 1. An offer or proposal of a price

A trim board placed against the wall around the room next to 2. The amount offered or proposed.
the floor.
BID BOND
BAT
A written form of security executed by the bidder as principal and by a
A half-brick. surety for the purpose of guaranteeing that the bidder will sign the
contract, if awarded the contract, for the stated bid amount.
BEAM
BID DATE/TIME
A structural member transversely supporting a load. A structural
member carrying building loads (weight) from one support to The due date and time set by the owner, architect or engineer for
another. Sometimes called a "girder". receiving bids.

BEARING PARTITION BID FORM

A partition that supports any vertical load in addition to its own A standard written form furnished to all bidders for the purpose of
weight. obtaining the requested information and required signatures from the
authorized bidding representatives.
BEARING POINT
BID OPENING
A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated
and transferred to the foundation The actual process of opening and tabulating bids submitted within
the prescribed bid date/time and conforming with the bid procedures.
BEARING WALL A Bid Opening can be open (where the bidders are permitted to attend)
or closed (where the bidders are not permitted to attend).
A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own
weight. BID PRICE
BEARING HEADER The stipulated sum stated in the bidder’s bid.
1. A beam placed perpendicular to joists and to which joists BID TABULATION
are nailed in framing for a chimney, stairway, or other opening.
A summary sheet listing all bid prices for the purpose of analysing the
2. A wood lintel. bid results. Bid tabulations include the required items of the invitation
to bid and usually include bid amount, completion time,
addendas included, contract exclusions, bonding rate, etc.
Often times, the apparent low bidder is not the low bidder.
BID SHOPPER
A buyer or client who seeks to play one proposed supplier
or subcontractor against the other for the purpose of
reducing a purchase price.
BIDDING DOCUMENTS
The published advertisement or written invitation to bid ,
instructions to bidders, the bid form and the proposed
contract documents including any acknowledged addenda
issued prior to receipt of bids.
BIDDING PERIOD
The calendar period allowed from issuance of bidding
requirements and contract documents to the prescribed
bid date/time.
BIDDING REQUIREMENTS
The written minimum acceptable requirements set forth by the
owner to the contractor during bidding process. The owner
usually reserves the right to reject a bid if the Bidding
Requirements are not met.
BLUE PRINT(S)
A type of copying method often used for architectural
drawings. Usually used to describe the drawing of a structure
which is prepared by an architect or designer for the purpose
of design and planning, estimating, securing permits and actual
construction.
BLUE STAKE
Another phrase for Utility Notification. This is when a utility
company (telephone, gas, electric, sewer and water, etc) comes
to the job site and locates and spray paints the ground and/or
installs little flags to show where their service is located
underground.
BONDING COMPANY
A properly licensed firm or corporation willing to execute a surety bond,
or bonds, payable to the owner, securing the performance on a
contract either in whole or in part; or securing payment for labor and
materials.
BREAKER PANEL
The electrical box that distributes electric power to each branch circuit
(each plug and switch) and composed of circuit breakers.
BREEZEWAY
A roofed walkway with open sides.
BRIDGING
Small wood or metal members that are inserted in a diagonal position
between the floor joists or rafters at mid-span for the purpose of
bracing the joists/rafters & spreading the load.
BUDGET (CONSTRUCTION BUDGET)
1. An itemized summary of estimated or intended expenditures for a
given period of time
2. The total sum of money allocated for a specific project.
BUILDING
1. To form by combining materials or parts
2. A structure enclosed within a roof and within exterior walls housing,
shelter, enclosure and support of individuals, animals, or real property
of any kind.
BUILDING CODE
The legal requirements set up by the prevailing various governing
agencies covering the minimum acceptable requirements for all types
of construction.
BUILDING ENVELOPE
(Sometimes referred to as Building Shell)
1. The waterproof elements of a building which enclose
conditioned spaces through which thermal energy may be
transferred to or from the exterior.
2. The outer structure of the building.
BUILDING INSPECTOR/OFFICIAL
A qualified government representative authorized to inspect
construction for compliance with applicable building codes,
regulations and ordinances. Courts have ruled that building
inspections are exempt from errors and omissions liabilities.
BUILDING PERMIT
A written document issued by the appropriate governmental
authority permitting construction to begin on a specific project
in accordance with drawings and specifications approved by
the governmental authority.
BUILDING PROCESS
A term used to express every step of a construction project
from it’s conception to final acceptance and occupancy.
BUILT-UP ROOF
A roofing composed of three to five layers of asphalt felt
laminated with coal tar, pitch, or asphalt. The top is finished
with crushed slag or gravel. Generally used on flat or
low-pitched roofs.
BUTTERFLY ROOF
A roof with two sides sloping down toward the interior of
the building.
BUTTRESS
Vertical masonry or concrete support, usually larger at the
base, which projects from a wall.
BTU
Abbreviation for British Thermal Unit; a standard unit for measuring
heat gain or loss.
CAISSON
A 10" or 12" diameter hole drilled into the earth and embedded into
bedrock 3 - 4 feet. The structural support for a type of foundation wall,
porch, patio, monopost, or other structure. Two or more "sticks" of
reinforcing bars (rebar) are inserted into and run the full length of the
hole and concrete is poured into the caisson hole.
CANTILEVER
An overhang. Where one floor extends beyond and over a foundation
wall.
CANTILEVERED VOID
Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions.
This void is "trapezoid" shaped and has vertical sides of 6" and 4"
respectively.
CAVITY WALL
Double masonry wall having an air space between the wyths.
CEILING JOIST
One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling
loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.
Also called roof joists.
CFM (cubic feet per minute)
A rating that expresses the amount of air a blower or fan can move.
The volume of air (measured in cubic feet) that can pass through an
opening in one minute.
CHANGE ORDER
A written document between the owner and the contractor signed by
the owner and the contractor authorizing a change in the work or an
adjustment in the contract sum or the contract time. A change order
may be signed by the architect or engineer, provided they have
written authority from the owner for such procedure and that a
copy of such written authority is furnished to the contractor upon
request. The contract sum and the contract time may be changed
only by change order. A change order may be in the form of
additional compensation or time; or less compensation or time
known as a Deduction (from the contract) the amount deducted
from the contract sum by change order.
CHANGE ORDER PROPOSAL
A change order proposal is the written document before it has
been approved and effected by the Contractor and Owner. A
change order proposal can be issued by either the contractor or
the owner. The change order proposal becomes a change order
only after it has been approved and effected by the Contractor
and Owner.
CHANGE ORDER REQUEST
A written document issued by the owner requesting an adjustment
to the contract sum or an extension of the contract time; generally
issued by the architect or owners representative.
CHECK VALVE
A valve that permits passage through a pipe in only one direction.
CIRCUIT
The path of electrical flow from a power source through an
outlet and back to ground.
CIRCUIT BREAKER
A device which looks like a switch and is usually located inside the
electrical breaker panel or circuit breaker box. It is designed to (1) shut
of the power and (2) to limit the amount of power flowing through a
circuit (measured in amperes). 110 volt household circuits require a
fuse or circuit breaker with a rating of 15 or a maximum of 20 amps.
220 volt circuits may be designed for higher amperage loads.
CLASS "A"
Optimum fire rating issued by Underwriter's Laboratories on roofing.
The building codes in some areas require this type of roofing for fire
safety.
CLASS "C"
Minimum fire rating issued by the Underwriters' Laboratories for
roofing materials.
CLOSED BID/ESTIMATE
A service where only invited bidders or estimators are given access to
the project specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This
option is for those seeking bids/estimates from a prequalified and
selected list of professionals or service.
CO
An abbreviation for "Certificate of Occupancy". This certificate is
issued by the local municipality and is required before anyone can
occupy a space. It is issued only after the local municipality has made
all inspections and all monies and fees have been paid.
CODES
Prevailing regulations, ordinances or statutory requirements set forth
by governmental agencies associated with building construction
practices and owner occupancy, adopted and administered for the
protection of public health, life safety and welfare.
COLD AIR RETURN
The ductwork (and related grills) that carries room air back to the
furnace for re-heating.
COLLAR BEAM
Nominal 1- or 2-inch-thick members connecting opposite roof rafters.
They serve to stiffen the roof structure.
COLUMN
A vertical structural compression member which supports loads.
COMBUSTION AIR
The duct work installed to bring fresh, outside air to the furnace
and/or hot water heater. Normally 2 separate supplies of air are
brought in: one high and one low.
COMPRESSOR
A mechanical device that pressurizes a gas in order to turn it
into a liquid, thereby allowing heat to be removed or added. A
compressor is the main component of conventional heat pumps
and air conditioners. In an air conditioning system, the
compressor normally sits outside and has a large fan
(to remove heat).
CONCRETE
The mixture of Portland cement, sand, gravel, and water. Used to
make garage and basement floors, sidewalks, patios, foundation
walls, etc. It is commonly reinforced with steel rods (rebar) or wire
screening (mesh).
CONDENSATE LINE
The copper pipe that runs from the outside air conditioning
condenser to the inside furnace ( where the a/c coil is located).
CONDENSING UNIT
The outdoor component of a cooling system. It includes a
compressor and condensing coil designed to give off heat.
CONDUIT, ELECTRICAL
A pipe, usually metal, in which wire is installed.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
All drawings, specifications and addenda associated with a
specific construction project.
CONSTRUCT
To assemble and combine construction materials and
methods to make a structure.
CONSTRUCTION
The act or process of constructing.
CONSTRUCTION COST
The direct contractor costs for labor, material, equipment, and
services; contractors overhead and profit; and other direct
construction costs. Construction cost does not include the
compensation paid to the architect and engineer and consultants, the
cost of the land, rights-of-way or other costs which are defined in the
contract documents as being the responsibility of the owner.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS
A term used to represent all drawings, specifications, addenda, other
pertinent construction information associated with the construction of
a specific project.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENTS PHASE
The third phase of the architect's basic services wherein the architect
prepares working drawings, specifications and bidding information.
Depending on the architects scope of services the architect may
assists the owner in the preparation of bidding forms, the conditions
of the contract and the form of agreement between the owner and
contractor.
CONSTRUCTION DOCUMENT REVIEW
The owners review of the borrowers construction documents (plans
and specifications), list of materials, and cost breakdowns for the
purpose of confirming that these documents and estimates are
feasible and are in accordance with the proposed loan or project
appraisal.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT
Organizing and directing men, materials, and equipment to accomplish
the purpose of the designer.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT CONTRACT
A written agreement wherein responsibilities for coordination and
accomplishment of overall project project design and
construction are given to a construction management firm.
The building team generally consists of the owner, contractor
and designer or architect.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
The fifth and final phase of the architect's basics services,
which includes the architect's general administration of the
construction contract(s).
CONSULTANT
One hired by the owner or client to give professional advise.
CONTRACT
1. An agreement between two or more parties, especially one
that is written and enforceable by law
2. The writing or document containing such an agreement.
CONTRACT ADMINISTRATION
The contractual duties and responsibilities of the architect and
engineer during the construction phase of a specific project.
CONTRACT BOND
A written form of security from a surety company, on behalf
of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor,
guaranteeing complete execution of the contract and all
supplemental agreements pertaining thereto and for the
payment of all legal debts pertaining to the construction of
the project.
CONTRACT DOCUMENTS
A term used to represent all executed agreements between the owner
and contractor; any general, supplementary or other contract
conditions; the drawings and specifications; all addenda issued prior
to execution of the contract; and any other items specifically
stipulated as being included in the contract documents.
CONTRACT OVER-RUN (under-run)
The difference between the original contract price and the final
completed cost including all adjustments by approved change order.
CONTRACT PAYMENT BOND
A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on
behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor,
guaranteeing payment to all persons providing labor, materials,
equipment, or services in accordance with the contract.
CONTRACT PERFORMANCE BOND
A written form of security from a surety company to the owner, on
behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or subcontractor,
guaranteeing the completion of the work in accordance with the terms
of the contract.
CONTRACT PERIOD
The elapsed number of working days or calendar days from the
specified date of commencing work to the specified date of
completion, as specified in the contract.
CONTRACT SUM
The total agreeable amount payable by the owner to the contractor for
the performance of the work under the contract documents.
CONTRACT TIME
The time period set forth established in the contract documents for
completing a specific project; usually stated in working days or
calendar days. The contract time can only be adjusted by valid time
extensions through change order.
CONTRACTUAL LIABILITY
The liability assumed by a party under a contract.
CONTRACTOR
A properly licensed individual of company that agrees to furnish labor,
materials, equipment and associated services to perform the work as
specified for a specified price.
CONTRACTOR'S OPTION
A written provision in the contract documents giving the
contractor the option of selecting certain specified materials,
methods or systems without changing in the contract sum.
CONTRACTOR'S QUALIFICATION STATEMENT
A written statement of the Contractor's experience and
qualifications submitted to the Owner during the contractor
selection process. The American Institute of Architects
publishes a standard Contractor's Qualification Statement
form for this purpose.
CONTRACTING OFFICER
An official representative of the owner with specific authority
to act in his behalf in connection with a specific project.
CONTROL JOINT
Tooled, straight grooves made on concrete floors to "control"
where the concrete should crack.
COOLING LOAD
The amount of cooling required to keep a building at a
specified temperature during the summer, usually 78° F,
regardless of outside temperature.
CORBEL
The triangular, decorative and supporting member that holds
a mantel or horizontal shelf.
CORNER BRACES
Diagonal braces at the corners of the framed structure
designed to stiffen and strengthen the wall.
CORNICE
Overhang of a pitched roof , usually consisting of a fascia
board, a soffit and appropriate trim moldings.
COST CODES
A numbering system given to specific kinds of work for the purpose of
organizing the cost control process of a specific project.
COST OF WORK
All costs incurred by the contractor in the proper performance of the
work required by the plans and specifications for a specific project.
COST PLUS FEE AGREEMENT (Cost-Plus)
A written agreement with the owner under which the contractor or the
architect and engineer is reimbursed for his/her direct and indirect
costs and, in addition, is paid a fee for his services. The fee is usually
stated as a stipulated sum or as a percentage of cost.
COUNTER FLASHING
A metal flashing usually used on chimneys at the roofline to cover
shingle flashing and used to prevent moisture entry.
COUNTERFORT
A foundation wall section that strengthens (and generally
perpendicular to) a long section of foundation wall.
CRAWL SPACE
Shallow space below the floor of a building built above ground,
generally surrounded with a foundation wall.
CRICKET
A second roof built on top of the primary roof to increase the slope of
the roof or valley. A saddle-shaped, peaked construction connecting a
sloping roof with a chimney. Designed to encourage water drainage
away from the chimney joint.
CRITICAL PATH
The set of activities that must be completed on time for the project
completion date to be met. Activities on the critical path have no slack
time.
CRITICAL PATH METHOD (C.P.M.)
A planning scheduling and control line and symbol diagram
drawn to show the respective tasks and activities involved in
constructing a specific project.
CROSS BRACING
Boards nailed diagonally across studs or other boards to
make framework rigid.
CROSS BRIDGING
Diagonal bracing between adjacent floor joists, placed near
the center of the joist span to prevent joists from twisting.
CROSS TEE
Short metal "T" beam used in suspended ceiling systems to
bridge the spaces between the main beams.
CSI
Construction Specification Institute
CSI MASTER FORMAT
The CSI Master Format is a system of numbers and titles for
organizing construction information into a regular, standard
order or sequence. By establishing a master list of titles and
numbers Master Format promotes standardization and thereby
facilitates the retrieval of information and improves construction
communication. It provides a uniform system for organizing
information in project manuals, for organizing project cost
data, and for filing product information and other technical data.
CULL
Building material rejected as below standard grade.
CUPOLA
A small structure built on top of a roof to provide ventilation.
CURE
To allow concrete to dry slowly by keeping it moist to allow maximum
strength.
CURRENT DATE LINE
A vertical line on the chart indicating the current date.
CURTAIN WALL
An exterior wall that provides no structural support.
DAILY CONSTRUCTION REPORT
A written document and record that has two main purposes:
1. they furnish information to off-site persons who need and have a
right to know important details of events as they occur daily and
hourly, and
2. they furnish historical documentation that might later have a legal
bearing in cases of disputes. Daily reports should be as factual and
impersonal as possible, free from the expression of personal opinions
and feelings. Each report should be numbered to correspond with the
working days established on the progress schedule. In the event of no-
work days, a daily report should still be made, stating "no work today"
( due to rain, strike, or other causes). The report includes a description
of the weather; a record of the total number of employees,
subcontractors by name, work started and completed today,
equipment on the job site, job progress today, names and titles of
visitors, accidents and/or safety meetings, and a remarks column for
other job related information.
DATE OF AGREEMENT
1. Usually on the front page of the agreement
2. If not on front page it may be the date opposite the signatures when
the agreement was actually signed
3. or when it was recorded
4. or the date the agreement was actually awarded to the contractor.
DATE OF COMMENCEMENT OF THE WORK
The date established in a written notice to proceed from the
owner to the contractor.
DATE OF SUBSTANTIAL COMPLETION
The date certified by the architect when the work or a
designated portion thereof is sufficiently complete, in
accordance with the contract documents, so the owner may
occupy the work or designated portion thereof for the use for
which it is intended.
DEAD LOAD
All the weight in a structure made up of unmovable materials.
DEMISING WALLS
The boundaries that separate your space from your neighbors'
and from the public corridor.
DESIGN
A graphical representation consisting of plan views, interior and
exterior elevations, sections, and other drawings and details to
depict the goal or purpose for a building or other structure.
DESIGN-BUILD CONSTRUCTION
When a Prime or Main contractor bids or negotiates to provide
Design and Construction services for the entire construction
project.
DESIGN-CONSTRUCT CONTRACT
A written agreement between and contractor and owner
wherein the contractor agrees to provide both design and
construction services.
DESIGN-DEVELOPMENT PHASE
The second phase of the architect's basic services wherein
the architect prepares drawings and other presentation
documents to fix and describe the size and character of the
entire project as to architectural, structural, mechanical and electrical
systems, materials and other essentials as may be appropriate; and
prepares a statement of probable construction cost.
DETAIL
1. An individual part or item
2. A graphical scale representation (drawing at a larger scale) of
construction part(s) or item(s) showing materials, composition and
dimensions.
DIRECT COST (or expense)
All items of expense directly incurred by or attributable to a specific
project, assignment or task. Direct Costs, Hard Costs, and
Construction Costs are synonymous.
DORMER
An opening in a sloping roof, the framing of which projects out to form
a vertical wall suitable for windows or other openings.
DOWNSPOUT
A pipe, usually of metal, for carrying rainwater down from the roof's
horizontal gutters.
DRAW
The amount of progress billings on a contract that is currently
available to a contractor under a contract with a fixed payment
schedule.
DRAWINGS
1. A term used to represent that portion of the contract documents
that graphically illustrates the design, location and dimensions of the
components and elements contained in a specific project
2. A line drawing.
Drywall (or Gypsum Wallboard (GWB), Sheet rock or Plasterboard)
Wall board or gypsum ELEVATION

A manufactured panel made out of gypsum plaster and encased The drawings of the front, sides, or rear face of a building.
in a thin cardboard. Usually 1/2" thick and 4' x 8' or 4' x 12' in size.
The panels are nailed or screwed onto the framing and the joints ESTIMATE
are taped and covered with a 'joint compound'. 'Green board' type
1. To calculate approximately the amount, extent or value of
drywall has a greater resistance to moisture than regular (white)
something
plasterboard and is used in bathrooms and other "wet areas".
2. To form an opinion of estimated costs.
DURATION
ESTIMATE OF CONSTRUCTION COST, DETAILED
The length of an activity, excluding holidays and other
non-working days. A calculation of costs prepared on the basis of a detailed analysis of
materials and labor for all items of work, as contrasted with an
EASEMENT
estimate based on current area, volume or similar unit costs. *195
The right to use land owned by another, such as a utility
ESTIMATING
company's right-of-way.
A process of calculating the amount of material, labor and equipment
EAVES
required for a given project necessary to complete the work as
The horizontal exterior roof overhang. specified.

EGRESS EXCAVATION

A means of exiting a space. Normally a 4' X 4' window is the Cavity or pit produced by digging the earth in preparation for
minimum size required. construction.

ELECTRICAL ROUGH EXPANSION JOINT

Work performed by the electrical contractor after the plumber Fibrous material (@1/2" thick) installed in and around a concrete slab
and heating contractor are complete with their phase of work. to permit it to move up and down (seasonally) along the non-moving
Normally all electrical wires, and outlet, switch, and fixture boxes foundation wall.
are installed (before insulation).
FABRICATION
ELECTRICAL TRIM
Work done on parts of a structure at the factory before delivery to the
Work performed by the electrical contractor when the project is building site.
nearing completion. The electrician installs all plugs, switches, light
FACADE
fixtures, smoke detectors, appliance "pig tails", bath ventilation fans,
wires the furnace, and "makes up" the electric panel. The electrician Face or front elevation of a building.
does all work necessary to get ready for and to pass the electrical final
inspection.
FACILITY OR SITE ANALYSIS FINAL INSPECTION

A visual inspection of a building and on-site improvements for A final site review of the project by the contractor, owner or owner’s
functional or physical deterioration; prepare optional authorized representative prior to issuing the final certificate for
Replacement Cost Estimate for making recommendations to payment.
improve functional and physical deficiencies to increase
market value; AND/OR prepare a Reserve Study over five (5) FINAL PAYMENT
years to increase Net Operating Income (NOI) for the facility.
The last payment from the owner to the contractor of the entire unpaid
FAST TRACK CONSTRUCTION (Fast Tracking) balance of the contract sum as adjusted by any approved change
orders.
A method of construction management which involves a
continuous design-construction operation. When a prime or FINISH DATE
main contractor starts the construction work BEFORE the plans
The date that an activity or project is completed.
and specifications are complete.
FIRE-RESISTIVE OR FIRE RATED
FF&E
Applies to materials that are not combustible in the temperatures of
1. An abbreviation for furniture, fixtures and equipment
ordinary fires and will withstand such fires for at least 1 hour.
2. Items classified as personal property rather than real property
FIRE RETARDANT CHEMICAL
3. An abbreviation generally associated with interior design and
A chemical or preparation of chemicals used to reduce the
planning of retail stores or office facilities.
flammability of a material or to retard the spread of flame.
FIELD ORDER
FIRE-STOP
A written order effecting a minor change or clarification in the
Tight closure material or blocking to prevent the spread of flame or
work not involving an adjustment to the contract sum or an
hot gases within framing.
extension of the contract time.
FIXED FEE
FIELD WORK ORDER
A set contract amount for all labor, materials, equipment and services;
A written request to a subcontractor or vendor, usually from the
and contractors overhead and profit for all work being performed for a
general or main contractor, site for services or materials.
specific scope of work.
FINAL ACCEPTANCE
FIXED LIMIT OF CONSTRUCTION COSTS
The action of the owner accepting the work from the contractor
A construction cost ceiling agreed to between the owner and architect
when the owner deems the work completed in accordance with
or engineer for designing a specific project.
the contract requirements. Final acceptance is confirmed by
the owner when making the final payment to the contractor. FLASHING

Sheet metal or other material used in roof and wall construction to

protect a building from water seepage.
FLOATING
The next-to-last stage in concrete work, when you smooth off
the job and bring water to the surface by using a hand float
or bull float.
FLOATING WALL
A non-bearing wall built on a concrete floor. It is constructed so
that the bottom two horizontal plates can compress or pull apart
if the concrete floor moves up or down. Normally built on
basements and garage slabs.
FORM
Temporary structure erected to contain concrete during placing
and initial hardening.
FOOTPRINT
The outline of a building's foundation; used for site planning.
FOUNDATION
The supporting portion of a structure below the first floor
construction, or below grade, including the footings.
FOUNDATION TIES
Metal wires that hold the foundation wall panels and rebar in
place during the concrete pour.
GABLE
The end, upper, triangular area of a home, beneath the roof.
GAMBREL ROOF
A roof with two slopes on each side, the lower slope steeper
than the upper.
GANTT CHART
The schedule of activities for a project. A Gantt Chart shows start and
finish dates, critical and non-critical activities, slack time, and
predecessor relationships.
GENERAL CONDITIONS
A written portion of the contract documents set forth by the owner
stipulating the contractor’s minimum acceptable performance
requirements including the rights, responsibilities and relationships of
the parties involved in the performance of the contract. General
conditions are usually included in the book of specifications but are
sometimes found in the architectural drawings.
GENERAL CONTRACTOR
Properly licensed individual or company having primary (prime)
responsibility for the work.
GENERAL CONTRACTING (the traditional method)
When a prime or main contractor bids the entire work AFTER the final
design, plans and specifications are complete and have been
approved by the owner.
GIRDER
A large or principal beam of wood or steel used to support
concentrated loads at isolated points along its length.
GRADE
Ground level, or the elevation at any given point. Also the work of
leveling dirt. Also the designated quality of a manufactured piece of
wood.
GRID
The completed assembly of main and cross tees in a suspended
ceiling system before the ceiling panels are installed.
HEATING LOAD
The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified
temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of
outside temperature.
HEAT ROUGH
Work performed by the heating contractor after the stairs and
interior walls are built. This includes installing all duct work and
flue pipes. Sometimes, the furnace and fireplaces are installed
at this stage of construction.
HEAT TRIM
Work done by the heating contractor to get ready for the Final
Heat Inspection. This includes venting the hot water heater,
installing all vent grills, registers, air conditioning services,
turning on the furnace, installing thermostats, venting ranges
and hoods, and all other heat related work.
HIP
A roof with four sloping sides. The external angle formed by the
meeting of two sloping sides of a roof.
I-BEAM
A steel beam with a cross section resembling the letter I. It is
used for long spans as basement beams or over wide wall
openings when wall and roof loads bear down on the opening.
INDEPENDENT CONTRACTOR
One free from the influence, guidance, or control of another or
others and does not owe a "fiduciary duty". Example: architect,
engineer, prime or main contractor, construction manager at-risk.
IMPROVEMENTS
1. A term sometimes used to describe TI'S or Tenant Improvements.
2. Improvements can be in the form of new construction or
remodel work.
INDEMNIFICATION
1.The act of indemnifying.
2. The condition of being indemnified.
INDIRECT COST (or expense)
A contractor’s or consultant’s overhead expense; expenses indirectly
incurred and not chargeable to a specific project or task. The terms
Indirect costs and soft costs are synonymous .
INSPECTION
1. The act of inspecting.
2. An official examination or review of the work completed or in
progress to determine its compliance with contract requirements.
INSPECTION FOR DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS
An independent vehicle for the disbursement and accounting of
construction funds allowing construction obligations to be paid
(progress payments) when work is completed, inspected and
approved. Job Costs are reviewed prior to making disbursements to
establish that the actual construction payments are within the
confines of the original estimate confines or schedule of construction
values.
INSPECTION LIST (PUNCH LIST)
A list prepared by the owner or his/her authorized representative of
items of work requiring immediate corrective or completion action by
the contractor.
INSPECTION REPORT
Sometimes used to describe an Inspection List.
INSPECTOR
One who is appointed or employed to inspect something.
INTERIOR FINISH
A term used to represent the visible elements, materials and
applications applied to a building’s interior excluding furniture, fixtures
and equipment.
INVOICE Conditional Lien Waiver, Unconditional Lien Waiver, and Final Lien
Waiver.
A list sent to a purchaser containing the items and charges of
merchandise. LINTEL

JOIST A horizontal structural member that supports the load over an opening
such as a door or window.
Structural member which directly supports floors or ceilings
adn is supported by bearing walls, beam, or girders. LIVE LOAD

LABOR AND MATERIAL PAYMENT BOND The total of all moving and variable loads that may be placed upon a
building.
A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company to
the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor or LOAD BEARING WALL
subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event
the contractor fails to pay for all labor, materials, equipment, or Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a
services in accordance with the contract. support beam or girder.

LEASEHOLD IMPROVEMENTS LOGGIA

A term used to mean Tenant Improvements. Generally, this term A roofed open gallery, often on an upper level.
is used when building in retail stores as contrasted with the term
LUMENS
Tenant Improvements which are generally associated with office
buildings. The terms are often used interchangeably. Unit of measure for total light output. The amount of light falling on a
surface of one square foot.
LIEN, MECHANIC'S OR MATERIAL
LUMP SUM BID
The right to take and hold or sell an owner’s property to satisfy
unpaid debts to a qualified contractor for labor, materials, A single entry amount to cover all labor, equipment, materials, services,
equipment or services to improve the property. and overhead and profit for completing the construction of a variety of
unspecified items of work without the benefit of a cost breakdown.
LIEN RELEASE
LUMP SUM CONTRACT
A written document from the contractor to the owner that releases
the Lien, Mechanic’s or Material following it’s satisfaction. A written contract between the owner and contractor wherein the
owner agrees the pay the contractor a specified sum of money for
LIEN WAIVER
completing a scope of work consisting of a variety of unspecified
1. An written document from a contractor, subcontractor, material items or work.
supplier or other construction professional(s), having lien rights
MANSARD ROOF
against an owner’s property, relinquishes all or part of those rights.
A roof with two slopes on each side, with the lower slope being nearly
2. Lien waivers are generally used for processing progress
vertical and the upper slope nearly horizontal.
payments to prime or main or subcontractors as follows:
MASONRY
Stone, brick, concrete, hollow-tile, concrete block, or other similar
building units or materials. Normally bonded together with mortar
to form a wall.
MEETING ATTENDANCE FORM
A form consisting of three columns (individuals name, individuals
title, and company the individual represents). This form is given to
all persons attending any meeting. Each person attending the
meeting will complete their respective information. The date of
the meeting should be included for reference.
MEETING NOTES
A written report consisting of a project number, project name,
meeting date and time, meeting place, meeting subject, a list of
persons attending, and a list of actions taken and/or discussed
during the meeting. Generally, this report is distributed to all
persons attending the meeting and any other person having an
interest in the meeting.
MILESTONE
An activity with a duration of zero (0) and by which progress
of the project is measured. A milestone is an informational
marker only; it does not affect scheduling.
MILLWORK
Generally all building materials made of finished wood and
manufactured in millwork plants. Includes all doors, window and
door frames, blinds, mantels, panelwork, stairway components
(ballusters, rail, etc.), moldings, and interior trim. Does not
include flooring, ceiling, or siding.
MONOLITHIC
Term used for concrete work poured and cast in one piece
without joints.
MONOPOST
Adjustable metal column used to support a beam or bearing point.
MYLAR
Plastic, transparent copies of a blueprint.
NEC (National Electrical Code)
A set of rules governing safe wiring methods. Local codes—which are
backed by law—may differ from the NEC in some ways.
NONBEARING WALL
A wall supporting no load other than its own weight.
OC- On Center
The measurement of spacing for studs, rafters, and joists in a building
from the center of one member to the center of the next.
OPEN BID/ESTIMATE
A service where any bidder or estimator is given access to project
specific RFP (Request for Proposal) information. This option is for
those seeking bids/estimates from any interested professionals or
service with out prequalifying them.
ORIENTATION
The positioning of a building on a lot in relation to the sun, wind, view,
and noise.
OUTRIGGER
An extension of a rafter beyond the wall line. Usually a smaller
member nailed to a larger rafter to form a cornice or roof overhang.
OWNER
An individual or corporation that owns a real property.
OWNER-ARCHITECT AGREEMENT
A written form of contract between architect and client for
professional architectural services.
OWNER-BUILDER
A term used to describe an Owner who takes on the
responsibilities of the general contractor to build a specific
project.
OWNER-CONSTRUCTION AGREEMENT
Contract between owner and contractor for a construction project.
OWNER-CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT AGREEMENT
Contract between construction manager and client for
professional services.
PARAPET
A wall placed at the edge of a roof to prevent people from
falling off.
PARTITION
A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building
or room.
PERFORMANCE BOND
1. A written form of security from a surety (bonding) company
to the owner, on behalf of an acceptable prime or main contractor
or subcontractor, guaranteeing payment to the owner in the event
the contractor fails to perform all labor, materials, equipment, or
services in accordance with the contract.
2. The surety companies generally reserve the right to have the
original prime or main or subcontractor remedy any claims before
paying on the bond or hiring other contractors.
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS
The written material containing the minimum acceptable
standards and actions, as may be necessary to complete a project.
Including the minimum acceptable quality standards and aesthetic
values expected upon completion of the project.
PERGOLA
Open, structural framework over an outdoor area, usually covered with
climbing vines to form an arbor.
PERT
An abbreviation for Program Evaluating and Review Technique.
PERT SCHEDULE
A diagram that illustrates, charts and reports a projects estimated
start and completion times; and work in progress.
PIER
A column of masonry, usually rectangular in horizontal cross section,
used to support other structural members.
PITCH
The incline slope of a roof or the ratio of the total rise to the total
width, i.e., a 6-foot rise and 24-foot width is a one-fourth pitch roof.
Roof slope is expressed in the inches of rise, per foot of horizontal run.
PLAN
1. A line drawing (by floor) representing the horizontal geometrical
section of the walls of a building. The section (a horizontal plane) is
taken at an elevation to include the relative positions of the walls,
partitions, windows, doors, chimneys, columns, pilasters, etc.
2. A plan can be thought of as cutting a horizontal section through a
building at an eye level elevation.
PLAN CHECKER
A term sometimes used to describe a building department official who
examines the building permit documents.
PLAN VIEW
Drawing of a structure with the view from overhead, looking down.
PLANNER
A person who forms a scheme or method for doing something;
an arrangement of means or steps for the attainment of some
object; a scheme, method, design; a mode of action.
PLANS
A term used to represent all drawings including sections and
details; and any supplemental drawings for complete execution
of a specific project.
PLUMBING ROUGH
Work performed by the plumbing contractor after the Rough Heat
is installed. This work includes installing all plastic ABS drain and
waste lines, copper water lines, bath tubs, shower pans, and gas
piping to furnaces and fireplaces.
PLUMBING TRIM
Work performed by the plumbing contractor to get ready for a
final plumbing inspection. Includes installing all toilets (water
closets), hot water heaters, sinks, connecting all gas pipe to
appliances, disposal, dishwasher, and all plumbing items.
POST-AND-BEAM
A basic building method that uses just a few hefty posts and
beams to support an entire structure. Contrasts with stud framing.
PRECAST
Concrete shapes made separately before being used in a structure.
Pre-Construction Planning and Team Building
A process used for the purpose of establishing below market dollar
budget(s), overall project scheduling and design criteria; also
identification and selection of the most feasible project design and
construction team.
PREDECESSOR
An activity that must be completed before another activity can begin.
PRELIMINARY DRAWINGS
1. The drawings that precede the final approved drawings.
2. Usually these drawings are stamped or titled "PRELIMINARY"; and
the "PRELIMINARY" is removed from the drawings upon being
reviewed and approved by the owner.
PRELIMINARY LIEN NOTICE
A written notice given to the property owner of a specific project by
the subcontractors and any person or company furnishing services,
equipment or materials to that project. The notice states if bills are not
paid in full for the labor, services, equipment, or materials furnished or
to be furnished, a mechanic's lien leading to the loss, through court
foreclosure proceedings, of all or part of the property being so
improved may be placed against the property even through the owner
has paid the prime contractor in full. The notice explains how the
owner can protect himself against this consequence by 1. requiring
the prime contractor to furnish a signed release by the person or firm
thus giving the owner notice before making payment to the prime
contractor or 2. any other method or device which is appropriate under
the circumstances. The state of California mandates that a
Preliminary Lien Notice must be given to the property owner not more
than 20 days after starting the work on the specific project.
Pre-qualification of prospective bidders
A screening process wherein the owner or his/her appointed
representative gathers background information from a contractor or
construction professional for selection purposes. Qualifying
considerations include competence, integrity, dependability,
responsiveness, bonding rate, bonding capacity, work on hand, similar
project experience, and other specific owner requirements.
Reference:
https://operations.fs.cornell.edu/info/ir_glossary.cfm#R
 Republic of the Philippines

SORSOGON STATE UNIVERSITY

College of Engineering and Architecture

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURE

Sorsogon City

CONSTRUCTION
TERMINOLOGIES

Rhea Lyn M. Leoncito

BS Architecture 3B