Sterilization of Water Using

Bleaching Powder

Aayush Amit
 INDEX
1. Certificate of Authenticity
2. Acknowledgment
3. Introduction
1. Need of Water
2. Purification of water
3. Need for a stable purification technique
4. Theory
1. Bleaching Powder and its preparation
5. Experiment
1. Aim
2. Requirement
3. Pre-Requisite Knowledge
4. Procedure
6. Observation
7. Calculation
8. Result
9. Conclusion
10. Bibliography
 Certificate of
Authenticity
This is to certify that Aayush Amit, a student of class XII has
successfully completed the research project in chemistry
on the topic “Sterilization of Water using Bleaching Powder
” under the guidance of Mr Aashiq Hussain (Subject
Teacher) during the year 2023-24.
This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in
plagiarism of any kind . The reference taken in making this
project have been declared at the end of this report

Signature(Subject Teacher) Signature(Examiner)

 Acknowledgment

I wish to express my deep gratitude and sincere thanks to

the Principal, Mrs Madhumita Banerjee for her
encouragement and for all the facilities that she provided
for this project work. I sincerely appreciate this
magnanimity by taking me into her fold for which I shall
remain indebted to her . I extend my heartly thanks to Mr
Aashiq Hussain (teacher), who guided me to the
successful completion of this project. I take this
opportunity to express my deep sense of gratitude for his
valuable guidance, constant encouragement, immense
motivation, which has sustained my efforts at all the
stages of this project.
 Introduction
Need For Water
Water is an important and essential ingredient in our quest for
survival on this planet. It is very essential for carrying out various
metabolic processes in our body and also to carry out
Haemoglobin throughout the body.
In order to fulfil a huge demand of water, it needs to be purified
and supplied in a orderly and systematic way.
But with the increasing world population, the demand for
drinking water has also increased dramatically and therefore it is
very essential to identify resource of water from which we can
use water for drinking purposes. Many available resources of
water do not have it in drinkable form. Either the water contains
excess of Calcium or Magnesium salt or any other organic
impurity or it simply contains foreign particles which make it
unfit and unsafe for drinking .
Purification of Water

There are many methods for the purification of water. Some of

them are
1. Boiling
2. Filtration
3. Bleaching Powder Treatment
4. SODIS

Boiling is perhaps the most commonly used purification

technique in use today. While in normal households it is efficient
technique; it cannot be used for industrial and large scale
purposes. It is because in normal households, the water to be
purified is very small in quantity and hence the water loss due to
evaporation is almost negligible. But in industrial or large scale
purification of water the water loss due to evaporation will be
quite high and amount of purified water obtained will be very
less.

Filtration is also used for removing foreign particles from water.

One major drawback of this methods is that it cannot be used for
removing foreign chemicals and impurities that are miscible with
water.
SODIS or Solar Water Disinfection is recommended by United
Nation for disinfection of water using soft drink bottles, sunlight
and a black surface – at least in hot nations with regularly
intense sunlight.
Water-filled transparent bottles placed in a horizontal position
atop a flat surface in strong sunlight for around five hours will kill
microbes in the water. The process is made even more safe and
effective if the bottom half is made of plastic or metal. It’s the
combination of heat and UV light kills microbes
The major drawback of this technique is that it cannot be used in
countries with cold weather. Also, the time consumed for
Purification process is more and it also needs a ‘blackened’
surface, much like solar cookers.

Need For A Stable Purification Technique

Therefore we need a purification technique which can be used

anytime and anywhere, does not require the use of any third
party content and which is also economically feasible on both
normal scale and large scale
Hence we look at method of purification of water using
technique of treatment by bleaching powder commonly known
as chlorination.
 Theory
Preparation of Bleaching Powder:

It is prepared by either Calcium process or Sodium process.

Calcium Process: Calcium hypochlorite, also known as chloride of
lime, is made by reacting chlorine with calcium hydroxide:

2Cl2 + 2Ca(OH)2 Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 +2H2O

Sodium Process: Calcium hypochlorite is made by reacting

chlorine with Sodium hydroxide:

2Ca(OH)2 + 3Cl2 + 2NaOH Ca(ClO)2 + CaCl2 + HO + 2NaCl

Bleaching Powder is actually a mixture of Ca(ClO)2 and the basic

chloride CaCl2, Ca(OH)2, H2O with some slaked lime, Ca(OH)2
 Experiment
Aim : To determine the dosage of bleaching powder required
for sterilization or disinfection of different samples of water.

Requirement: Burette, titration flask, 100ml graduated cylinder,

250 ml measuring flask, weight box, glazed tile, glass wool.

Chemicals Required:
Bleaching Powder, Glass wool, 0.1 N Na 2 S 2 O3 solution, 10% KI
solution, different samples of water, starch solution.

Pre-Requisite Knowledge:
• Bleaching powder when dissolved in contains dissolved
chlorine liberated by the action of bleaching powder with
water.
CaOCl2 + H2O Ca(OH) 2 + 𝐶𝑙2
• Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered
conical flask and add it to 20ml of 10% KI solution. Stopper
the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this solution against
0.1N Na2S2O3 solution taken in the burette. When the
solution in the conical flask becomes light yellow in color,
add about 2ml starch solution. The solution now becomes
blue in color. Continue titrating till the blue color just
disappears. Repeat the titration to get a set of three
concordant readings.
Cl + 2KI 2KCl + I & I2 + 2Na2S2O3 Na2S4O6 +2NaI
Procedure:

1. Preparation of bleaching power solution Weigh

accurately 2.5g bleaching powder and transfer it to a
250ml conical flask. Add about 100ml of distilled water.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. The
suspension thus obtained is filtered through glass wool
and the filtrate is diluted with water to make the
volume 250 ml .The solution obtained is 1% bleaching
powder solution.

2. Take 20ml of bleaching powder solution in a stoppered

conical flask and add it to 20ml of 10% Kl solution.
Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously. Titrate this
solution against 0.1 N 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 solution taken in
burette. When the solution in the conical flask becomes
light yellow in color, add about 2ml starch solution. The
solution now becomes blue in color. Continue titration
till the blue color just disappears. Repeat the titration
to get a set of three concordant readings.
 Observation
• Volume of bleaching powder sol. taken 20ml.
• Volume of KI solution added 20ml
• Volume of different samples of water 100ml

Titration Table of distilled water

S.No. Initial Final Final vol. Mean

reading reading of 0.2 vol.(ml)
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟒 𝑶𝟔
Sol.
used(ml)

1. 2.0 10.1 8.1 8.2

2. 10.1 18.4 8.2 8.2

3. 18.4 26.6 8.3 8.2

 Titration Table of Tank Water

S.No. Initial Final Final vol. Mean

reading reading of 0.2 vol.(ml)
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟒 𝑶𝟔
Sol.
used(ml)

1. 15.1 25.2 10.1 10.1

2. 25.2 35.2 10.0 10.1

3. 35.2 45.4 10.2 10.1

Titration Table for Pond Water

S S.No. Initial Final Final vol. Mean
reading reading of 0.2 vol.(ml)
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝟒 𝑶𝟔
Sol.
used(ml)

1. 7.2 12.1 4.9 4.8

2. 12.1 16.9 4.8 4.8

3. 16.9 21.9 4.7 4.8

 Calculation
• TANK WATER (SAMPLE I)
Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of tap
water = ( 8.2 – 10.1) ml of 0.2N of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆4 𝑂6 solution

= 1.9 ml of 0.2 N of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆4 𝑂6 solution

Since, 250ml bleaching powder solution contains 2.5 g bleaching

powder

Thus, 1ml of bleaching powder solution contains bleaching

powder=2.5/250=0.01g

Also, 20ml of bleaching powder solution = 8.2 ml of 0.2 N of

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3

So 1ml of 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆2 𝑂3 solution =20/8.2 ml of bleaching powder

solution

Volume of bleaching powder solution used to disinfect 100 ml

of water =1.9*20/8.2 ml

1.9*20 / 8.2 ml. of bleaching powder solution

=1.9*20*0.01/8.2 (gm) bleaching power.

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 1ltr. of water

= 1.9*20*0.01 *1000/8.2*100

= 0.4634gm
• POND WATER (SAMPLE II)

Amount of bleaching powder used to disinfect 100ml of water.

= (8.2 – 4.8) ml of 0.2 N Na2S2O3 solution
= 3.4ml
Accordingly,

Volume of Ca(OCl)2 solution required to disinfect 1lt. of water

= 3.4x20x0.01x1000/8.2x100
= 0.8293 gm

Result
Amount of the given samples of bleaching powder required to
disinfect one liter of water:-
Samples I = 0.4634 gm
Samples II = 0.8293 gm
Since amount of bleaching powder required for disinfecting
POND WATER is more than required for TANK WATER , thus it can
be concluded that former contains more impurities.
 Conclusion
While household bleaching solutions are widely available but it is
not recommended to use it for household water treatment. If
bleach is used for household water treatment system,
concentration should be regularly checked and proper dosage
strategy should be developed recommended by authorized
organizations.

Bleaching Powder water treatment is useful in disinfecting water

in places or conditions where boiling method cannot be
practiced.
 Bibliography
1. google.com

2. wikipedia.org

3. vlib.us

4. toppersarena.com