Math-1101(Engineering Mathematics-I) L-01

Improper Integrals
Method of Substitutions:
xm
Type 01: (a)  dx; m is positive integer, put a  bx  u .
(a  bx) n
x3
Ex:  (a  bx) 4 dx
1 a  bx a
(b)  dx; m  n  1 and integer, put  u. so, x  .
x (a  bx) n
m
x u b
1
Ex: x 3/ 2
(a  bx) 5 / 2
dx

x 2 m 1
(c)  n
dx; m  ve integer, put u 2  a  bx 2 .
(a  bx ) 2

x3
Ex:  dx
(1  x 2 )
1
(d)  dx; n  ve even integer, put x  1 / z; az 2  b  u 2 .
x n
(a  bx ) 2

1
Ex: x 4
( x 2  1)
dx

dx dx
Type 02:  ax 2
 bx  c
;  ax  bx  c
2
, a  0.

1 dz 1 dx
 
a  b 
2
4ac  b 2
;
a  2
, where z  x  b / 2a..
 b  4ac  b 2
x   x   
 2a  4a 2  2a  4a 2
1 dz 1 dx
 
a z  k2
2
;
a  z2  k2
, where z  x  b / 2a..

px  q px  q
Type 03:  ax 2
 bx  c
dx ;  ax 2  bx  c
dx, a  0, p  0.

2aq 2aq
(2ax  b)  b (2ax  b)   bq
p p p
2a  
 dx ; dx, a  0, p  0.
ax 2  bx  c ax 2  bx  c

dx 2  ex  f dx 2  ex  f
Type 04:  ax 2  bx  c dx ;  ax 2  bx  c
dx, a  0, d  0.
 x2  4 ( x 2  2 x  3)  (2 x  1) (2 x  1)
Ex 01:  x 2  2x  3 dx 
x  2x  3
2
dx   (1  2
x  2x  3
)dx

(2 x  2)  3 (2 x  2) 1 (2 x  2) 1
  (1  2 )dx   (1  2  2 )dx   (1  2  )dx
x  2x  3 x  2x  3 x  2x  3 x  2 x  3 ( x  1)  ( 2 ) 2
2

( 2 x  2) 1 3  x  1
  dx   dx   )dx  x  log( x 2  2 x  3)  tan 1  c
x  2x  3
2
( x  1)  ( 2 )
2 2
2  2 
dx dx
Type 05:  ( x   )( x   )
and
( x   )(   x)
; put x    u 2 or x  u 2   .

dx
Type 06:  (ax  b) (cx  d )
; put cx  d  u 2 .

1 1
Type 07:  ( px  q) r
(ax  bx  c)
2
dx ; r  1,2,.n put px  q 
z
.

1 1 1
 (2 x  3) ( x 2  3 x  2)
dx ; put 2x  3 
z
or
2x  3
 z.

1
Type 08:  ( px  q ) (ax  bx  c)2
dx ; put px  q  z 2 .

1 cx 2  d
Type 09:  (ax 2
 b) (cx 2  d )
dx ; put x  1 / z , ( )  u 2 , or
ax 2  b
 u2.

1
 (x 2
 1) ( x 2  4)
dx ; put x  1/ z

z
  dz ; put 1  4 z 2  u 2
( z  1) (4 z  1)
2 2

1 1 u
  du   tan 1 c.
(u  3)
2
3 3

ax 2  c
Type 10:  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) dx ;
c c
a a
ax 2  c x2 x2 du
 (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) dx   c 2
dx  
c
dx  
u  k2
2
(a 2 x 2  b  ) (ax  ) 2  (b  2ac)
x2 x
c
where ax   u ; k  b  2ac.
x
Ex1:
1 1
1 1 2
x2 1 2
x dx  x du 1 u 1 1 x  1
2

 x 4  1 dx    12  u 2  ( 2)2 2
1
dx   tan ( )  tan ( )c
1 2 2 2 x
x  2
2
(x  )  ( 2) 2

x x
 dx x 2 dx
Type 11:  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) ; and  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) .
These are special case of type 10. In the first one, the numerator simplifies with
a  0 and c  1 and in the second a  1 , c  0. The numerators of these integrals can be
expressed as the sum and the difference of the numerator of Type 10.

dx 1 (ax 2  c)  (ax 2  c ) 1 (ax 2  c)dx 1 (ax 2  c)dx

 (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) 2c  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 )
 dx 
2c  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) 2c  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 )


and
x 2 dx 1 (ax 2  c )  (ax 2  c) 1 (ax 2  c)dx 1 (ax 2  c)dx
 (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) 2a  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 )
 dx 
2a  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 ) 2a  (a 2 x 4  bx 2  c 2 )


dx 1 (x 2  a 2 )  (x2  a 2 ) 1 (x 2  a 2 ) 1 (x2  a2 )
Ex2:  x 4  a 4  2a 2  x a
4 4
dx  2
2a  x 4  a 4 dx  2a 2  x 4  a 4 dx

x 2 dx 1 (x 2  a 2 )  (x 2  a 2 ) 1 (x 2  a 2 ) 1 (x 2  a 2 )
Ex3:  x4  a4 2 

x4  a4
dx 
2  x4  a4
dx 
2  x4  a4
dx

dx dx dx
Type 12:  a sin x  b ;  a cos x  b ;  a cos x  b sin x  c .
2 tan x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
Put sin x  ; cos x  ; and then tan x / 2  z.
1  tan 2 x / 2 1  tan 2 x / 2
dx dx dx
Type 13:  ;  ;  ;
a  b sin x
2
a  b cos x
2
a cos x  b sin 2 x
2

Divided the numerator and denominator by cos 2 x and then put tan x  z.
Type 14:  sin m xdx ; if m is positive odd integer put cos x  z.

 cos if m is positive odd integer put sin x  z.

m
xdx ;

Type 15:  cos  sin .

m m
xdx ; xdx
If m is positive even integer, then the integrand expressed its multiple angles.
Type 16:  sin m x cos n xdx ; if m is +ve odd and n is +ve even integers put cos x  z.

 sin x cos xdx ; if m is +ve even and n is +ve odd integers put sin x  z.
m n

Type 17:  sin x cos xdx ; if m and n are +ve odd integers put cos x  z or sin x  z.
m n

Type 18:  sin m x cos n xdx ; if m and n are +ve even integers
put cos x  i sin x  y, then cos x  i sin x  1 / y. cos nx  i sin nx  y n , then cos nx  i sin nx  1 / y n .
y  1 / y  2 cos x, y  1 / y  2i sin x; y n  1 / y n  2 cos nx, y n  1 / y n  2i sin nx.
Math-1101(Engineering Mathematics-I) L-02

Integration by Parts:
 du 
 (uv)dx  u  vdx     vdx dx
 dx 
du
Let
dx
 u 1 and  vdx  v 1

Then  (uv)dx  uv1  u 1v2  u 2 v3  u 3 v4  u 4 v5  (1) n 1 u n 1vn  (1) n  u n vn

e ax (a cos bx  b sin bx) e ax
Type1:  e ax cos bx dx   cos(bx  tan 1 b / a )
a2  b2 a b
2 2

e (a sin bx  b cos bx)

ax
e ax

e sin bxdx   sin(bx  tan 1 b / a )

ax

a2  b2 a b
2 2

e (a cosh bx  b sinh bx)

ax
Type2:  e ax cosh bx dx 
a2  b2
e ax (a sinh bx  b cosh bx)
 e sinh bx dx 
ax

a2  b2

Type3:  e ax {af ( x)  f ( x)} dx  e ax f ( x)

xe x x ( x  1)  1 x 1 1  ex
Ex 01:  ( x  1) 2 dx   e ( x  1) 2 dx   e  ( x  1)  ( x  1) 2  dx 
 ( x  1)
c.

 [  e x { f ( x)  f ( x)} dx  e x f ( x)]

Standard Integral:
x x2  a2 a2 x x2  a2 a2 x
(i )  x 2  a 2 dx   log ( x  x 2  a 2   sinh 1
2 2 2 2 a
x x2  a2 a2 x x2  a2 a2 x
(ii )  x 2  a 2 dx   log ( x  x 2  a 2   cosh 1
2 2 2 2 a
x a2  x2 a2 x
(iii )  a 2  x 2 dx   sin 1
2 2 a
Type 01:  ax  x  c dx, a  0.
2

Type 02:  ( px  q) ax  x  c dx, a  0, p  0.

2

Ex 01:  (3x  2) x 2  x  1 dx
3 1
I   (3 x  2) x 2  x  1 dx   { (2 x  1)  } x 2  x  1 dx
2 2
3 1 2
  (2 x  1) x 2  x  1 dx  x  x  1 dx
2 2
 2
3 1  3
  (2 x  1) x 2  x  1 dx   ( x  1 ) 2    dx [ put
 2 x  1  z and ( x  1 / 2)  u ]
2 2 2
 2 
3
1 3
 ( x 2  x  1) 2  (2 x  1) x 2  x  1  log x  1 2  x 2  x  1  c. .
8 16

Partial Fractions:
P( x)
Partial fractions are used to integrate rational fractions, where both P (x) and
Q ( x)
Q (x) are polynomials in x without having no common factors between them but Q (x)
can be factorized into linear and quadratic factors, repeated and non-repeated.

The rules for partials fractions:

Nature of fractions in Q (x) Form of PF corresponding to each factor
of Q (x)
(i) Non-repeated linear factors, (i) A
(ax  b) ax  b
(ii) Repeated linear factors, (ii) n
Ar
(ax  b) n  (ax  b)
r 1
r

(iii) Non-repeated quadratic (iii) Ax  B

factors, (ax 2  bx  c) ax 2  bx  c
(iv) Repeated quadratic factors, n
Ar x  Br
(ax  bx  c)
2 n
(iv)  (ax
i 1
2
 bx  c) r

Determination of the co-efficient of PF:

The coefficients of PF can e determined in two ways (i) algebraic method and (ii)
derivative method.

Derivatives to determine the co-efficient of PF:

(i) Non-repeated linear factors:
P ( x)
Let be a proper fraction and let  1 be a non-repeated real root of Q (x ).
Q( x)
P ( r )
Ar  ; r  1,2,...n.
Q ( r )
(ii) Repeated linear factors:
Let  be a n-times repeated real root of Q(x).
F ( n  r ) ( )
Ar  ; r  1,2,...n.
(n  r )!
 (iii) Non-repeated quadratic factors:
Let  and  be a non- repeated quadratic factor of Q(x).
P ( ) P(  )  P (  )  P( ) 
A  and B     
Q ( ) Q (  )  Q (  ) Q ( ) 
x 5 dx
Ex 01:  x 3  2x 2  5x  6
x5 x 2 ( x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6)  2 x ( x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6)  9( x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6)  (22 x 2  33 x  54)

x 3  2x 2  5x  6 x 3  2x 2  5x  6

( 22 x 2  33 x  54)
 x 2  2x  9 
x 3  2x 2  5x  6

P ( x) (22 x 2  33 x  54)
Let  x 2  2x  9 
Q ( x) ( x  1)( x  2)( x  3)
Here the factors the non-repeated linear, so let the PF be
P ( x) A1 A2 A3
 x 2  2x  9   
Q ( x) ( x  1) ( x  2) ( x  3)
P( r )
Ar  ; r  1, 2, 3
Q ( r )
 x5  1 1
A1   2   
 3 x  4 x  5  x 1 3  4  5 6
 x5  (  2) 5 32
A2   2   
 3 x  4 x  5  x  2 12  8  5 15
 x5  (3) 5 243
A3   2   
 3 x  4 x  5  x 3 27  12  5 10
x 5 dx  1 1 32 1 243 1 
   x 2  2x  9       dx  c
x  2x  5x  6
3 2
 6 x  1 15 x  2 10 x  3 
x 5 dx x3 1 32 243
 x 3  2 x 2  5 x  6 3  x  9 x  6 log( x  1)  15 log( x  2)  10 log( x  3)  c .
 2

dx
Ex 02:  (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2

1 A1 A2
Let   ; where x 2  y.
( x  a )( x  b ) ( y  a ) ( y  b )
2 2 2 2 2 2

 1  1 1
 A1   2 
 2  2
 ( y  a )  ( y  b )  y   a 2 (b  a ) (a  b 2 )
2 2

and
  1  1 1
 A1   2 
 2  2
 ( y  a )  ( y  b )  y   a 2 (b  a ) (a  b 2 )
2 2

dx 1  1 1 
  2 2  2
 2 dx  c
( x  a )( x  b ) a  b  x  b
2 2 2 2 2
x  a 2 
1 1 x 1 x
 2 
tan 1  tan 1   c
a  b b
2
b a a
xdx
Ex 03:  (x 2
 a )( x 2  b 2 )
2

Let x 2  y or 2 xdx  dy
xdx 1 dy
    c.
( x  a )( x  b ) 2 ( y  a )( y  b 2 )
2 2 2 2 2

P( y) 1 A1 A2
Let   
Q ( y ) ( y  a )( y  b ) ( y  a ) ( y  b 2 )
2 2 2

dx 1 x2  b2
 ( x 2  a 2 )( x 2  b 2 )  2(a 2  b 2 ) log x 2  a 2  c
 Math-1101(Engineering Mathematics-I) L-03

Reduction formula:
Ex01: I n   sin n xdx   sin n 1 x sin xdx   cos x. sin n1 x  (n  1)  sin n 2 x cos x( cos x)dx
=  cos x. sin n 1 x  (n  1)  sin n 2 x(1  sin 2 x)dx
  cos x. sin n1 x  (n  1)  sin n  2 xdx  ( n  1)  sin n xdx
  cos x. sin n 1 x  (n  1) I n  2  (n  1) I n
 cos x. sin n 1 x (n  1)
 I n   sin n xdx   I n  2 , n  0.
n n

Ex02: I n   cos n xdx   cos n 1 x cos xdx  sin x. cos n 1 x  (n  1)  cos n 2 x( sin x) sin xdx
= sin x. cos n1 x  (n  1)  cos n  2 x(1  cos 2 x)dx
 sin x. cos n 1 x  (n  1)  cos n  2 xdx  (n  1)  cos n xdx
 sin x. cos n 1 x  ( n  1) I n  2  ( n  1) I n
sin x. cos n 1 x (n  1)
 I n   cos n xdx   I n  2 , n  0.
n n

Ex03: I n   tan n xdx   tan n 2 x tan 2 xdx   tan n 2 x(sec 2 x  1)dx

=  tan n  2 x sec 2 xdx   tan n 2 xdx
tan n 1 x
  I n 2
n 1
tan n 1 x
 I n   tan n xdx   I n  2 , n  1.
n 1

Ex04: I n   sec n xdx   sec n  2 x sec 2 xdx  sec n 2 x tan x  (n  2)  sec n 3 x. sec x tan x. tan xdx
= sec n 2 x tan x  (n  2)  sec n  2 x.(sec 2  1)dx
 sec n  2 x tan x  ( n  2)  sec n xdx  ( n  2)  sec n  2 xdx
 sec n  2 x tan x  (n  2) I n  (n  2) I n  2
sec n  2 x tan x n  2
 I n   sec n xdx   I n  2 , n  1.
n 1 n 1
Ex5:
cos n 1 x. sin m 1 x ( n  1)
I m , n   sin m x cos n xdx   (sin m x cos x) cos n 1 xdx   I m , n  2 , m  n  0.
mn mn
Ex6:
sin m 1 x. cos n 1 x (n  1)
I m , n   sin m x cos n xdx   (cos n x sin x) sin m 1 xdx    I m 2, n , m  n  0.
mn mn
 e ax . cos n 1 x[a cos x  n sin x] n(n  1)
Ex7: I n   e ax cos n xdx   2 I n2 .
n2  a2 n  a2
e ax . sin n 1 x[a sin x  n cos x] n(n  1)
Ex8: I n   e ax sin n xdx   2 I n2 .
n2  a2 n  a2

Walli’s formulae:
 /2  /2
n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1 
(i)  sin xdx   cos xdx  ............. . . , if n is positive even integer.
n n
. .
0 0
n n2 n4 4 2 2
n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
 . . ............. . .1, if n is positive odd integer.
n n2 n4 5 3

 /2
(ii)  sin m x cos n xdx   cos m x sin n xdx 
0 0
 /2
1.3.5...(m  1) 1.3.5...(n  1) 
, m & n are +ve even integer.
2.4.6.....(m  n) 2
2.4.6...(n  1)
 , m even & n odd +ve integer.
(m  1)(m  3).....(m  n)
2.4.6...(m  1)
 , m odd & n even +ve integer.
(n  1)(n  3).....(m  n)
=2nd case or 3rd case according as m  n or n  m , both
m & n are +ve odd integer.

(i) Proof:
 /2  /2

 sin xdx   sin

n 1
In  n
x sin xdx
0 0
 /2  /2
 
 /2
  cos x. sin n1 x 0  (n  1)  sin n  2 xdx  (n  1)  sin n xdx
0 0

or, I n  0  (n  1) I n  2  (n  1) I n
(n  1)
or, I n  I n2
n
replacing n by n  2, n  4, n  6,...... we get
 /2
n 1 n  3 n  5 3 1
In   sin xdx  ............. . .I 0 , if n is positive even integer.
n
. .
0
n n2 n4 4 2
 /2
n 1 n  3 n  5 4 2
In   sin xdx  ............. . .I 1 , if n is positive odd integer.
n
. .
0
n n2 n4 5 3
 /2  /2

since, I 0   sin xdx  ., I 1   sin 1 xdx  1.
0

0
2 0
  /2
2 2
Ex:  sin xdx  .1 
3

0
3 3
 /2
3 1  3
 sin xdx  . . 
4

0
4 2 2 16
 /2
2 2
Ex:  sin x cos 2 xdx  .
3

0
3.5 15
 /2
1. 3. 1  3
Ex:  sin x cos 2 xdx  .
4

0
2.4.6 2 96
 /2
2. 1
Ex:  sin x cos 3 xdx  
5

0
6.8 18