THE UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA

SCHOOL OF NATURAL SCIENCES

2017/2018 ACADEMIC YEAR

FINAL EXAMINATIONS

CHElOOO: INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

TIME: THREE (3) HOURS

INSTRUCTION S TO THE CANDIDATES

1.
Indicate your student ID number and TG number on ALL your answer booklets.
2.
This examination paper consists of two (2) sections: A and B
3.
Section A has ten (10) short answer questions. Questions carry equal marks.
(Total marks = 40).

ANSWER ALL QUESTIONS IN SECTION A IN THE MAIN ANSWER

BOOKLET

4. Section B has five (5) long answer questions. Questions carry equal marks.
(Total marks = 60).

ANSWER QUESTION Bl and ANY THREE QUESTIONS, EACH QUESTION IN

A SEPARATE ANSWER BOOKLET.

6. YOU ARE REMINDED OF THE NEED TO ORGANISE AND PRESENT YOUR

WORK CLEARLY AND LOGICALLY.

7. ENSURE that you have eight (8) printed pages containing questions Al to AIO and Bl
toB5.

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION TO THE CANDIDATES:

Useful data is provided on page 9.

Periodic Table of Elements is on last page.

1
 . SEC TIO N A
--- -- AN
Qu est ion _A _l_SW ER ALL QU EST ION S IN TH E M
___ ___ ___ ___ ___ ___ AIN BOOKLET
-----------------------------
(a) Diff eren tiate betw
· een an orbi t an d an orbi.tal
(b) Exp. lain in brie
. f the d'isco ntm
• mtie
. s in ioni zat·
peri od as evid enc ed •·nth d' · 10n ener gy of the l .
e iagr am bel ow ·m gom . e cme nts in the second
· g across a peri od

t
l
. l

·:200 0 : ·

:150 0 , 1
~ --1

1.QGf) ·

500 ·:
: f
' I

B t - .N 0 Ne ~
i ~-

{4]

Que stio n A2
(a) Def ine the pho toel ectr ic effe ct and
state one con ditio n that must be fulfilled
for the
pho toel ectr ic effe ct to be observed.
(b) The thre sho ld freq uen cy vo for a met al 1
is 6.0 x Io" S • Calculate the kinetic energy
of an
elec tron whe n the radi atio n of frequency v~ 14 1
1.0 x 10 S hits the metal.
[4]

2
Question A3
Consider the following data:
Half equation EN
Fej+(aq) + 3e- ~ Fe(s) -0.04
FeL+(aq) + 2e- ~ Fe(s) -0.44

3
Use the data above to construct a redox equation for the reaction between Fe + (aq) and Fe(s), '

and whether or not this reaction is feasible. Show your work. (4)
Question A4

Nitrogen monoxide reacts with hydrogen gas to produce nitrogen gas and water. The mechanism
is believed to be:

Step 1: 2NO ~

Step 2:

Step 3:

(a) What is the molecularity of Step 2?

(b) What is the balanced net reaction?
(c) Identify any reaction intermediate(s).
[41
Question AS
Consider the following gaseous reaction:
SO2Cli(g) SO2 (g) + Ch(g)
Experiment Initial Concentration Initial rate of formation of
(mol dm-3) SO2, Ro (mol dm-3s-1)
6
1 0.100 2.2 X 10
6
2 0.200 4.4 X 10
6
3 0.300 6.6 X 10

(a) Determine the rate Law for the reaction

(b) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction solution.
[4]

3
Qu esti on A6
Calculate the enth alpy ch ang e,· L\HR, for the reaction
2NH3(g) + C0 2(g) -. NH2CONH2(s) + H 20(l)
Ent hal pies of for ma tion
1
Sub stan ce A.J iff kJ mo r

NH3(g) -46 .2
C02 (g) -39 3.5
NH 2CO NH2(s) -63 2.2
H20 (l) -28 5.8 [4]

Qu esti on A7
180 g/m ol) in
is the vap our pre ssu re of a solu tion at 298 K con tain ing 68 g of glu cos e (Mr
Wh at [4 ]
re of pur e wat er at 298 K is 0.03 173 bar.
6 00 g of wat er? The vap or pre ssu

Qu esti on AS
boi ling
for etha nol , giv en vap or pres sure at 313 K = 0.19 999 bar. The non nal
C8:1-culate AHv ap
poi nt for etha nol is 3 51 K.

Qu esti on A9
the foll owi ng com pou nds :
Pro vid e the HJP AC nam e for eac h of

H (b)
(a)

[4]

Qu esti on Al 0
utan oic acid .
(a) Wr ite the line form ula for 4-am inob
2 = C= o.
oxy gen dou ble bon d of the kete ne, CH
(b) Des crib e the hig hlig hted carb on
ylic and
the ster eoc hem ical stru ctur e for the Cis -alk ene , C4Hs, whi ch has two vin
( c) Pro vid e
six ally lic hyd rog ens . [4]

4
 SECTIONB
ANSWER QUESTION Bl AND ANY THREE QUESTIONS
EACH IN A SEPARATE BOOKLET
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------
Question Bl

(a) The reaction of concentrated sulphuric acid with water is highly exothermic.
Describe in one sentence how to dilute the acid. [11
(b) In the laboratory, redox titration was performed involving the following reaction:
MnO;(aq) + 5Fe 2+(aq) + 8H+(aq) ➔ Mn 2+ (aq) + 5Fe 3+ (aq)+4H O(1)
2

The reduction reaction takes place in an acidic mediµm (Ir). In the experimen t sulphuric
acid was added to Fe2+ solution in the conical flask. At the stoichiome tric point or
. al . 2+
eqwv ent pomt, Fe completely reacted with potassium permangan ate.
The same redox reaction above can be used in a galvanic cell under condition of
dynamic equilibrium .

(i) Describe in one sentence, in terms of number of moles, the effect of adding
sulphuric acid to Fe2+ solution in the conical flask. [21

(ii) Name the indicator in the titration and how the end-point is detected? [21
(iii) List three chemicals in the half cell reduction reaction below, required for the half
cell to be in dynamic equilibrium . [21
MnO;(aq)+ 8H+(aq)+5 e- ~ 2
Mn + (aq)+4H 2 0(l)

( c) The experiment on the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction was performed in the
laboratory. The rate law for the reaction is given below:
constant
t
(i) In the rate law equation, what is the name of the term on the left hand side of the
equation. [1]
(ii) What mathematic al rule or manipulatio n is done on the rate law to obtain a linear
equation with y = -In t and x = 1/T? [2]
(iii) Write the Arrhenius equation. [2]
4 1
(iv) Given that Ea= 3.801 X 10 Jmor
Calculate the slope b in the linear equation. [3J

5
Question B2

(a) Sta te Gra ham s L .

aw using th ti
(b) Nic kel form s a e onn ula format.
. [4]
. gas eou s com pou nd of the for
mula N1(CO)x . If methane (CH4) effu ses
3.3 tim es fast er than the com pou nd und h •.
, er t e same condition s of temperature and
pre ssu re, calculate the valu e of x.
[5]
(c) A flammable gas made up onl Y Of carbon and hyd ·
in 1 50 . rogen is found to effuse through a
por ous bar rier •
· mm . Und er the sam e cond'tbon s of temperature and pressure' it
al I
tak es an equ vo um e ofb · the same barrier.
{i) C rom ine vapor 4. 73 min to effuse through
gas.
alcu late the mol ar mas s of the unknown (5)
(ii) Sug ges t the nam e of this gas.
[1]
----------------
-
B3
---- ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Qu esti on
H) in
n for the ionization of acetic acid (CH3 COO
(a) Wr ite an equ ilib rium reac tion equatio
[2]
e pairs.
wat er and iden tify the conjugate acid-bas
3 acetic
Som e soli d sod ium ace tate (CH 3CO ONa) is dissolved in I mol dm- solution of
(b)
acid .
[1]
(i) Wri te the equ ilib rium reaction.
dm"3 solution of acetic acid when the
(ii) Exp lain the effe ct on the pH of the I mol
sod ium acetate is dissolved.
[4]

tion:
( C) Con side r the reve rsib le gas pha se reac
SO2 (g) + Cb( g)

At 380 K, the equ ilib rium constant Kp =

2.5 bar
ium. [2]
(i) Wri te the exp ress ion for Kp for the equilibr
cuated reaction vessel and brought to
(ii) A sam ple of SO2 Ch is introduced in an eva
vessel are of such size that Pso 2 cL 2 = 0.1
equ ilib rium at 380 K. If the sample and
values of Pso 2 and PcL 2 • What is total
bar at equ ilib rium ; calculate the equilibrium
[6]
gas pre ssu re in the vessel?

6
Question B4

(a) Calculate the ionisati01:1 energy of a hydrogen atom in its ground state i.e. when the
hydrogen's electron is at level 1.

(b) (i) Draw the Lewis structure for the water H2O molecule and use VSEPR theory to
sketch the arrangement of electron pair in space. Name the geometrical shape
illustrated.

(ii) For the molecule described in b (i) above show whether the molecule is polar or
non-polar . Justify your answer.

(c) The diagram below shows a simplified phase diagram for water. Reproduc e the phase
diagram for water in your answer booklet and the answer the questions that follow.

1 Atm

Pressure

Temperat ure

(i) Indicate the triple point with the letter A and critical temperatu re B.

(ii) On the same diagram show the lines for the phase changes when a solute is added to
water. Indicate the triple point for the solution as C and critical temperatu re D

Indicate on the diagram the position (temperat ure axis) ~Tr and ~Tb

------ ------ ------ ------ -----

7
Question BS

h-g
(a) Co nsi der the fol loun.u re t· :
1 ac 10n

CH3CH3 ~; ► p contammg 2-6 bromines

l
CH3CHiBr + [several_ o_rganic products + traces of ~
Ethane Butane

(i) Na me the typ e of rea ctio n. [1]

ne. (6]
(ii) nis ms for formation of P from etha
Pro vid e det aile d rea ctio n me cha
nd in the
account for the traces of butane fou
(iii ) Pro pos e a pos sib le me cha nis m to
[2]
rea ctio n mix tur e.
mo lec ula r formula 3 , C H6O;
(b) Co nsi der a com pou nd X, wit h
[2]
E and DU ) ofX and interpret it.
(i) Ca lcu late the IHD (als o cal led DB
12]
res (line formulae) for X.
(ii) Wr ite any two (2) pos sib le structu
rogens,
ary alcohol wh ich has 3 vinylic hyd
(iii ) Giv en tha t com pou nd X is a prim
[2]
ide ntif y X, giv e line for mu la and
IUPAC name.

EN D OF EXAMINATIO N

8
 USEFUL DATA

Physical contants

Avogadro constant, N A
Acceleration due to gravit 6.022 xl023 morl
Faraday'sconstant,F y 9.8 m s·2
Mass of electron, m e 96485 C mor 1
9 .11 X 10-31 kg
Planck;s constant, h
6.626 xl 0·34 J s
Rydberg constant, ~
1.097 x107 m" 1
Speed of light, c
3.00 x108 m s· 1
Universal gas constant, R 8.3145 J mor 1 K" 1
I 0 .083145 L bar mor 1 K "1
0.08206 L atm mor 1 K" 1
62.364 L torr mor 1 K" 1
62.364 L mmHg mor 1 K" 1

Pressure conversions
1 attn = 1.01325 x 105 Pa = 1.01325 x 105N m·2 = 760 torr= 760 mmHg = 1.01325 bar

1 bar = 1.00000 x 105 Pa

= 1.00000 x 105 N m·2
Other conversion factors
19
V= J c· 1 1 eV =1.602 x10· J
2 2
1 J = 1 kg m s·

9
 TH E UNIVERSITY OF ZAMBIA
SCH OO L OF NATURAL SCIENCES
2 0lS/ 201 9 ACADEMIC YEAR
FIN AL EXAMINATIONS

CHElOOO: INT ROD UCT ION TO CHEMISTRY

TIM E: THREE (3) HOURS

INSTRUCTIONS TO THE CANDIDATES

1. I d. ALL your answer booklets.
n tcate your stud ent ID num ber and TG number on
2. This exam inati on pape r consists of two (2) sections: A
and B

3. carry equal marks.

Sect ion A has ten (10) shor t answ er questions. Questions
(Tot al mark s = 40).

MAIN ANSWER
ANS WE R ALL QUE STIO NS IN SECTION A IN THE
BOO KLE T
carry equal marks.
4. Sect ion B has five (5) long answ er questions. Questions
(Tot al mark s = 60).

NS, EACH QUESTION IN

ANS WE R QUE STIO N Bl and ANY THREE QUESTIO
A SEP ARA TE ANS WE R BOOKLET.
SE AND PRESENT YOUR
6. YOU ARE REM IND ED OF THE NEED TO ORGANI
WO RK CLE ARL Y AND LOGICALLY.
URE that you have nine (9)
7. Plea se be remi nded that it is your responsibility to ENS
to B5.
prin ted page s cont ainin g ques tions Al to AlO and Bl
ATES:
ADD ITIO NAL INF ORM ATI ON TO THE CANDID

Usef ul data is prov ided on page 10.

Perio dic Tabl e of Elem ents is on last page.
 SE CT IO N A
LE T
L QU ES TIO NS IN TH IS SE CT IO N IN TH E MA IN BO OK
AN SW ER AL
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------
------------Al
Qu est ion

t tran spo rts oxy gen thr oug h the blood from the lungs. In doi ng so,
He mo glo bin is the pro tein tha
. If 1.0 0 g of
of hae mo glo bin com bin es wit h four mo lec ule s of oxy gen
each mo lec ule mo lar ma ss
es wit h 1.5 3 x IO -6
m 3
of 0 2 at 31 0 K and 990 59 Pa, wh at is the
hae mo glo bin com bin [4 Ma rks ]
of hae mo glo bin ?
Question A2 exp lain
det erm ine the siz e (rad ius ) of an ato m. State any one of the m and
(a) Two factors can
nces the size of an atom.
in three line s or less, how it influe
m or a chl ori ne
re dif ficu lt to rem ove a val enc e electron fro m a ma gne siu m ato
(b) Is it mo
.
ato m? Ex pla in in three lines or less [4 Ma rks ]

Qu est ion A3
pot ent ials are nee ded for this que stio n:
The fol low ing sta nda rd ele ctro de
E 0N

NO 3 + 2H+ + e- ~ NO2 + H2O

+ 0.81
+0 .34
Cu2+ + 2e- ~ Cu
and der ive the
sta nda rd cel l em f. for the rea ctio n bet we en cop per and nit ric aci d
Ca lcu late the [4 Ma rks ]
balanced rea ctio n equ atio n.

Qu est ion A4 2
zer o ord er in A and hav e a rate con sta nt of 5. 0 x I 0 - M s -I at
Co nsi der the rea ctio n kno wn to be
3
nt wa s run at 25 °C, wh ere [A]o = 1.0 xl0 · M.
25 °C. An exp eri me
for this reaction.
(a) Write the int egr ate d rat e law
reaction.
(b) Ca lcu late the hal f-li fe for this
3
xl 0 · s has elapsed . .
(c) Fin d the con cen tra tio n aft er 1.0
[4 Marks]

Question AS
· 5
mo l dm ·3
ofN a3P O4 . Wh at is the req uir ed con cen tra tion of
A solution con tain s 1.0 x10 4
18
(Ksp = 1.8 x l0- )?
cau se pre cip itat ion of Ag3 PO
AgNO3 that wo uld l-' Marks]

Please Turn Ov er
Question A6 th
46 kJ/ mo l. Cal cul ate the ent hal py cha nge for e
is_
(a) The enthalpy of formation ofN H 3
reaction 2NH3 (g) ~ N 2 (g) + 3H2
(g)
atu re
J of hea t is add ed to 33. 6 g of hex ane, (Mr. 86.06 g/mol), the tem per
(b) When 285
molar heat capacity of hexane.
increases by 3.74°C. Calculate the [4 Marks]

Question A7
3 mm Hg.
or pre ssu re abo ve a sol utio n of a nonvolatile solute at 25.0 °C is 19.
(a) The vap r at
le frac tion of the sol ute ? (The vap or pressure of pur e wa ter is 23.8 tor
What is the mo
25.0 °C.)
er of increasing sur face tension: C3Hs, Cl-4,
(b) List the following molecules in ord
CH3COOH and C2H 6.
or pressure: C20 H42 or C30H62?
(c) Which substance has the higher vap
[4 Marks]

Qu est ion AS
lecules:
ntif y the stro nge st inte rmo lec ula r force present in the following mo
(a) Ide
(i) CH3CH2OH
(ii) CH3CH2Cl
in not
wil l hav e the hig her boi ling point: !Cl or Br2. Explain your answer
(b) Predict which
more than ·two lines . .
[4 Ma rks ]

Question A9
3-dimethyloct-2-ene:
(a) For compound A, 5-isopropyl-2,

(i) Draw a line-bond formula.

(ii) Give molecular formula.
rogens in A.
(iii) State the number of allylic hyd

up in the box.
ow and describe the bonding of the gro
(b) Classify the molecule shown bel

[4 Marks]
OH

Please Turn Over

\
I F
4

Question AtO
le sho wn below:
(a) Give the IUPAC name for the molecu

OH

n
atenolol, used for treatment of hypertensio
(b) Identify all functional groups in the drug
(high blood pressure), shown below:

o~ Jy
OH

Atenelol

[4 Marks]

------------- ·--------------------------------------·--
 SE CT IO NB
AN Y TH RE E QU ES TIO NS
AN SW ER QU ES TIO N Bl AN D
LE T
EA CH IN A SE PA RA TE BO OK

Question Bl
h
Lyd ia, try ing to det erm ine the con cen trat ion of HC l by titr atin g it wit
A CH EI 000 Student,
tral ize 235 mL
25 mo l dm" Na OH sol utio n to neu
3
dm"
3
Na OH . It tak es 83 mL of a 0.5
0.525 mol
of an HCI solution.
t
of 0.5 25 mo l dm" Na OH into a tes
3
den t, Jos eph , car efu lly pip ette s I 0.0 mL
(a) An oth er stu
55 mo l
ces the tes t tub e into a sma ll bea ker and the n pip ette s 7.5 0 mL of 0.3
tube. He pla
wh ile pla cin g,
3 accidentally kno cke d the test tub es,
dm" HC l into ano the r test tube. He
contents com bin ed in the beaker.
ic?
ts of the two test tub es aci dic or bas
(i) Is the solution formed from the conten
our of the
nge ind ica tor wh at wo uld be the col
(ii) If he add ed few drops of Methyl Ora
(7 ma rks )
solution?

ion of the acid. The

e titration to determine the con cen trat
(b) Yo u are carrying out an acid bas htly
ks slig
d but the stopcock on the bur ette stic
endpoint of the neutralization is reache
ll am oun t of
allo ws a few mo re dro ps of acid to fall into the solution. Will this sma
and
If so, how
0\4q'
e any effe ct on the det erm ine d val ue for the concentration of the acid?
iM lc hav
(4 ma rks )
is it affe cte d (No t mo re tha n 4 line s)?

a base into an
in a burette that is then used to titrate
(c) A few small drops of water are left
ount of water
sol utio n to det erm ine the con cen tration of the acid. Will this small am
acid
is it
effe ct on the det erm ine d val ue for the concentration of the acid? If so, how
have any
(4 marks)
affected (Not mo re than 4 lines)?
[TOTAL: 15 Marks]

------------------------ -----------------------
------------------------------------------------

Please Turn Ove r

Question B2 6

(a) lb .
e active agent .
P In tnany hair blh •
. eac es is hydr .
.
erox1cte in 15 .8 g hair bleach Was dete. . ogen. peroxid e. The amount of hydroge n
1
Per:rnanganate so1ution:
. mined by titration with a standard potassiu m

2Mno4- (aq) + SH2O2 ( ) +

6
aq + H (aq)-, so, (g) + 2Mn2+ (aq) + 8H O(l)
2
(i) H ~ -\
';;,,

ow many moles of Mno,· were required for the titration if 43.2 ml of 0.015 M
KMno, Was needed to reach the end point? (1 mark)

(ii) How many moles of H202 were present in the 15.8 g of hair bleach? (2 marks)

(iii)Ho w many grams of H 20 2 were present in the hair bleach? (1 mark)

(iv)Wh at is the mass percent H 2 O 2 in the hair bleach? (2 marks)

(v) What is the reducin g agent in the redox reaction? (1 mark)

(b) Consid er the followi ng precipi tation reaction:

Hg2(N0 3)2 (aq) +.J KI (aq) -+ Hg2li (s) ~ KN03 (aq)

(i) Balanc e the reactio n. (2 marks)

(ii) Write the net ionic reaction. (2 marks)

(iii) Identif y the spectat or ions. (2. marks)

. each of the followmg: ks)

. the oxidati on numbe r of the underline atom m
( c) Determ me

2 ( ii) (2 mar ks]

SbCb (TOTAL: 15 Mar
(i) H ,S_04 -

----------------------------- ----------- ------------------------------------

Please Turn Over

Question B3

(a) Use standarrl electrode pn1cntinl. 1,: . dM::i to C::\lculatc the cell pntcnual fnr the fo llo..-.ing
reaction :

Cl 2 + 20 H =; r.1 -1 ClO t Hil (2 marto )

(h) 77,e chlorate(l) ion is unstable and dec0mro<:r<: when heated o'- ,hown.

3Clo - ~ 2c1- (aq) + CI0 3 (aq)

(i) Calculate the oxidation number of chlorine in each 5pecie". {J marlo )

(ii) ln terms of electron transfer. state what happens to chlorine in the renctinn .

l 1 marks )
(c) A half-equatio n invol ving bromate(V) ions. Br0 . nnd bromide ions is shown .
3
Br0 3(aq) + 3H 2 0(1) + 6e- ~ Br - (aq) + 6 oH - (aq) E0 = + 0.58 V
(i) An alkaline solution of chlorate (1), Clo - , can be used to oxid ise bromide ions to
bromated (V) ions. Write the equation for the spontaneou s reac1ion. (2 marks )

(ii) Draw a cell in which this reaction will occur and label all the parts. (5 mark.'1 )
(iii ) Write the shorthand notation for the cell. (2 mark.Ii )
(TOTAL: 15 Mark.sJ

Question B4

(a) Calculate tl1e maximwn Kinetic Energy (in joules) and veloci ty (3 signifa:anL (1gur1.:!> ) '-'r
an electron ejected from zinc by a 275 nm photon. The threshold 1:n~rg~ ur ""L'rl-..
funclion for Zn= 4.3leV . (3 mark., ,
The nitrogen atom in ammonium ion is sp 3 hybridized. L's~ a -;uitabk
hybridization scheme t ') show the h) bridizatiun on the nitrogen i..tlum l-' w_ar~, 1
(ii) Shov. using a sketch diagram that ".\H 3 is a polar tnllkl.'.ulc

PleJ1e Tum °'-e<

 8

showing the bonding

(c) Ethene is a planar shaped molecule. Draw a fully labelled diagram
(cr - sigma and 7t - pie) in the molecule. (3 marks)
across a
(d) (i) How would you expect the first ionization energy to change as you go
(1 mark )
period in the periodic table.
from an
(ii) State any two factors that influence the ease of removing an electron
element. (2 marks)
[TOTAL: 15 Marks]

----------------------------------------------------------------- -----------------------
Ques tion BS

formu la C4H10Cl.
(a) Sever al const itutio nal isomers can be written for molecular

(2 mark s)
(i) Calculate the IHD and state all possible interpretations.
r that is a straight chain
(ii) Draw line-bond formula and give IUP AC name for an isome
(3 mark s)
acyl chloride (acid chloride).
e as parent chain and
(iii) Draw line-bond formulae for two (2) isomers with cyclobutan
isomers. (3 marks)
state their isomeric relationship as chain, positional or functional
result and state two (2)
(iv) One of the isomers decolorizes bromine water. Interpret this
(2 marks)
other functional groups that could be present in this isomer.
ntly used in perfumery and
(b) Esters are pleasant sweet-fruity smelling substances freque
cts is prepared by the
food industry. One common banana flavor B used for candy produ
reaction shown below:

~OH+ HO~ heat

B

(1 mark)
(i) Name the type of reaction.
(2 marks)
(ii) Give the IUP AC name for B.
(c) A frequentl y used food preser vative , C , is prepa red as shown below :

OH C (afood pre11ervatlve}
+ KOH

its structure.
Identify C (line- bond structure) and circle the most electrophilic center on
(2 mark s)

[TOT AL: 15 Mark s]

END OF EXAM INATION

U SEFU ---- --- -- ··- ··
10

Phys ic a

A vo ga dr o constant N
A cc el er at io n d , A
Fa ra d ' ue to gr av ity
ay s constant F 6. 02 2 xl 0 23 m or 1
M as s of el ec tro n ~ 9.8 m s·2
Pl an ck 's constar:t he 96 48 5 C m or 1
R yd be rg co ns ta n; R 9.11 xl 0- 31 kg
6. 62 6 xl 0- 34 J s
Sp ee d of light, c , H
1.097 xl 07 m· 1
U ni ve rs al ga s co ns ta 3. 00 xl 0 8 m s· 1
nt , R
8.3 14 5 J m or 1 K" 1
0. 08 31 45 L ba r m or 1 1
K"
0. 08 20 6 L atm m or 1 K" 1
62 .3 64 L torr m or 1 K" 1
62 .3 64 L m m Hg m or
Pr es su re co nv er si on ' K" 1
s
l at m = 1. 01 32 5 x 105
Pa = 1.01325 x 105N 2
m· = 760 to rr = 760 m
m Hg = 1.01325 ba r
l b ar = 1. 00 00 0 x 10 5
Pa
= 1.00 00 0 x 105 N m ·2
O th er co nv er si on fa ct
or s
V = J c·1 l eV =l .602 xl 0- 19 ~
l J = l kg m s·2
2

Eo (V )
C h+ 2 e- ~ 2 c1 - (a
q) .~ +l .3 6
e1 0 -( aq ) + H2 0( l) +
2 e- ~ c1 -( aq ) + 20 H - + 0.89

Please Turn Ov er