27l2020 PHYSIOLO&a SRUTHIT

220
99 Probable dia gnosis is hyper thyso1dusTm (Thyrotozr cos1
Seen due to ces
samulahon of
mhyPerthyroidisT nervo usness fat
weght dut
because to
is decreased body
Central system hese
nevous
to
neurons seen im hyptr thyroi duSmin due
is
moDiU24tho Ezophthalmus(protrusien eye bav)changes he
etro orbital hssues 4nd degenertdv
ne
tatmato us suellmgs 0of uth, all the signs[tomp laurts
p1uTRa
t i d otularmuscles the wmen comes
daSM
above Htnte Hyerthyroi

he ae
Tests uSed to s $ ess hyptvthyzoidusm
and thyr0kine)
and T (Triodoth yv0nine
evel of T
Heas urgmtnt of plasma
measurement of
test is the darect
most acurate diagnosnc Ty
erth yvo1 dks m, the hormones m the plasma ie g and

E hyroid sbulabng henmon e)

of f r e e
entrahen thyroid
cOn veieasng
hormone

nent of IRH and TSH (ThyrotopiC two hormones hyper thyroidustm

t is
MEasure absence of
hese
Thert is
al most total mcreased level f thyrod hermones
the
feedback mechanism, by
because f negabve
metabole rate 7 B asal
Me0suve ment f Basal abot 30 to b0
metabohc 7ate snreas td by
ru basal
|n hypey hy vofdis 40 l
40 t0.
n hypotnyroidigin, by
metaboluc vate is decaea6e d

stages, they
ane
hovmonts nclude differet
Sythesisof thyroid
s1s
lobu lin Synthe
Thy og
lodude Trapping
01idabon of lodude

mio folliculay cavty

Tansport of ladine
lo dunathon of tyi05ine
Couging re achon

lodide
.idaso
odde eidas jodant
Tyrosin e

Thy ogiobulin
Plosw
mo
Follitula lodi nabe
lodiYna se
LEIS
Nempiodolyio5Ine(mir) D-1odoty1one (oit)

TMT DIT

T - dothyroine (T3)
etT Pdethnnm
 elease of hoimones
close aound the
foliculaY cels sends foot Me eztens1ons called pseudopods, whi th
receptor
-

like
hovmone complex Thi5 paoees5 Is medkated by by a

thy voglobu l1n 15 m membiane of folicudar cells

Substance called meqalin , which presem
hormone complex
mto
Small pirouync Vesic les
Pseudoods
convert thyioglobulin
fuse with theseVestclps
Ihen lysoaymes
of the cell the
Such' as Proteinases prestnt
n
ysosymes dugest
A) Diges tive enà ymês vel eas
e noTm omes
uhn and and enteY the
thy7oglob oF the follcular cells
ffuSe tnrough bast
1the hormones
(6) Now

Capilanes pir axe not eleased tmo

and T4 ae Teltased to the blood MIT and
Only
blood
e.

ans weff
skoit
5 DIfevene be tween creh'nism and dwariSm

facto cre hnism dwaiism

caust Hypostcrethon of thyrozine RyposecIehon of growth
hoimone

DI Fferent parts of body | Di s Psoporhonet e Proporhonate-

Developmenm 0f nerveussyam Affected normal
Mentalretavdation Presemt
Absemt
Reproducd ve system Affect ed
Noymal

3) Supraopre
nucleu Paravetvi cular nucle us

0phc chasma4
Mammillaxy bodg
Meduan eminénce
Hgfothalamo
ny pophyseal
rdcts

Apteaior POstenor pituutay

Pit utary
da Sug. Removal o pevathyroid glands duing surgcal vemoval of tbyroid gland

Causes HgpoRara thzod'sm

and Tetany
COmplicabons eected: Hypocalcemia the resorpbon of calcium
9Popa rathyxoidusm Ieads to hypocalcemi@, byay ing decreas
vOsubng n
hypoca
rOm bones Hypoc alke mie cauSeS neuromus tul hyperexutabihtj
7nic tetamy Normally telany ours when Plasoa calaium
level s below
6mgl di fion
Its momal Value oF 44 mgld Tetany is an ahmovmal condut on charac teriaed
Dy Violent ana pauTHu Mustular 5pasm parhcularly nand and feet
6 Siqms and Sympt oms
InTeas e in neural extutability rsu ts m hypewflea
Hy pemeflezia ana convulsions-
mustula Contraction
(overa tbve veflex atd'ons) add convuls1
ve

band and ftt that oturs n hypocaltemin tetany

CaY POPedal 5pasm Spasm
m

A ticude of hand In Carpope dal spasm incl ud es

flezion at wvist joit
+lexion ar otacarpophar ymgeal Jomt
Euension at Imerphalangeal jein
Aaduthon a thumb
StYidor-lou d
trowng sound duing
ns
piy arion
angea heart, Aryhythmi45, heort
faulure, hyprtension
f
Caiduovastulay changes-Di latanon

IS abetes n5ipidus
Pobable duagnosIS
datute n e with Incveased frequency of Vaang
Ezcze hon of large quartty *f
ON ua1a- polyuria -ln the absence of ADH, the eprthelhal cells of distal convolut ed
IS callrd
to wat
and he collechng duct of kidney becomes nmpermeqble
tubule in the nephron to loss of
ea 1om 3enal tubue ane
collecbnq duce Jeadung
S0, wateY Is not.TPa bsorb
watey through urme
losE from bodgit Shrnulates the
a lot of water is
of polyur1a,
Poly dupsia-Because of water -

mtake of layge quaty

hypothalawus,1os uldng
in
niist Centre m
of Anhdiur edc hormone
funth oning
s seen due to Imparyed
LOU Speca6c gravty an tr cessive amout
of aine often upto 15-20 114
Nithout ApH hoVmone, kidney p1odutes
dh a Aouw specihc 9ay
Osteo porosls CG)
)nomal Yalue of Serum caluum q- il mgldl.
sevum calaum and phosphate homepstaas s TmauTiauned y 3 boTmones

Paratho1mone
ba5-duhydroxy chole cal cafevol (calcit nol)
calutonin
haegsed b
Pavathoumone cala trol fom ar owth ho1mone
fvom
Kidneys fiom

Foraihy0d aat ptutary

Blood cal aum leve

calutonin
(coii sol from
f1Om
thyroid gland advemalrotex
DeCreased b
Inceeased by
calutriol
hom
hd STowth hoVmone
Nom

ant ptuta ry
Blood phos phate
level
|
Calaton i n 0Thsel hom
Pasahomone fiom adnenal co1tez
Porathyroid thyyoid
Decae ased
) Atromegaly
en
cOndyton I7 which Secretion of qvowh heYmone ls Inereq sed aftey puberty
EO6t ence m this leads to diabetes melltus ( TYpt n). Hre ns ulm cannor
of ant pTutory
egul a tumca n dut to
hormon Sella hgpe 10 thvi

s1gns and symptoms

Clargeoent of hands 4na feet

of upper back: horacc spine

Kyphosis (extieme curvaturt

also tbroun mto folds e uninhls

ke bulld og alp
Th ckening of Scalp
-

Sealp 1s

hai
OVergrowth of ody
Visual distuvbaneets
Headache,
HyPerteos103,
of Msteral 1gansClungs,heavt , thgmus )
fnlargtoent

Mechansm f athon of oH

bnds its veceptor wheh s a Polypepdde- t tyosine AOuat ed receptor

G1H to

Brndu ng of homone to Its vetep tor asi'y ate a Tumber 0f Sigmaung

Suger famety
Tansnph0D and mduse vanous Intratellulay en ymes
ath way that nihate gene

Neufotnsmitters m Synapse o neuyo muscu

lar
juntbon act by Changing the
emea bil ty of post synapte membrabe
JunChon, when n lopuls e[ aQchon oten hal) veacbes the aron
I n neuromuscu lay
5 eltased fvom vesicfes Aetylthol
teiminal of moto v,ace tylchoine
of sodum by optn1n
bilty of post synaphc membrene
aeases the perm ea the ions enter
channels, So sodi um
the lig atod -gated sSode um channes and ta use duve
lopme nt
juntbon kom
¬CF thvough
eUromus tuley
ofendylate potenhal-