PHYSICS

SOLUTION : PRACTICE PAPER – 5

SECTION – A

Q. 1. (i) (d) both p and E decrease

h hc
(Explanation : p  and E  , so that both p and E decrease when 
 
is increased.)
(ii) (c) for air-cored coils with coil axes perpendicular
(iii) (a) remains constant, decreases
C
(iv) (b)
T  TC
(v) (a) 13 cm
(vi) (d) Both (a) and (c)
(vii) (b) temperature is very high and pressure is very low
(viii) (c) 140 Pa
2T 2 (7  10  2)
(Solution :  p    14  10  140 Pa)
R 10  3
1
(ix)  (d) mA
24
VCC 0.5 I 1
(Solution : IC    10  3 A  1 mA    IB  C  mA)
RL 500  24
(x) (d) 9 : 1

(Solution :
E1 l  l2 5 l E  E2 5  4
 1  1.25     1  1   9)
E2 l1  l2 4 l2 E1  E2 5  4

Q. 2. (i) A soft magnetic material, usually iron-based, has high permeability, low retentivity
and low coercivity. In other words, it does not have appreciable hysteresis, i.e.,
its hysteresis loop is very narrow. Such a material magnetizes and demagnetizes
more easily, by small external fields.
(ii) Bernoulli’s principle : Where the velocity of an ideal fluid in streamline flow
is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity of a fluid is low, the pressure
is high. OR
At every point in the streamline flow of an ideal (i.e., nonviscous and
incompressible) fluid, the sum of the pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential
energy of a given mass of the fluid is constant at every point.
1
(iii) The moment of inertia of the plate about the given axis is M l 2.
2
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 1
 
(iv) There is a phase difference of radians between the displacement and velocity
2
of a particle performing SHM irrespective of the initial phase.
(v) Dark current : It is the current associated with a photodiode with an applied
reverse bias during operation in the dark (zero illumination) due to background
radiation and thermally excited minority saturation current. It is of the order of
picoamperes to nanoamperes.
(vi) The stopping potential is the value of the retarding potential difference in a
photocell that is just sufficient to stop the most energetic photoelectrons emitted
from reaching the collector so that the photoelectric current in the photocell
reduces to zero.

(vii) The impedance of the circuit,

Z  mnR2  X 2  gh52  (10m2)2  mn25  200  mn225  15 

RBa A 1/3
(viii) R  R0 m
3 A    ( Ba)
RO AO

 The nuclear radius of 144Ba, 
144 1/3
RBa ( )  3.024 m 3 9  3.024  2.08  3.024  6.290 fm
16
SECTION – B

Q. 3. Forced vibrations Resonance

1. 
These are produced by an external 1. It is produced by an external periodic
periodic force of any frequency. force whose frequency is equal to the
natural frequency (or nearly so) of the
body.
2. 
The frequency of vibrations is, in 2. The frequency of vibrations is the same
general, different from the natural (or nearly so) as the natural frequency
frequency of the body. of the body.
3. The amplitude of vibrations is usually 3. The amplitude of vibrations is large.
very small.
4. Vibrations stop as soon as the external 4. Vibrations continue for relatively longer
force is removed. time after the external force is removed.

Q. 4. Suppose a soap film is isothermally stretched over the area enclosed by a U-shaped
frame ABCD and a cross-piece PQ that can slide smoothly along the frame, as shown
in the figure. Let T be the surface tension of the soap solution and l, the length of wire
PQ in contact with the soap film.

2 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 A P P'
B
dx

C
D Q Q'

A rectangular soap film

  The film has two surfaces, both of which are in contact with the wire. The film tends
to contract by exerting a force on wire PQ. As each surface exerts a force Tl, the net
force on the wire is 2T l.
  Suppose that wire PQ is pulled outward very slowly through a distance dx to the
position PQ by an external force of magnitude 2T l. The work done by the external
force against the force due to the film is
  W  applied force  displacement
 W  Fdx  2Tld x ( F  2T l)
This work is stored in the unit surface area in the form of potential energy. This
potential energy is called the surface energy.
  Due to the displacement dx, the surface area of the film increases. As the film has
two surfaces, the increase in its surface area is
   A  2ldx
Thus, the work done per unit surface area is
W 2T l dx
   T
A 2 l dx
Thus, the surface energy per unit area of a liquid is equal to its surface tension.
Q. 5. Functions of the shunt :
(1) It lowers the effective resistance of the ammeter.
(2) It shunts off (diverts) a large fraction of the line current by providing an alternate
path, thus protecting the sensitive meter movement from damage.
(3) With a shunt of proper value, a galvanometer can be modified into an ammeter of
practically any desired range.
The shunt resistance required to convert a galvanometer into an ammeter is given by,

  S  ( ) G
Ig 1 .G G
I  Ig ( I/ Ig )  1 p1

where p  I/ Ig .
This is the required shunt resistance to increase the range p times.
SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 3
Q. 6. Force experienced by a moving charge Force experienced by a moving charge
in a uniform electric field lE in a uniform magnetic field lB
1. In the usual notation, this force is given 1. In the usual notation, this force is given
by lFE  q lE. by lFB  q (lv lB ).
2. 
This force does not depend on the 2. This force, in general, depends on the
velocity of the particle. velocity of the particle, but FB  zero if
lv and lB are parallel or antiparallel.
3. The speed of the particle (and hence the 3. The speed of the particle (and hence the
kinetic energy) changes. kinetic energy) remains constant.
4. Under suitable conditions, the particle 4. Under suitable conditions, the particle
follows a parabolic path. performs uniform circular motion.

Q. 7. Consider an inductor of self inductance L connected in a circuit. When the circuit is

closed, the current in the circuit increases and so does the magnetic flux linked with
the coil. At any instant, the magnitude of the induced emf is
di
   eL
dt
The power consumed in the inductor is
di
   P  ei  L · i
dt
[Alternatively, the work done in moving a charge dq against this emf e is

(B
di dq
   dw  e dq  L · dq  Li · di  i)
dt dt
This work done is stored in the magnetic field of the inductor, dw  du.]
  The total energy stored in the magnetic field when the current increases from 0 to
I in a time interval from 0 to t can be determined by integrating this expression :
t I I
1
   Um   Pdt   Li di  L  i di  LI 2
0 0 0 2
which is the required expression for the stored magnetic energy.
Q. 8. (i)
y
e e0

e0 sin wt
wt
O x
90°
i0 sin (wt - p/2)
i i0

Phasor diagram for a purely inductive circuit

4 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 (ii)
y

e0
e
i0
i
e0 sin wt
i0 sin (wt + p/2)
wt
O x

Phasor diagram for a purely capacitive circuit

Q. 9. (i) The energy required to transfer an electron from the ground state to an excited
state (a state of higher energy) is called the excitation energy of the electron in that
state.
(ii) Ionization energy of an atom is defined as the minimum energy required to remove
the least strongly bound electron from a neutral atom such that its total energy is
zero.
Q. 10. Data : P  105 N/m2, Vi  5  10  3 m3, W   200 J (B Work is done on the gas)
W
W  P (Vf  Vi)   Vf  Vi 
P
W
 Vf Vi  
P
(  200)
 5  10  3   5  10  3  2  10  3
105
 3  10  3 m3
This is the final volume of the gas.
D
Q. 11. Data : D  10 cm, R   5 cm, q  1102 C, r  20 cm  0.2 m,
2
0  8.85  1012 F/m, r  R
Electric field intensity,
q
E
40r2
1102

4  3.1428.851012(0.2)2
1000109

163.1428.85
 2.248109 N/C
Q. 12. Data : M  1.5 kg, v  2 m/s

E  Mv2 (1  2)
1 k2

2 R
2
The moment of inertia of a solid sphere, I  Mk2  MR2
5

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 5

 k2 2
 
R2 5

 E Mv2 (1  )   Mv2  Mv2

1 2 1 7 7
2 5 2 5 10
7
  1.5  22  4.2 J
10
This is the total kinetic energy of the rolling sphere.

Q. 13. Data :  l1  0,  l2 
4
2
Phase difference ( )  path difference (  l )

2
 1   l1  0   and

2 2  
   2   l2    rad
  4 2

Assuming equal intensities I0 of the two interfering waves, the intensity at a point on
the screen is

  I  4I0 cos2 

2

 Xc d
2

c
d
cos 1 2
( )
2
I 2 cos 0 1
 2
IY 2 cos 1/e2
cos 4
2

The ratio of the intensities at the points X and Y is 2 : 1.

Q. 14. Data : vrms  831.4 m/s, R  8314 J/kmol·K, M0  28 kg/kmol
3RT
v2rms 
M0
1 M v2 (28) (831.4)2 28  831.4
 T  · 0 rms    776.0 K
3 R 3 (8314) 30
SECTION – C

Q. 15. Consider a conical pendulum of string length L with its bob of mass m performing
UCM along a circular path of radius r (see figure).
 and the tension
At every instant of its motion, the bob is acted upon by its weight mg

F in the string.
If the constant angular speed of the bob is , the necessary horizontal centripetal force
is
  Fc  m2r

6 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 
Fc is the resultant of the tension in the string and the weight. Resolve F into components

F cos  vertically opposite to the weight of the bob and F sin  horizontal. F cos 
balances the weight. F sin  is the necessary centripetal force.
 F sin   m2r ... (1)
and F cos   mg ... (2)

O
q
L

h
F
Fcos q

q
r
P C
Fsin q

OP = L º length of the string

mg CP = r º radius of the circle
OC = h º axial height of the cone

Conical pendulum
Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2),
2r
  tan  
g
From the diagram,
r r r
  tan      ... (3)
OC h L cos 
r 2r g g
     2    ... (4)
h g h L cos 
The angular speed of the bob,

  ij  ij
g g
    ... (5)
h L cos 
2
If T is the period,  
T

 2  ij
2 L cos 
 T
 g
is the required expression.
Q. 16. Consider a source of alternating emf (e), key K, an ideal inductor of inductance L and
an ideal resistor of resistance R connected in series, as shown in Fig. 1. Ignoring the
resistance of the source, we have,
di
e  RiL  ... (1)
dt
di
where Ri is the potential difference across R and L is the potential difference across L.
dt

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 7

 e
R

K L

Fig. 1 : LR circuit

di
For i  i0 sin t,  i0 cos t
dt
 e  Ri0 sin ti0L cos t ... (2)

Let R  Z cos  and  L  Z sin 

 Z  ghR22L2
 e Zi0 sin t cos yZi0 cos t sin y
 Zi0 sin (ty)  e0 sin (ty) ... (3)
where e0  Zi0 is the peak value of the applied emf.

Z  0  ghR22L2 is the effective resistance of the circuit, called the impedance.

e
i0
From Eq. (3), the emf leads the current by phase angle y.

y  cos  1 ( Z )  sin  1 ( Z )
R L
... (4)

y
e0
Q

OP = e0 cos  = Ri0
OQ = e0 sin  = Li0


x
O P i0

Fig. 2 : Phasor diagram for an LR circuit

Q. 17. Electric circuit : Consider the use of a npn transistor as an amplifier in the widely
used common-emitter (CE) configuration in which the emitter is common to the input
and output circuits, as shown in the figure. The emitter-base junction is forward biased
by the battery VBB while the collector-base junction is reverse biased by the battery
VCC .
The voltage Vi to be amplified, called the signal voltage, is applied between the base
and the emitter.

8 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 Working : The collector characteristics shows that in the active region, the collector
current IC is determined almost entirely by the base current IB , and collector potential
VC has relatively little effect on it.
IC

T C
RB IB B Output
RL
voltage, VO
E
VBB
Vi IE

VCC
T : Transistor; B, E, C : Base, Emitter, Collector;
RL : Load resistance, Vi : Input signal voltage,
VBB : Emitter-base bias, VCC : Collector-base bias,
IE : Emitter current, IB : Base current, IC : Collector current

An npn transistor amplifier in CE configuration

For Vi  0, applying Kirchhoff’s loop law to the output and input loops, we get
respectively,
  VCC  ICRLVCE  0 ... (1)
and VBB IBRBVBE  0 ... (2)
The applied signal voltage causes small changes * VBE in the emitter-base p.d. thereby
producing variations * IB in the base current.
  * VBE  ri *IB  ... (3)
where ri is the dynamic input resistance.
 VBB Vi IBRB VBE *IB ( RB ri )
 Vi  *IB ( RB ri )  ri *IB
The variations *IB cause proportionately larger variations *IC in the collector current
because * IC  ac *IB , where the ac common-emitter current gain (ac ) is always
greater than 50. For normal operating voltages, ac is almost the same as dc . From
Eq. (1), since VCC is constant,
*VCC  *ICRL*VCE  0
 
The time-varying collector current produces a time-varying output voltage Vo across
the load resistance RL.
Vo  *VCE   *ICRL   ac *IB RL
 
Thus, Vo  Vi , so that the circuit produces a voltage gain. The amplifier’s voltage
gain ( AV ) is defined as the ratio of the output voltage to the input voltage.
Vo  R
  AV   ac L
Vi ri

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 9

 The minus sign indicates that the output voltage is 180° out of phase with the input
voltage.
Q. 18. In a refrigerator, QC is the heat absorbed by the working substance (refrigerant) at a
lower temperature TC, W is the work done on the working substance, and QH is the
heat rejected at a higher temperature TH. The absorption of heat is from the contents
of the refrigerator and rejection of heat is to the atmosphere. Here, QC is positive and
W and QH are negative. In one cycle, the total change in the internal energy of the
working substance is zero.
 QH  QC  W     QH  W  QC
  QH  QC  W
Now, QH  0, W  0 and QC  0
 QH  QC  W
Definition : The coefficient of performance (CoP), K, or quality factor, or Q value of

a refrigerator is defined as
 QC   QC 
   K  
 W   QC    QH 
Q. 19. Einstein’s photoelectric equation :
1
  h  y0 mv2max ... (1)
2
where hPlanck’s constant, frequency of the electromagnetic radiation, hv  energy
of the photon incident on a metal surface, y0photoelectric work function, i.e., the
minimum energy of light quantum required to liberate an electron from the metal
1
surface, vmax and mv2max  the maximum speed and maximum kinetic energy of the
2
photoelectrons at the time of emission. y0  h0, where 0 is the threshold frequency
for the metal.
Explanation of the characteristics of photoelectric effect :
(1) From the above equation we find that for photoejection, h  y0. That is, hmin  h0
must be equal to y. Hence, photoelectric effect is observed only if h  h0 , i.e.,
  0. This shows the existence of a threshold frequency 0 for which photoelectrons
are just liberated from a metal surface (with zero kinetic energy). Since different
metals differ in electronic configuration, the work function h0 and, therefore,
frequency 0 are different and characteristic of different metals.
(2) In this particle model of light, ‘ intensity of incident radiation’ stands for the number
of photons incident on a metal per unit surface area per unit time. As the number
of photons incident on a metal per unit surface area per unit time increases, there
is a greater likelihood of a photon being absorbed by any electron. Therefore, the

10 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 time rate of photoejection and hence photoelectric current increases linearly with
the intensity of the incident radiation (   0 ).
1
mv2max  h  y 0  h (   0 )
(3) From Eq. (1),
2
This shows that the maximum kinetic energy increases linearly with the frequency
 of the incident photon (  0 ) and does not depend on the time rate at which
photons are incident on a metal surface.
(4) As the incident energy is concentrated in the form of a photon, and not spread over
a wavefront, it is expected that an electron is emitted from the metal surface as
soon as a photon (  0 ) is absorbed. This is in agreement with the experimental
observation.
 (Write any two characteristics. 1 mark each)
Q. 20.

AT

S V

CC
A
M
50 kV

T
MB

A, B : Spray combs, C : Conductor, I : Ion source,

M : Motor driven rollers, S : Insulating support column,
T : Target, V : Pressurised vessel, At : Accelerator tube,
ME : Metal base, CC : Charge-conveying insulating belt

The Van de Graaff generator

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 11

 Working : A high-voltage source, consisting of a high-voltage transformer rectifier

circuit, is used to apply a potential difference of several thousand volts ( about 50 kV
to 100 kV ) between spraycomb A and the ground. As a result of the high potential to
spraycomb A, a continuous electric discharge takes place between comb A and the
nonconducting belt that sprays electric charges onto the belt by corona or point
discharge.
The moving belt carries this charge upward and transfers it to the hollow conductor.
Collector comb B inside the hollow conductor removes the charge from the belt by
point discharge. Then, the charge flows to the outer surface of the hollow conductor
where it accumulates as the process continues. The potential difference between the
conductor and the Earth cumulatively increases until the energy density of the electric
field builds up to such a high value that the insulating property of the surrounding gas
breaks down and a corona discharge takes place through the surrounding gas between
the conductor and the ground. If C is the capacitance of the system and  Q  is the
magnitude of the charge transferred from the ground to the conductor, the potential
difference V between them is given by V   Q  / C.
  If the hollow conductor is well insulated from the Earth, the accumulated charge  Q 
can be large enough and V can build up to several million volts. Since V is limited by
the breakdown voltage of the surrounding medium, the entire apparatus is usually
enclosed in a pressurized vessel containing a gas such as nitrogen or Freon. This raises
the breakdown voltage considerably.
  Positively charged particles may be accelerated in the evacuated tube from a source
at the same potential as the dome conductor toward a target at the ground potential.
Uses : Machines equipped with positive ion sources and arranged for positive ion

acceleration are widely used for research in nuclear structure and nuclear reactions,
and for production of radioisotopes. Machines equipped with electron sources are used
for X-ray therapy, industrial radiography, food and drug sterilization as well as research.
Q. 21. Principle : A cell of emf E and internal resistance r, which is connected to an external
resistance R, has its terminal potential difference V less than its emf E. If I is the
corresponding current,
E I(R  r) R  r r
       1  (when R, VE)
V IR R R
EV
 r
  R
V
Working : A battery of stable emf E  is used to set up a potential gradient V /L, along

the potentiometer wire, where V  potential difference across total length L of the wire
AB. The positive terminal of the cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected

12 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 to the higher potential terminal A of the potentiometer; the negative terminal is
connected through a centre-zero galvanometer G to a pencil jockey. A resistance box
R with a plug key K in series is connected across the cell.
Firstly, key K is kept open; then, effectively, R  . The jockey is tapped on the
potentiometer wire to locate the null point D. Let the null length AD  l1, so that
E  ( VAB / L ) l1
 

E r

A R K

V G
E'

K'
B D D'

Rh E' > E

Determination of the internal resistance of a cell using a potentiometer

With the same potential gradient, and a small resistance R in the resistance box, key
K is closed. The new null length AD  l2 for the terminal potential difference V is
found :
V  ( VAB / L ) l2
 
E l1 E  V l1  l2 l1
        1
V l2 V l2 l2
EV
Now, r  R
V

 r  R ( 1  1)
l
l2

The values of R, l1 and l2 being known, r can be calculated. The experiment is repeated
with different potential gradients using the rheostat or with different values of R.
Q. 22. Data : T1/2  272 d  272  24  60  60 s  2.35  107 s
0.693
T1/2   0.693 

T1/2 2.35  107
 The mean lifetime for 57Co      3.391107 s
0.693 0.693

The decay constant for 57Co    1 1


 3.391  107 s
 2.949  10  8 s  1

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 13

 104
Q. 23. Data : A  1 cm2  10  4 m2, H  A/m,   5  10  5 Wb
4
 5  105
Magnetic induction, B    0.5 T
A 10  4
(a) B   0  r H
 The relative permeability of the material,
B 0.5
r    500
0H
(4   10  7) ( )
104
4
(b) r  1  m
 The magnetic susceptibility of the material,
m  r  1  500  1  499
Q. 24. Data : vt  2.72 km/s  2.72  103 m/s,   900 kg/m3, air  1.2 kg/m3,
  1.8  10  5 Pa·s, g  9.8 m/s2
2 r2 (  air) g
Terminal speed, vt 
9 
9vt  9 (2.72  103) (1.8  10  5)
 r2  
2 (  air) g 2 (900  1.2) (9.8)
9 (2.72) (1.8)  10  2
  2.501  10  5  25.01  10  6
2 (898.8) (9.8)
 r  mn25.01  10  6  5.001  10  3 m  5.001 mm
Q. 25. Data : D  1.2 m, 8W  1.6 mm, v1  90 cm  0.9 m, d1  0.9 cm  9  10  3 m
1.6
W  0.2 mm  2  10  4 m
8
u1  D  v1  1.2 m  0.9 m  0.3 m
d1 v1

d u1
d1u1 (9  10  3) (0.3)
 d   3  10  3 m
v1 0.9
 The wavelength of light,
Wd (2  10  4) (3  10  3)
   5  10  7 m  500 nm
D 1.2
Q. 26. Data : T  2 s, v  be3 m/s at x  b
2 2
    1 rad/s
T 2
  v  efA2  x2
 At x  b,    b e3  (1) efA2  b2
 3b2  A2  b2     A  2b
14 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII
  Assuming the particle starts from the mean position, its displacement is given by
x  A sin t  2b sin t

If the particle is at x  b at t  t1,

1 
b  2b sin t1     t1  sin1  s
  
2 6
Also, with period T  2 s, on travelling a further distance b the particle will reach

the positive extremity at time t2  s.
2
  
 The time taken to travel a further distance b from x  b is t2  t1    s.
2 6 3
SECTION – D

Q. 27. The concept of degrees of freedom as used in the kinetic theory specifies the number
of independent ways in which an atom or molecule can take up energy. It depends only
on the possibilities of motion of the atom or molecule.
  With three translational degrees of freedom, the average translational energy per
molecule of a gas is

  Etranslational  1 m ( nv2x  nv2y  nv2z ) ... (1)

2
where m is the mass of the molecule and vx, vy and vz are the x-, y- and z-components
of the molecular velocity.
  A diatomic molecule has two rotational degrees of freedom. If 1 and 2 are the
angular speeds about the two axes and I1 and I2 are the corresponding moments of
inertia, the rotational energy of a diatomic molecule,

Erotational  1 (I121  I222 )

  ... (2)
2
A diatomic molecule is regarded to have two degrees of vibrational freedom for the
vibrational mode in which the two atoms vibrate relative to, and without affecting, the
centre of mass of the molecule. Comparing this system with a vibrating body of mass
m connected to a spring of force constant k, the vibrational energy has two terms
corresponding to the kinetic and potential energies :
2
Evibrational  1 [m ( )  kx2]
dx
  ... (3)
2 dt
where x is the displacement of the atom from its mean position.
From Eqs. (1), (2) and (3), each translational and rotational degree of freedom
contributes only one quadratic term to the average energy of a gas molecule while one
vibrational mode contributes two quadratic terms.

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 15

Q. 28 Data : N1  100, N2  200, L1  25 mH, L2  40 mH, M  3 mH, I1  6 mA,
dl1
 4 A/s
dt
(a) The flux per unit turn in coil 1,
L1 I1 (25  10  3) (6  10  3)
12   
N1 100
 1.5  10  6 Wb  1.5  Wb
(b) The magnitude of the self induced emf in coil 1 is
dl
e1  L1 1  (25  10  3) (4)  0.1 V
dt
(c) The flux per unit turn in coil 2,
Ml1 (3  10  3) (6  10  3)
21   
N2 200
 90  10  9 Wb  90 nWb
(d) The mutually induced emf in coil 2 is
dI1
e21  M (3  10  3) (4)
dt
 12  10  3 V  12 mV
Q. 29. The smallest visual angle (angular separation) between two point objects which appear
just resolved when viewed through an optical instrument is called the limit of resolution
of the instrument and its reciprocal is called the resolving power of the optical
instrument.
Rayleigh’s criterion for minimum resolution : Two overlapping diffraction patterns
due to two point sources are acceptably or just resolved if the centre of the central
peak of one diffraction pattern is as far as the first minimum of the other pattern.
5
Data : Vf  0.8 Vi, Ti  27  273  300 K,   (monatomic gas)
3

Ti Vi   1  Tf Vf   1

 Tf Ti ( i)
V 1
 300 (1.25)5/3  1  300 (1.25)2/3
Vf
 (300) (1.161)  348.3 K  (348.3  273)°C  75.3°C
is the final temperature of the gas.
Q. 30. 
When two progressive waves having the same amplitude, wavelength and speed
propagate in opposite directions through the same region of a medium, their
superposition under certain conditions creates a stationary interference pattern called
a stationary wave.

16 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII

 Consider two simple harmonic progressive waves, of the same amplitude A,
wavelength  and frequency n   / 2, travelling on a string stretched along the x-axis
in opposite directions. They may be represented by
y1  A sin (t  kx) (along the x-axis) and ... (1)
y2  A sin (t  kx ) (along the x-axis) ... (2)
where k  2 /  is the propagation constant.
By the superposition principle, the resultant displacement of the particle of the medium
at the point at which the two waves arrive simultaneously is the algebraic sum
y  y1  y2  A [sin (t  kx)  sin (t  kx)]
 
Using the trigonometrical identity,

sin C  sin D  2 sin ( ) cos ( ),

CD CD
2 2
   y  2A sin t cos (  kx)
 2A sin t cos kx [B cos (  kx )  cos (kx)]
 2A cos kx sin t ... (3)
 y  R sin t ... (4)
where R  2A cos kx. ... (5)
Equation (4) is the equation of a stationary wave.
Data : g  9.8 m/s2, T  2 kg wt  3  9.8  29.4 N, v  68.8 m/s,   7900 kg/m3

v  ij  ij
T T

m A
M AL mass
B m   A  as density 
L L volume
T
 v2 
A
 The cross-sectional area of the wire is
T 29.4
A   7.862  10  7 m2
v  (68.8)2  7900
2

Q. 31. Consider a point P at a distance a from a straight, infinitely long wire carrying a
current I in free space, Fig. (a). Because of the axial symmetry about the straight wire,
the magnetic induction has the same magnitude B at all points on a circle in a transverse
plane and centred on the wire. We, therefore, choose an Ampèrian loop a circle of
radius a centred on the wire with its plane perpendicular to the wire, as shown in
Fig. (b).

SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII 17

 Ampèrian
loop
I B
(q = 0)
P a Iout
a dl
P

(a) (b)

Applying Ampère’s law to find the magnetic induction near a current in a long, straight wire

lB is everywhere tangential to the circular Ampèrian loop. Therefore, the angle 
between lB and a length element dl l is zero at all points of the loop.

 < lB · dl l  < B dl cos   B < dl  B ( 2  a )

since cos   1 and B has the same value around the path. < dl gives the circumference
of the circular loop.
In the figure, the Ampèrian loop is traced in the anticlockwise sense, so that the current
I is taken as positive in accordance with the right hand rule.
  By Ampère’s law,
  < lB · dl l  0 I
 B ( 2 a )  0 I
I
 B 0
2a
This is the required expression.
Data : Central radius, r  10 cm  0.1 m, N  1000, B  5102 T,
0  4107 T · m/A
The magnetic induction,
0 NI 0 2NI
  B    
2r 4 r

 ( )  10  4 I  2  10  3 I
2(1000) I 2
 5102  (107)
0.1 0.1
50
  I   25 A
2
This is the required current.
__________

18 SOLUTIONS TO NAVNEET PRACTICE PAPERS : STD. XII