Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Apuntes de Ingles B2 (GRAMMAR)
Apuntes de Ingles B2 (GRAMMAR)
Apuntes de Ingles B2 (GRAMMAR)
(Grammar)
Nerea Cañadas
ACTION AND NON ACTION VERBS
ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan tanto en el Present Simple como en el Present Continuos.
* Ejemplos: read, write, cook, drive, make, do, create, listen, watch…
NON-ACTION VERBS
Se utilizan para describir estados (states), sentidos (senses), deseos (desires), posesión (posesión),
emociones (emotions) y opiniones (opinions).
* Ejemplos: agree, be believe, belong, depend, forget, hate, hear, know, like, love, matter, mean, need, prefer,
realize, recognize, remember, seem, suppose, want… / look, smell, taste and sound (senses)
USED TO
Indica algo que ocurría en el pasado de manera habitual. “Estados” (Solía comprar)
(PAST HABITS AND STATES)
* Estructura
(?) Did + suj. + use to + verbo inf.? Did you use to work?
*Past Simple + always, usually, often…: *USED TO: used to + infinitive (PASADO)
Se utiliza en Past Habits. I used to run 2km. (solia) (PAST)
I usually run 2km. (normalmente) (PRESENT)
*Past simple (NOT USED TO): Acciones que
sucedieron una vez o se menciona cuando
*BE + USED TO: be + used to + ing (PRESENTE)
sucedieron.
I am used to running 5km. (estoy acostumbrado) (habito
*Usually: Se utiliza en Present Habits. que ya existe)
(PRESENT SIMPLE) (Suelo comprar) I was used to running 5km. (estube acostumbrado)
We don’t usually play on Sunday.
*GET + USED TO get + used to + ing. (FUTURO)
I am getting used to run 10 km. (me estoy acostumbrando))
I get used to run 10km. (tuve que acostumbrarme)
WOULD
Indica acciones que ocurrieron en el pasado de forma repetitiva. “Acciones o Verbos de movimiento”
* Estructura
(?) Would + suj. + verbo inf.? Would you like play tennis?
PRESENT TENSES
PRESENT SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones que suceden habitualmente y que generalmente son ciertas. (Compro)
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + verbo inf. I talk. - He/ She/ It + verbo inf (S / ES) She likes.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Acciones o situaciones que están sucediendo en este momento o cosas puntuales. (Estoy comprando)
* Estructura
(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + verbo ing I am not talking.
(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + verbo ing? Are you talking?
(+) Suj. + have/ has + verbo (ED / 3ºC) I have talked to Peter.
(-) Suj. + haven´t/ hasn´t + verbo (ED / 3ºC) I haven´t talked to Peter.
(?) Have/ Has + suj. + verbo (ED / 3ºC)? Have you talked to Peter?
*HOW LONG + PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE: Se utiliza para hablar de un periodo de tiempo que no ha
finalizado.
Respuesta: For / Since
*Palabras clave: recently, lately, for, since, all day, all morning, all week…
* All No usar for en las oraciones con all. I’ve been here all day / for all day.
(+) Suj. + have / has + been + verbo ing She has been living.
(-) Suj. + haven´t / hasn´t + been + verbo ing We haven´t been living.
(?) Have/ Has + suj. + been + verbo ing? Have we been living?
PAST TENSES
PAST SIMPLE
Acciones o situaciones concretas que comenzaron y acabaron en el pasado y se repiten habitualmente.
Además, se especifica cuando ocurrieron. (Compré)
(+) Suj. + verbo (ED/ 2ºC) He really liked it. (Se añade -ED al final del verbo)
*like liked
(-) Suj. + didn´t + verbo inf. I didn´t enjoy the film.
REGULAR VERBS
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + was/ were + verbo ing A woman was watching her son.
(-) Suj. + wasn´t/ weren´t + verbo ing I wasn´t cooking at the people.
(?) Was/ Were + suj. + verbo ing? Was she helping you?
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + had been + verbo ing Ana had been working in the restaurant.
(-) Suj. + hadn´t been + verbo ing I hadn´t been studying Spanish.
(?) Had + suj. + been + verbo ing? Had they been traveling for the USA?
WILL
o Hechos que no se pueden cambiar. o Predicciones de futuro basadas en
o Decisiones espontaneas tomadas en el momento experiencias u opiniones.
en el que se habla. o Promesas.
* Estructura
(-) Suj. + won´t + verbo inf. They won´t eat. SHALL: Ofrecimientos y sugerencias. (I /We)
Shall I start piano lessons?
(?) Will + suj. + verbo inf.? Will they eat?
BE GOING TO
o Decisiones planeadas, intenciones y planes personales.
o Futuro con evidencia presente. The sky is cloudy, it is going to rain.
o Algo que está por ocurrir.
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + going to + verbo inf. They are going to eat.
(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + going to + verbo inf. They aren’t going to eat.
(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + going to + verbo inf.? Are they going to eat?
*Future in the past (was/ were going to): Se utiliza para describir planes fallidos.
PRESENT SIMPLE
o Citas personales con horas, fechas… concretas. o Algo ya fijado, no es solo una intención.
(Horarios)
* Estructura
(-) Suj. + don´t/ doesn´t + verbo inf. The plane doesn´t leaves in ten minutes.
(?) Do/ Does + suj. + verbo inf.? Does the plane leaves in ten minutes?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Planes que se han realizado en un momento o lugar fijos en el futuro o se trata de un evento puntual. Es
decir, preparativos en el futuro con horas, fechas, días… concretos.
* Verbos clave go, come, arrive, leave… (Verbos relacionados con los preparativos para viajar.)
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + To be (am/ is/ are) + verbo ing. He is working next week.
(-) Suj. + To be (am not/ isn´t/ aren´t) + verbo ing. He isn´t working next week.
(?) To be (Am/ Is/ Are) + suj. + verbo ing.? Is he working next week?
* Estructura
* Estructura
(+) Suj. + will have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC) I will have arrived.
(-) Suj. + won´t have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC) He won´t have arrived.
(?) Will + suj. + have + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)? Will they have arrived?
- You can phone me at 21:00h because I will have finished work by them. (FUTURE PERFECT)
*Present: am/is/are able to *Future: will be able to
*Past: was/were able to = managed to (me las arregle/ ingenie) *Infinitive: like being able to
*Present Perfect: have/has been able to *Gerund: ask to be able to
Ser capaz
Ser
permitido
Poder
Ser capaz
Ser
Poder permitido
No tener
Deber que
Poder
Poder
Ser
Podría permitido
No tener
Need to (es necesario) que
No es necesario
*MODALS OF DEDUCTION
-Must: Cuando estás seguro de que algo es cierto (POSSIBLE) -May / Might / Could: Cuando piensas que algo puede
ser cierto. (NOT SURE)
-Can’t: Cuando estás seguro de que algo es imposible o no
es cierto (NOT POSSIBLE)
*As soon as: Tan pronto como *Before: Antes
*When: Cuando *After: Después
*Until: Hasta que
*Before: Antes / *After: Después
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
ZERO CONDITIONAL
Verdades universales y experimentos científicos.
CONDITION RESULT
* Ejemplos If you heat ice, it melts. / If public transport is efficient, people stop using their cars.
(as soon as, when, until, before, after + Present Simple) (NO CONDITIONAL)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
Condiciones en el futuro que probablemente pasarán. (Likely)
* Estructura If + Present Simple (Do/ Does + verbo inf.) // will/ won´t + verbo inf.
CONDITION RESULT
* Modales que se pueden sustituir por will Can/ Should/ May/ Might
* Ejemplos If it rains, you will take an umbrella. / If Bill studies, he will pass the exam.
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Posibilidad irreal en el presente como un sueño o un deseo. (Unlikely)
* Estructura If + Past Simple (Did + verbo (ED/ 3ºC)) // would/ wouldn´t + verbo inf.
CONDITION RESULT
THIRD CONDITIONAL
Condiciones en el pasado que no han sucedido y que son imposibles que sucedan. (Impossible)
* Estructura If + Past Perfect (Had + verbo (ED/ 2ºC)) // would + have + verbo past participle (ED/ 3ºC)
CONDITION RESULT
* Modales que se pueden sustituir por would have Could have/ Might have
* Ejemplos If I had studied more, I would have passed my exam. / If I had known then what I know
now, I would have done things differently.
*UNLESS: Significa lo mismo que If + not (A no ser que…). Al igual que If va seguido de un verbo en presente,
pasado o pasado perfecto.
Unless he gives my keys, I won´t open the door. / I go out tonight_ unless it rains. (,)
CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE (HAVE SOMETHING DONE)
Se utiliza para indicar que alguien está haciendo una acción (EJECUTOR) y otro la recibe (BENEFICIARIO).
CONJUGATED VERB
*Ejemplos:
o The optician checked my sight last month. I had/got my sight cheeked last month.
o Someone should shorten your dress for the wedding. You should get/have your dress shortened for
the wedding.
o The builders can’t build my house until next year. I can’t get/have my house built until next year.
o Painters painted my granny's fence last week My granny had/got her fence painted last week.
o The hairdresser didn't cut my hair during lockdown. I didn’t have/get my hair cut during lockdown.
o A producer was recording her new album yesterday. She was having/ getting her new album recorded
yesterday.
o I have repaired the roof. (get) I have got the roof repaired.
PASSIVE VOICE
USOS
ACTIVE: PASSIVE:
* Estructura Suj + verbo + Objeto directo (cosa) * Estructura Objeto directo (cosa) + To be (am, is,
are) + verbo (ED/ 3C)
Infinitive To take To be taken
Gerund Taking Being taken
Examples:
- Shakespeare wrote “Romeo and Juliet”. Romeo and Juliet was written by Shakespeare.
1) STATEMENTS
OTHER CHANGES
Directed Reported
Here There
This That (S)/ Those (P)
Now Then / At that moment
Next week The next week/ The following week
Last week The previous week/ The week before
Today That day
Tonight That night
Tomorrow The next day / The following day
Yesterday The previous day / The day before
Ago Before
Directed Reported
3) REPORTED QUESTIONS
2. Yes/No answer questions “Do you play golf? Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.” – Peter asked me if/whether I played golf.
*Could you tell me… - “Where is the train station?” Could you tell me where the train station is?
*Would you mind telling me… - “How old are you?” Could you tell me how old you are?
*I’d like to know… - “What time is it?” Could you tell me what time it is?
*I wonder if you could tell me…
PRONOUNS
* Indirect object: Gets or receives the direct object and is usually preceded the prepositions TO or FOR.
-TO: give to, lend to, offer to, read to, sell to, show to, take to, write to.
-FOR: bring for/to, buy for, cook for, find for, get for, make for.
-THIS este, esta, esto -EACH OTHER se, uno al otro, mutuamente
-THEESE estos/as
-THOSE aquellos/as
POSSESSIVE NOUNS
POSSESSIVE’S (NOMBRES)
o Singular: Si el nombre termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘ o ‘s. Chris’ advice. / Chris’s advice.)
o Regulares plurales: Si termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘. Parents’ house. / Brothers’ house.)
o Irregulares plurales: Si no termina en –s, el posesivo se forma con ‘s. Children’s bedroom /
Men’s trousers./ Women’s clothes.
o Para referirse a lugares, casas, apartamentos, tiendas o negocios: NOMBRE/PERSONA + ‘S
My friend’s car/house/flat/shop. - Chermist’s /Hairdreser’s
o Cuando nos referimos a dos personas o dos cosas, solo se pone una ‘s después del segundo nombre.
Tom and Mary’s parents / Kate and David’s house
o Para dar mayor fuerza o énfasis se utiliza own después del possessive. My own, Your own, Its own….
o OF MY OWN structure A business of my own./A car of their own.
RELATIVE CLAUSES
o Se utiliza para rellenar huecos. (I live in the house.) (Have two rooms.)
o Se puede omitir el pronombre relativo cuando no es el sujeto de la oración, e un objeto.
DEFINING
Necesitamos conocer toda la información para entender la frase e identificar a que cosa o persona nos
referimos. (Who/ Which = That) I have a friend that live in Manchester.
NON DEFINING
TYPES OF QUESTIONS
* Movement over (sobre), across (a través de), through (mediante), along (a lo largo de), past (pasando),
up/down (arriva/abajo), into (dentro), onto (sobre), between (entre), behind (atrás), opposite to (opuesto a)
In the foreground
(En primer plano)
At the botton
(A los pies de)
OTHER PREPOSITIONS
QUANTIFIERS AND PLURAL NOUNS
QUANTIFIERS
- Adjetivos con más de dos sílabas en las que se pone ER (COMPARATIVES) / EST (SUPERLATIVES): clever,
narrow, polite, quiet, simple and stupid.
- THE MORE…, THE MORE: cuánto mas…, mas The more I read, the more I know. / The taller you are, the
better you play.
- THE LESS…, THE LESS: cuánto memos…, menos The older I’m / I get, the less I pay attention to people.
-(MISMO SIGNIFICADO) Verbos que se pueden utilizar tanto en gerundio como en infinitivo: start, begin,
continue…
-(DISTINTO SIGNIFICADO) Verbos que se pueden utilizar tanto en gerundio como en infinitivo: be, remenber
forget, try, stop, need…
To be: Hacer un esfuerzo para hacer algo. Remenber to: Recordar algo y hacerlo después.
Doing: Hacer algo para ver si te gusta. Remenber + ing: Recordar algo que has hecho antes.
Forget to do sth: Hablar de cosas que se te han Forget doing sth: Hablar de vivencias pasadas que
son olvidado hacer. muy difíciles de olvidar.
Try to do sth: Intentar hacer algo que requiere Try doing sth: Intentar hacer algo para resolver un
un esfuerzo físico. problema.
Need to do sth: Necesidad de hacer algo. Sth needs doing: Se utiliza en las pasivas.
-Make (obligación de/forzar a hacer algo) make + sb + infinitive Mum makes me clean my room.
-Let = are allowed to (permiso para hacer algo) let + sb + infinitive Dad lets me use his computer.
-Not allow to (no tener permiso para hacer algo) not allow + sb + to + infinitive I’m not allowed to play
with Dad’s train set.
SO DO I/ NEITHER DO I
WRITING LINKERS
BECAUSE / BECAUSE OF
WHILE / DURING
HOWEVER (SIN EMBARGO)
OTHER GRAMMAR
*To say something: after said, don’t use a person or an object pronoun. (I said hello)
*To tell somebody something: after told, you must use a person or object. (I told him hello.)
*Wish (ojala) + Past Simple: PRESENT (I wish I had more money.) / (I want to be rich)
*Wish (ojala) + Past Perfect Simple: PAST (I wish I had won the lottery.) / (I wanted to win the lottery.)
*Would rather live = Would prefer to live Preferiria vivir
PHRASAL VERBS
EXPLANATION
2. Object is a pronoun (it, them…), goes between the verb and the particle.
-Can you fill it in?
-Please put them away.
-Did you switch it off?
-I switched it off. (I switched off it.)
1. If the object is a pronoun, phrasal verbs can’t be separated (the verbs and the particle must stay
together).
-I’m looking for it.
- My sister and both take after our father.
-We’re living on my wife’s salary.
-We take after him. (We take him after.)