[UNCLOS I,II]

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF MARITIME ORGANIZATIONS

SOHAIL SHER JAN 02-101221-007

HAMZA SALEEM 02-101221-014

SHAHJAHAN SHEIKH 02-101221-021

OSAMA RAFIQ 02-101221-037

SUBMITTED TO:
SADIA SHERZI
Assignment 2 | BS MARITIME | October 12, 2023
WRITE A NOTE ON UNCLOS I II

UNCLOS I.
UNCLOS, or the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is
an international treaty adopted in 1982. It is often referred to as the
"constitution for the oceans" as it provides a comprehensive framework
for the use and governance of the world's oceans and their resources.
UNCLOS is considered a landmark achievement in international law
and has been ratified by over 160 countries.

UNCLOS consists of 320 articles and 9 annexes that cover a wide range
of issues related to the oceans, including:

1. Territorial Seas:
UNCLOS establishes a baseline of 12 nautical miles from a coastal
state's baseline as its territorial sea, where the state has full
sovereignty.

2. Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs):

Coastal states have special rights over the exploration and use of
marine resources within 200 nautical miles of their coastline.

3. Continental Shelf:
Coastal states have sovereign rights to explore and exploit the
natural resources of the continental shelf up to 200 nautical miles
from their coast, or beyond in certain cases.

4. High Seas:
Beyond the EEZs, the high seas are considered a global commons,
meaning they are open to all states and subject to international
law.

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5. Freedom of Navigation:
UNCLOS upholds the principle of innocent passage, allowing
ships to pass through territorial seas and archipelagic waters in a
manner that is not prejudicial to the peace, good order, or security
of the coastal state.

6. Protection of the Marine Environment:

UNCLOS contains provisions to prevent pollution of the marine
environment and requires states to take measures to protect and
preserve it.

7. Conservation and Management of Living Resources:

UNCLOS establishes principles for the sustainable use of living
resources, such as fish stocks, in both the EEZs and on the high
seas.

8. Marine Scientific Research:

It provides a framework for the conduct of marine scientific
research in the EEZs and on the continental shelf.

9. Dispute Settlement Mechanisms:

UNCLOS establishes procedures for the peaceful settlement of
disputes related to the interpretation or application of the
convention.

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UNCLOS II.
UNCLOS, or the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is
an international treaty that was adopted in 1982. It aims to establish a
comprehensive legal framework governing the use and conservation of
the world's oceans and their resources.

UNCLOS II specifically refers to the Second United Nations Conference

on the Law of the Sea, which took place from 17 March to 26 April 1960
in Geneva, Switzerland. This conference was convened to address issues
related to the law of the sea, including matters such as the breadth of
territorial waters, the regime of the high seas, and the rights and
responsibilities of coastal states.

While UNCLOS II did not result in the immediate adoption of a

comprehensive convention, it laid the groundwork for subsequent
negotiations, eventually leading to the successful adoption of UNCLOS
in 1982. This later convention remains a cornerstone of international
maritime law, providing a legal framework for the use and management
of the world's oceans, including issues like navigational rights, maritime
boundaries, environmental protection, and the conservation of marine
resources.

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