Student name: Quách Đông Nghi ID: BTFTIU23028

1.
- Microtubules:
+ Maintain cell shape
+ Organelles movement
+ Separate chromosomes in cell division
+ Cell motility
- Microfilaments:
+ Maintain/Change cell shape
+ Muscle contraction
+ Cytoplasmic in plant cells
+ Division of animal cells
+ Cell motility
- Intermediate filaments:
+ Maintain cell shape
+ Anchor organelles
+ Form nuclear lamina
1.
- Tight junctions: form a barrier preventing the passage of molecules between cells.
- Gap junctions: allow direct communication and exchange of ions and small
molecules between adjacent cells.
- Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions that provide structural support and maintain
tissue integrity.
- Adherens junctions: involved in cell-to-cell adhesion and signaling, connecting actin
cytoskeletons of adjacent cells.
2.
- Glycolysis:
● Location: Cytoplasm of the cell.
● Products: 2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate molecules.
- Krebs cycle (Citric Acid Cycle):
● Location: Mitochondrial matrix.
● Products: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, and CO2 as a byproduct.
- Electron Transport Chain (ETC):
● Location: Inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae).
● Products: ATP (from the oxidative phosphorylation of NADH and FADH2), and water.
3.
- Interphase: ➢Cells carrying on normal metabolic activities
➢Chromosomes aren’t visible
➢Occurs before mitosis
+ G1(Gap 1) Phase: ➢First growth stage
➢Cell increases in size
➢Cell prepares to copy its DNA

+ S(Synthesis) Phase: ➢DNA is replicated

➢Chromosomes duplicated
+ G2(Gap 2) Phase: ➢Cell continues growing
➢Needed proteins produced
- M Phase (Mitotic Phase): ➢Cell growth & protein production STOP
Student name: Quách Đông Nghi ID: BTFTIU23028

➢Cell’s energy used to make 2 daughter cells

+ Mitosis: chromosome division, including stages: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase,
and Telophase.
+ Cytokinesis: cytoplasm division:
➢Occurs after mitosis
▪ Cell Plate forms (plants)
▪ Cleavage furrow forms (animals)
➢Forms two, identical daughter cells
5. Because it is the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms. All living things
are made up of one or more cells (the building block of life), and all of the processes that
sustain life occur within cells. Cells are capable of reproduction, growth, and response to
their environment, which are all characteristics of living things.
6.
- Transport: A protein that spans the membrane may provide a hydrophilic channel
across the membrane that is selective for a particular solute or shuttle a substance
from one side to the other by changing shape.
- Enzymatic activity: A protein built into the membrane with its active site exposed to
substances in the adjacent solution.
- Signal transduction: A membrane protein may have a binding site with a specific
shape that fits the shape of a chemical messenger, such as a hormone.
- Cell-cell recognition. Some glyco-proteins serve as identification tags that are
specifically recognized by other cells.
- Intercellular joining: Membrane proteins of adjacent cells may hook together in
various kinds of junctions, such as gap junctions or tight junctions
- Attachment:
• to the Cytoskeleton: helps maintain cell shape and stabilizes the location of
certain membrane proteins
• to Extracellular Matrix (ECM):coordinates extracellular and intracellular changes
7. Within a eukaryotic cell, the genome includes the entire set of genetic material. This
genetic information is organized into chromosomes, each containing numerous genes.
Genes are located at specific loci on chromosomes and can exist in different forms called
alleles, contributing to the diversity of traits observed in organisms.
8. DNA—transcription—>mRNA—translation—>tRNA(ribosomes)—>proteins(polypeptide)
- Starting in the nucleus, the DNA code is converted to messenger RNA by the
process of transcription. Then followed by the messenger RNA into the cytoplasm
where it is bound by protein factories, called ribosomes. The ribosomes read the
messenger RNA to produce a chain of amino acids, which is proteins(polypeptide)