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Analysis2 S
Analysis2 S
Exercise: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total
Points: 2 1 1 1 1 1 7
Score:
Exercises
1. Show that if M is a σ-algebra on X, then [2]
2. Let X be an uncountable set. Show that the collection of all countable subsets (of X) and [1]
their complements (co-countable sets) is a σ-algebra.
3. Show that the σ-algebra of countable and co-countable sets is generated by the collection [1]
{{x} : x ∈ X}
4. Show that if µ is nontrivial measure, in the sense that there exists at least one A ∈ M such [1]
that µ(A) ̸= ∞, then the countably additivity implies that µ(∅) = 0.
5. Let X = {1, 2, 3}, M = {∅, {1}, {2, 3}, X} and µ(∅) = 0, µ({1}) = 1, µ({2, 3}) = 0, µ(X) = 1. [1]
Show that (X, M, µ) is a measure space.
6. Let X be an uncountable set and M be the σ-algebra of countable and co-countable sets. [1]
Define (
1, if A is co-countable,
µ(A) =
0, if A is countable.
Show that µ is measure.
Measure 2. Homework and Solutions 2023
If Ax ∩ Ay ̸= ∅, then
– Ax \ Ay ∈ M is a proper subset of Ax , hence x ∈
/ Ax \ Ay , therefore x ∈ Ay , which
implies that Ax ⊂ Ay .
– by the same argument we can conclude that Ay ⊂ Ax ,
thus, Ax = Ay .
Therefore, we have a countable E = {Ax∗ } partition of X and clearly M is exactly the set
of all the possible unions of Ax∗ sets, M = P(E). Hence,
card(M) = card(P(E)) .
Since M is a countable, this gives us that E, and therefore M as well must be finite.
2. Exercise. Let X be an uncountable set. Show that M, the collection of all countable subsets
(of X) and their complements (co-countable sets) is a σ-algebra.
Solution.
• Let A ∈ M.
If A is countable, then its complement AC is in M.
If A is a complement of a countable set, A = B C , B is countable, then AC = B is countable,
hence, AC ∈ M. (Any co-countable set is uncountable because X is uncountable).
• Let {A1 , A2 , . . . } ⊂ M.
If all An are countable, then their union is also countable, it is in M.
If there is a co-countable set Ak , then ACk is countable, therefore,
!C
[ \
An = ACn ⊂ Ak
C
n n
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Measure 2. Homework and Solutions 2023
3. Exercise. Show that the σ-algebra of countable and co-countable sets is generated by the coll-
ection
E = {{x} : x ∈ X}
of all singleton subsets of X.
Solution. Let
M = {A ⊂ X : A or Ac is at last countable} .
4. Exercise. Show that if µ is nontrivial measure, in the sense that there exists at least one
A ∈ M such that µ(A) ̸= ∞, then the countably additivity implies that µ(∅) = 0.
Solution.
µ(A) = µ(A ∪ ∅) = µ(A) + µ(∅) .
5. Exercise. Let X = {1, 2, 3}, M = {∅, {1}, {2, 3}, X} and µ(∅) = 0, µ({1}) = 1, µ({2, 3}) = 0,
µ(X) = 1. Show that (X, M, µ) is a measure space.
Solution.
M is a σ-algebra because
• {1} ∪ {2, 3} = X ∈ M.
µ is measure on M because
• µ ≥ 0.
• µ(∅) = 0.
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Measure 2. Homework and Solutions 2023
6. Exercise. Let X be an uncountable set and M be the σ-algebra of countable and co-countable
sets. Define (
1, if A is co-countable,
µ(A) =
0, if A is countable.
Show that µ is measure.
Solution.
• µ ≥ 0.
• µ(∅) = 0.
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